Antimicrobial Activity of Methylene Blue Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Study in Multi-Species Oral Biofilm.

The control of infectious diseases caused by biofilms is a continuing challenge for researchers due to the complexity of their microbial structures and therapeutic implications. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive anti-infective treatment has been described as a possible valid approach but has not been tested in polymicrobial biofilm models. This study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy in vitro with methylene blue (MB) 0.01% and red LEDs (λ = 660 nm, power density ≈ 330 mW/cm2, 2 mm distance from culture) on the metabolic activity and composition of a multispecies subgingival biofilm. Test Groups LED and MB + LED showed a more significant reduction in metabolic activity than the non-LED application group (~50 and 55%, respectively). Groups LED and MB equally affected (more than 80%) the total bacterial count in biofilms. No differences were noted in the bacterial biofilm composition between the groups. In vitro LED alone or the MB + LED combination reduced the metabolic activity of bacteria in polymicrobial biofilms and the total subgingival biofilm count.

Laser-photobiomodulation on titanium implant bone healing in rat model: comparison between 660- and 808-nm wavelength.

Laser-photobiomodulation (L-PBM) has been widely studied and its biomodulatory effects have been established on irradiated cells, increasing viability and proliferation and on damaged tissues. In addition, L-PBM may reduce and modulate the inflammatory process. The effect of 660-nm and 808-nm laser-photobiomodulation on bone repair around titanium dental implants placed in rat's femur was evaluated by histomorphometry. Twenty-seven Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of nine animals: group C - non-irradiated control; group R - λ=660nm irradiated; and group IR - λ=808nm irradiated. Each group was further divided in 3 subgroups of three animals each, according to histomorphometry analysis in 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after irradiation. Histological H.E.-stained slides were photographed, and bone matrix measured in new-formed bone area. Bone matrix histomorphometry analysis indicates that at 7 days in the irradiated groups (R and IR), a bigger area matrix was observed in relation to control group (C) (p=0.04 and p=0.048 respectively). On the other hand, at 14 days, control group (C) presented a bigger area than infrared irradiated (IR) (p=0.001) and red irradiated group (R) also showed a bigger area than infrared irradiated group (IR) (p=0.019). Histological analysis indicates that irradiated groups (R and IR) exhibited a faster bone tissue matrix production than control group.

Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone-Guided Regeneration in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation Using Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Biomaterial: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The development of techniques in biomaterials design and production added to advanced surgical procedures which enabled better and more predictable clinical outcomes. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) is among the more studied bone-guided regeneration procedure in the literature. The MSFA could be considered the gold standard procedure for bone-guided regeneration as it provides suitable functional and aesthetic solutions to alveolar ridge atrophy due to tooth loss. PURPOSE: This study aimed to conduct a detailed histomorphometric evaluation of collagen production in SFAs bone-guided regeneration, using nano-hydroxyapatite/ß-tricalcium phosphate (nano-HA/ß-TCP) composite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 52-year-old female had the left upper second premolar condemned due to periodontal disease, then a tooth implant replacement was planned. Due to maxillary sinus pneumatization, the MSFA had to be done before implant placement. Nano-HA/ß-TCP composite (2g) was used in the MSFA procedure. After nine months of the healing process, during the Cone Morse implant installation process, bone samples were collected for histologic analysis (sirius red, hematoxylin/eosin, polarized microscopy). Six months after implant installation, a ceramic crown was installed according to the patient's request. RESULTS: Proper masticatory function and aesthetics were re-established. The histomorphometric evaluation indicated that nano-HA/ß-TCP composite did not show any area devoid of cellular activity in sirius red or hematoxylin/eosin staining and the percentage (%) of new bone collagen fibers was achieved using polarization technique evaluation. CONCLUSION: According to these results, nano-HA/ß-TCP composite presented clinical and histomorphometric properties suit to be used as bone-guided regeneration biomaterial in MSFA. Furthermore, nano-HA/ß-TCP composite provided a favorable nano-environment to bone cells, enhancing bone matrix production.

Repair of Critical Size Bone Defects Using Synthetic Hydroxyapatite or Xenograft with or without the Bone Marrow Mononuclear Fraction: A Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study in Rat Calvaria.

Bone defects are a challenging clinical situation, and the development of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials is a prolific research field that, in addition, can be joined by stem cells and growth factors in order to deal with the problem. This study compares the use of synthetic hydroxyapatite and xenograft, used pure or enriched with bone marrow mononuclear fraction for the regeneration of critical size bone defects in rat calvaria through histomorphometric (Masson's staining) and immunohistochemical (anti-VEGF, anti-osteopontin) analysis. Forty young adult male rats were divided into five groups (n = 8). Animals were submitted to critical size bone defects (Ø = 8 mm) in the temporoparietal region. In the control group, there was no biomaterial placement in the critical bone defects; in group 1, it was filled with synthetic hydroxyapatite; in group 2, it was filled with xenograft; in group 3, it was filled with synthetic hydroxyapatite, enriched with bone marrow mononuclear fraction (BMMF), and in group 4 it was filled with xenograft, enriched with BMMF. After eight weeks, all groups were euthanized, and histological section images were captured and analyzed. Data analysis showed that in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 (received biomaterials and biomaterials plus BMMF), a significant enhancement in new bone matrix formation was observed in relation to the control group. However, BMMF-enriched groups did not differ from hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials-only groups. Therefore, in this experimental model, BMMF did not enhance hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials' potential to induce bone matrix and related mediators.

Performance of Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Xenogenic Hydroxyapatite on Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects: Histomorphometric, Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Synthetic biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the substitution of naturally derived biomaterials in current surgery practice. In vitro and in vivo characterization studies of new synthetic biomaterials are essential to analyze their physicochemical properties and the underlying mechanisms associated with the modulation of the inflammatory process and bone healing. PURPOSE: This study compares the in vivo tissue behavior of a synthetic biomaterial nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) in a rat calvarial defect model. The innovation of this work is in the comparative analysis of the effect of new synthetic and commercially xenogenic biomaterials on the inflammatory response, bone matrix gain, and stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. METHODS: Both biomaterials were inserted in rat defects. The animals were divided into three groups, in which calvarial defects were filled with xenogenic biomaterials (group 1) and synthetic biomaterials (group 2), or left unfilled (group 3, controls). Sixty days after calvarial bone defects filled with biomaterials, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and electron microscopy analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analysis revealed powerful effects such as a higher amount of proteinaceous matrix and higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9 in bone defects treated with alloplastic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture than xenogenicxenogic biomaterial, as well as collagen-proteinaceous material in association with hydroxyapatite crystalloids. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the synthetic nano-HA/ß-TCP mixture enhanced bone formation/remodeling in rat calvarial bone defects. The nano-HA/ß-TCP did not present risks of cross-infection/disease transmission. The synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate mixture presented adequate properties for guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration for dental surgical procedures.

Histomorphometric, Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural Characterization of a Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite and a Bone Xenograft in Sub-Critical Size Bone Defect in Rat Calvaria.

Nowadays, we can observe a worldwide trend towards the development of synthetic biomaterials. Several studies have been conducted to better understand the cellular mechanisms involved in the processes of inflammation and bone healing related to living tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate tissue behaviors of two different types of biomaterials: synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate composite and bone xenograft in sub-critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Twenty-four rats underwent experimental surgery in which two 3 mm defects in each cavity were tested. Rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 used xenogen hydroxyapatite (Bio Oss™); Group 2 used synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (Blue Bone™). Sixty days after surgery, calvaria bone defects were filled with biomaterial, animals were euthanized, and tissues were stained with Masson's trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) techniques, immune-labeled with anti-TNF-α and anti-MMP-9, and electron microscopy analyses were also performed. Histomorphometric analysis indicated a greater presence of protein matrix in Group 2, in addition to higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9. Ultrastructural analysis showed that biomaterial fibroblasts were associated with the tissue regeneration stage. Paired statistical data indicated that Blue Bone™ can improve bone formation/remodeling when compared to biomaterials of xenogenous origin.

Laser-photobiomodulation on experimental cancer pain model in Walker Tumor-256.

CONTEXT: Cancer Pain is considered a common and significant clinical problem in malignant neoplasms, comprising 20% to 50% of all patients with tumor progression. Laser photobiomodulation (L-PBM) has been used in a multitude of pain events, ranging from acute trauma to chronic articular. However, L-PBM has never been tested in cancer pain. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate hyperalgesia, edema, COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and Bdkrb1 mRNA in low-level laser irradiated Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. METHODS: Rat hind paw injected with Walker Tumor-256 (W-256) and divided into six groups of 6 rats: G1 (control) - W-256 injected, G2- W-256 + Nimesulide, G3- W-256 + 1 J, G4- W-256 + 3 Jand G5- W256 + 6 J. Laser parameters: λ = 660 nm, 3.57 W/cm2, Ø = 0.028 cm2. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by Randall-Selitto test. Plethysmography measured edema; mRNA levels of COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and Bdkrb1were analyzed. RESULTS: It was found that the W-256 + 1 J group showed a decrease in paw edema, a significant reduction in pain threshold. Higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of COX-2 and Bdkrb1 were observed. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that 1 J L-PBM reduced the expression of COX-2 and Bdkrb1 and increasing IL-10 gene expression, promoting analgesia to close levels to nimesulide.

Laser-photobiomodulation on experimental cancer pain model in walker tumor-256

Context Cancer Pain is considered a common and significant clinical problem in malignant neoplasms, comprising 20% to 50% of all patients with tumor progression. Laser photobiomodulation (L-PBM) has been used in a multitude of pain events, ranging from acute trauma to chronic articular. However, L-PBM has never been tested in cancer pain. Objectives Evaluate hyperalgesia, edema, COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and Bdkrb1 mRNA in low-level laser irradiated Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Methods Rat hind paw injected with Walker Tumor-256 (W-256) and divided into six groups of 6 rats: G1 (control) - W-256 injected, G2- W-256 + Nimesulide, G3- W-256 + 1 J, G4- W-256 + 3 Jand G5- W256 + 6 J. Laser parameters: λ = 660 nm, 3.57 W/cm2, Ø = 0.028 cm2. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by Randall–Selitto test. Plethysmography measured edema; mRNA levels of COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and Bdkrb1were analyzed. Results It was found that the W-256 + 1 J group showed a decrease in paw edema, a significant reduction in pain threshold. Higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of COX-2 and Bdkrb1 were observed. Conclusion Results suggest that 1 J L-PBM reduced the expression of COX-2 and Bdkrb1 and increasing IL-10 gene expression, promoting analgesia to close levels to nimesulide.

Precision brackets for upper lateral incisors in Bioprogressive therapy.

Orthodontic brackets, specifically in their slots, are responsible for receiving active orthodontic forces and transferring them to the teeth to be moved. The presence of an altered slot or inaccurate dimensions can influence the mechanical relationship between the bracket and archwire, interfering with the biomechanics of tooth movement. The objective of this study was by comparing the accuracy of slot placement of upper right lateral incisor metal brackets for Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy from five trademarks. The following characteristics were evaluated: height, torque, and internal parallelism of the walls of the slot. The sample included 75 brackets, 15 each from the following trademarks: 3M Abzil, Forestadent, Morelli Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, and Tecnident. Images of the slot profiles were obtained through standardized techniques using scanning electron microscopy, measured by the AutoCAD 2017 software, and compared to Ricketts prescription, respecting standard deviation with the technical and tolerance parameters present in standard ISO 27020. The results indicated that most of the evaluated characteristics were in accordance with the standard parameters, considering the tolerance adopted. There were exceptions found to this pattern of precision in the 3M Abzil brackets with regard to torque variation, and the Morelli brackets in relation to height variation and parallelism between the walls of the slot. Considering the measured dimensional characteristics, the metal brackets used in Bioprogressive Ricketts therapy has satisfactory pattern accuracy; however, there are still some specific inaccuracies in brackets from certain brands that can require more attention during the detailing phase.

Cárie de radiação: efeitos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária / Caries de radiación: efectos de la radiación en la estructura dental / Radiation caries: effects of radiotherapy on dental structure

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos à radioterapia para tratamento de neoplasias malignas na região de cabeça e pescoço são propensos a desenvolver complicações orais como a cárie de radiação, que evolui rapidamente e é altamente destrutiva.É reconhecido que o seu desenvolvimento está associado a alterações pós-radioterápicas nas glândulas salivares maiores, o que resulta em hipossalivação e alteração nos constituintes salivares. No entanto, tem sido aceito que danos diretos causados pela radiação à estrutura dentária podem acelerar a progressão da cárie e estudos têm demonstrado alterações morfológicas e físicas em dentes humanos após radioterapia. Objetivo: Propõe-se apresentar um caso de cárie de radiação e os efeitos diretos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 60 anos de idade, com queixa principal de fragilidade dentária; relatou história de carcinoma epidermóide em língua há 18 meses e que o protocolo de tratamento aplicado foi quimioterapia (38 sessões), radioterapia (38 sessões) e cirurgia. Ao exame físico, dentre as alterações observadas, destacou-se a presença de regiões cervicais dentárias enegrecidas com coroas bastante fragilizadas em todos os dentes remanescentes, características de cárie de radiação. Foi realizado um tratamento atraumático, que está em acompanhamento. Conclusões: A cárie de radiação tem como principal fator etiológico alterações salivares qualitativas e quantitativas. A discussão sobre os efeitos diretos da radioterapia sobre a estrutura dentária ainda é bastante polêmica na literatura odontológica. Desta forma, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados de forma sistemática, de maneira mais completa e padronizada(AU)

Introducción: Los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia para el tratamiento de tumores malignos en la cabeza y el cuello son propensos a desarrollar complicaciones bucales, tales como caries de radiación que evoluciona rápidamente y es altamente destructiva. Se reconoce que el desarrollo se asocia con cambios posradioterapia en las glándulas salivales, que resulta en hiposalivación y el cambio en los componentes salivales. Sin embargo, se ha aceptado que los daños por radiación directa a la estructura dental puede acelerar la progresión de la caries y los estudios han demostrado cambios morfológicos y físicos en los dientes humanos después de la radioterapia. Objetivo: presentar un caso de caries de radiación y los efectos directos de la radiación en la estructura dental. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad, se quejaba de fragilidad dental, con historia notificada de carcinoma de células escamosas en la lengua hace 18 meses y con protocolo de tratamiento aplicado de quimioterapia (38 sesiones), terapia de radiación (38 sesiones) y cirugía. En el examen físico, de los cambios observados, se destacó la presencia de regiones cervicales dentarias negruzcas con coronas bastante frágiles en todos los dientes restantes, características de caries de radiación. El tratamiento atraumático se realizó y el paciente está bajo observación. Conclusiones: los cambios cuantitativos y cualitativos salivales actúa como el factor causal principal de la caries por radiación. La discusión acerca de los efectos directos de la radiación sobre la estructura del diente es todavía muy controvertido en la literatura dental. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que se realicen estudios adicionales de manera sistemática, más completa y estandarizada(AU)

Introduction: Patients undergoing radiotherapy as treatment for malignant head and neck tumors are prone to develop oral complications such as radiation caries, which evolves rapidly and is highly destructive. Such development is known to be caused by post-radiotherapy alterations in salivary glands resulting in hyposalivation and changes in salivary components. However, it has been accepted that damage by direct radiation to the dental structure may hasten the progress of caries development, and studies have shown the morphological and physical changes occurring in human teeth after radiotherapy. Objective: Present a case of radiation caries and the direct effects of radiation on dental structure. Case presentation: A 60-year-old male patient complains of dental fragility. The patient was diagnosed with squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue 18 months ago and indicated chemotherapy (38 sessions), radiotherapy (38 sessions) and surgery. Physical examination revealed among other changes the presence of blackish cervical areas with quite fragile crowns in all remaining teeth, which are characteristic of radiation caries. Non-traumatic treatment was performed and the patient is now under observation. Conclusions: Salivary quantitative and qualitative changes are the main cause of radiation caries. Discussion about the direct effects of radiation on dental structure is still quite controversial in the literature on the topic. It is therefore suggested to conduct further studies in a more systematic, complete and standardized manner(AU)

High doses of laser phototherapy can increase proliferation in melanoma stromal connective tissue.

It is well established that laser phototherapy (LP) is contraindicated directly over cancer cells, due to its bio modulatory effects in cell and blood vessel proliferation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of typical low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high intensity laser therapy (HILT) and an in-between dose of 9 J on collagen fibers and blood vessels content in melanoma tumors (B16F10) implanted in mice. Melanoma tumor cells were injected in male Balb C mice which were distributed in four groups: control (no irradiated) or irradiated by 3, 9, or 21 J (150; 450, or 1050 J/cm2). LP was performed in daily sessions for 3 days with a InGaAlP-660 nm (mean output: 50 mW, spot size: 2 mm2). Tumor volume was analyzed using (1) picrosirius staining to quantify collagen fibers content and (2) Verhoeff's method to quantify blood vessels content. Tumor growth outcome measured in the 3-J group was not significantly different from controls. Nine and 21-J groups, presented significant and dose-dependent increases in tumor volume. Quantitative analysis of the intensity of collagen fibers and their organization in stroma and peri-tumoral microenvironment showed significant differences between irradiated and control group. Blood vessels count of 21-J group outnumbered the other groups. High doses (≥ 9 J) of LP showed a dose-dependent tumor growth, different collagen fibers characteristics, and eventually blood vessel growth, while a typical LLLT dose (3 J) appeared harmless on melanoma cell activity.

Effect of GaAlAs low-level laser therapy on mouth opening after orthognathic surgery.

To evaluate low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to enhance postoperative mouth opening after orthognathic surgery. Prospective clinical trial of 82 patients allocated into an intervention group (laser, LG) and a control group (no laser, CG) and subgroups according to the procedure type : (1) surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME); (2) maxillary surgery; (3) mandibular surgery; or (4) bimaxillary surgery. LG patients received LLLT immediately after surgery and every 24 h thereafter for 3 days, using a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser (780 nm, 28 spots, 14 on each side of the face, output power 2 J/spot). Maximum mouth opening was measured using digital calipers at five time points: preoperative baseline and postoperative days 2, 7, 14, and 21. ANOVA was used to evaluate difference in mouth opening across groups. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05. Final average mouth opening differed between women (GL1 = 94.24%, GC1 = 89.54%, GL2 = 69.39%; GC2 = 68.46%; GL3 = 65.11%; GC3 = 58.64%; GL4 = 61.85%; GC4 = 57.11%) and men (GL1 = 86.92%, GC1 = 102.44%, GL2 = 77.56%; GC2 = 81.65%; GL3 = 80.29%; GC3 = 67.63%; GL4 = 66.93%; GC4 = 55.31%). There were no significant differences between the SARME and isolated maxillary/mandibular surgery groups. In the bimaxillary groups, average mouth opening was increased in all patients who received LLLT, significantly so in male patients. LLLT with a GaAlAs diode laser (780 nm) did not affect postoperative mouth opening after SARME, isolated maxillary surgery, or isolated mandibular surgery. However, it improved mouth opening in men who had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.

Laser photobiomodulation in pressure ulcer healing of human diabetic patients: gene expression analysis of inflammatory biochemical markers.

Pressure ulcers (PU) are wounds located mainly on bone surfaces where the tissue under pressure suffers ischemia leading to cellular lesion and necrosis , its causes and the healing process depend on several factors. The aim of this study was evaluating the gene expression of inflammatory/reparative factors: IL6, TNF, VEGF, and TGF, which take part in the tissue healing process under effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT). In order to perform lesion area analysis, PUs were photographed and computer analyzed. Biochemical analysis was performed sa.mpling ulcer border tissue obtained through biopsy before and after laser therapy and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The study comprised eight individuals, mean age sixty-two years old, and sacroiliac and calcaneous PU, classified as degree III and IV according to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). PUs were irradiated with low-level laser (InGaAIP, 100 mW, 660 nm), energy density 2 J/cm2, once a day, with intervals of 24 h, totaling 12 applications. The lesion area analysis revealed averaged improvement of the granulation tissue size up to 50% from pre- to post-treatment. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that IL6 values were not significantly different before and after treatment, TNF gene expression was reduced, and VEFG and TGF-ß gene expression increased after treatment. After LLLT, wounds presented improvement in gross appearance, with increase in factors VEFG and TGF-ß, and reduction of TNF; despite our promising results, they have to be analyzed carefully as this study did not have a control group.

Photobiomodulation therapy protects skeletal muscle and improves muscular function of mdx mice in a dose-dependent manner through modulation of dystrophin.

This study aimed to analyze the protective effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with combination of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on skeletal muscle tissue to delay dystrophy progression in mdx mice (DMD mdx ). To this aim, mice were randomly divided into five different experimental groups: wild type (WT), placebo-control (DMD mdx ), PBMT with doses of 1 J (DMD mdx ), 3 J (DMD mdx ), and 10 J (DMD mdx ). PBMT was performed employing a cluster probe with 9 diodes (1 x 905nm super-pulsed laser diode; 4 x 875nm infrared LEDs; and 4 x 640nm red LEDs, manufactured by Multi Radiance Medical®, Solon - OH, USA), 3 times a week for 14 weeks. PBMT was applied on a single point (tibialis anterior muscle-bilaterally). We analyzed functional performance, muscle morphology, and gene and protein expression of dystrophin. PBMT with a 10 J dose significantly improved (p < 0.001) functional performance compared to all other experimental groups. Muscle morphology was improved by all PBMT doses, with better outcomes with the 3 and 10 J doses. Gene expression of dystrophin was significantly increased with 3 J (p < 0.01) and 10 J (p < 0.01) doses when compared to placebo-control group. Regarding protein expression of dystrophin, 3 J (p < 0.001) and 10 J (p < 0.05) doses also significantly showed increase compared to placebo-control group. We conclude that PBMT can mainly preserve muscle morphology and improve muscular function of mdx mice through modulation of gene and protein expression of dystrophin. Furthermore, since PBMT is a non-pharmacological treatment which does not present side effects and is easy to handle, it can be seen as a promising tool for treating Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

Laser Photobiomodulation Over Teeth Subjected to Orthodontic Movement.

Background: Orthodontics of the 21st century requires aesthetic, painless, predictable, and quick treatments. This demand for faster results generated orthodontic movement acceleration protocols (OMAPs); among other OMAPs we present low-level laser (LLL) as a candidate. Objective: To evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, and type 1 collagen in the periodontal ligament of first molars of rats subjected to orthodontic traction with and without LLL irradiation, compared with untreated controls (CO), and to evaluate whether the dose of LLL used in this work is eligible as an OMAP. Materials and methods: A total of 35 male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: group 1 NI (nonirradiated) n = 15, group 2 IR (laser irradiated using 5 J, 177 J/cm2, and 100 mW applied in contact to the vestibular mesial, vestibular distal, and palatal faces of gum tissue around molar region for 50 sec each point, for 3 consecutive days, immediately 24 and 48 h after orthodontic device placement.) n = 15, and group 3 CO n = 5; groups 1 and 2 were subjected to orthodontic force and each group was divided into three subgroups that were sacrificed after 3, 5, and 7 days, IL-1/10 and COL-1 levels were analyzed. Results: In the IR group, levels of IL-1/10 and COL-1 showed peak anticipation after LLL irradiation compared with those in the NI and CO groups. Conclusions: These results can also infer that this dose of LLL can be used as an OMAP.

Laser photobiomodulation over teeth subjected to orthodontic movement

Background: Orthodontics of the 21st century requires aesthetic, painless, predictable, and quick treatments. This demand for faster results generated orthodontic movement acceleration protocols (OMAPs); among other OMAPs we present low-level laser (LLL) as a candidate. Objective: To evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, and type 1 collagen in the periodontal ligament of first molars of rats subjected to orthodontic traction with and without LLL irradiation, compared with untreated controls (CO), and to evaluate whether the dose of LLL used in this work is eligible as an OMAP. Materials and methods: A total of 35 male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: group 1 NI (nonirradiated) n = 15, group 2 IR (laser irradiated using 5 J, 177 J/cm(2), and 100 mW applied in contact to the vestibular mesial, vestibular distal, and palatal faces of gum tissue around molar region for 50 sec each point, for 3 consecutive days, immediately 24 and 48 h after orthodontic device placement.) n = 15, and group 3 CO n = 5; groups 1 and 2 were subjected to orthodontic force and each group was divided into three subgroups that were sacrificed after 3, 5, and 7 days, IL-1/10 and COL-1 levels were analyzed. Results: In the IR group, levels of IL-1/10 and COL-1 showed peak anticipation after LLL irradiation compared with those in the NI and CO groups. Conclusions: These results can also infer that this dose of LLL can be used as an OMAP.

High doses of laser phototherapy can increase proliferation in melanoma stromal connective tissue

It is well established that laser phototherapy (LP) is contraindicated directly over cancer cells, due to its bio modulatory effects in cell and blood vessel proliferation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of typical low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high intensity laser therapy (HILT) and an in-between dose of 9 J on collagen fibers and blood vessels content in melanoma tumors (B16F10) implanted in mice. Melanoma tumor cells were injected in male Balb C mice which were distributed in four groups: control (no irradiated) or irradiated by 3, 9, or 21 J (150; 450, or 1050 J/cm2). LP was performed in daily sessions for 3 days with a InGaAlP—660 nm (mean output: 50 mW, spot size: 2 mm2). Tumor volume was analyzed using (1) picrosirius staining to quantify collagen fibers content and (2) Verhoeff’s method to quantify blood vessels content. Tumor growth outcome measured in the 3-J group was not significantly different from controls. Nine and 21-J groups, presented significant and dose-dependent increases in tumor volume. Quantitative analysis of the intensity of collagen fibers and their organization in stroma and peri-tumoral microenvironment showed significant differences between irradiated and control group. Blood vessels count of 21-J group outnumbered the other groups. High doses (= 9 J) of LP showed a dose-dependent tumor growth, different collagen fibers characteristics, and eventually blood vessel growth, while a typical LLLT dose (3 J) appeared harmless on melanoma cell activity

Effects of photobiomodulation therapy and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on skeletal muscle injury induced by contusion in rats-part 1: morphological and functional aspects.

Musculoskeletal injuries are very frequent and are responsible for causing pain and impairment of muscle function, as well as significant functional limitations. In the acute phase, the most prescribed treatment is with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), despite their questionable effectiveness. However, the use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in musculoskeletal disorders has been increasing in the last few years, and this therapy appears to be an interesting alternative to the traditional drugs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of PBMT, with different application doses, and topical NSAIDs, under morphological and functional parameters, during an acute inflammatory process triggered by a controlled model of musculoskeletal injury induced via contusion in rats. Muscle injury was induced by means of a single trauma to the animals' anterior tibialis muscle. After 1 h, the rats were treated with PBMT (830 nm; continuous mode, with a power output of 100 mW; 3.57 W/cm2; 1 J-35.7 J/cm2, 3 J-107.1 J/cm2, and 9 J-321.4 J/cm2; 10, 30, and 90 s) or diclofenac sodium for topical use (1 g). Morphological analysis (histology) and functional analysis (muscle work) were performed, 6, 12, and 24 h after induction of the injury. PBMT, with all doses tested, improved morphological changes caused by trauma; however, the 9 J (321.4 J/cm2) dose was the most effective in organizing muscle fibers and cell nuclei. On the other hand, the use of diclofenac sodium produced only a slight improvement in morphological changes. Moreover, we observed a statistically significant increase of muscle work in the PBMT 3 J (107.1 J/cm2) group in relation to the injury group and the diclofenac group (p < 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that PBMT, with a dose of 3 J (107.1 J/cm2), is more effective than the other doses of PBMT tested and NSAIDs for topical use as a means to improve morphological and functional alterations due to muscle injury from contusion.

Effects of photobiomodulation therapy and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on skeletal muscle injury induced by contusion in rats-part 2: biochemical aspects.

Muscle injuries trigger an inflammatory process, releasing important biochemical markers for tissue regeneration. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the treatment of choice to promote pain relief due to muscle injury. NSAIDs exhibit several adverse effects and their efficacy is questionable. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been demonstrated to effectively modulate inflammation induced from musculoskeletal disorders and may be used as an alternative to NSAIDs. Here, we assessed and compared the effects of different doses of PBMT and topical NSAIDs on biochemical parameters during an acute inflammatory process triggered by a controlled model of contusion-induced musculoskeletal injury in rats. Muscle injury was induced by trauma to the anterior tibial muscle of rats. After 1 h, rats were treated with PBMT (830 nm, continuous mode, 100 mW of power, 35.71 W/cm2; 1, 3, and 9 J; 10, 30, and 90 s) or diclofenac sodium (1 g). Our results demonstrated that PBMT, 1 J (35.7 J/cm2), 3 J (107.1 J/cm2), and 9 J (321.4 J/cm2) reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes at all assessed times as compared to the injury and diclofenac groups (p < 0.05). The diclofenac group showed reduced levels of COX-2 only in relation to the injury group (p < 0.05). COX-2 protein expression remained unchanged with all therapies except with PBMT at a 3-J dose at 12 h (p < 0.05 compared to the injury group). In addition, PBMT (1, 3, and 9 J) effectively reduced levels of cytokines TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 at all assessed times as compared to the injury and diclofenac groups (p < 0.05). Thus, PBMT at a 3-J dose was more effective than other doses of PBMT and topical NSAIDs in the modulation of the inflammatory process caused by muscle contusion injuries.

Granuloma gravídico em língua ­ relato de caso / Lingual gravidarum granuloma ­ case report

O granuloma gravídico é uma neoplasia benigna, uma hiperplasia inflamatória comumente encontrada na cavidade bucal. Acomete todas as idades, mas é frequentemente encontrado entre a segunda e terceira década de vida devido ao aumento dos níveis hormonais do estrogênio e progesterona na corrente sanguínea, afetando entre 4 a 5% das gestantes. Durante a gravidez, níveis elevados de hormônios podem favorecer quadros de modificações da normalidade da mucosa oral e do periodonto, acarretando quadros específicos de inflamação gengival. Com menos frequência, encontram-se casos de granuloma gravídico, hiperplasia inflamatória e neoplasias benignas que possuem características histológicas iguais ao do granuloma piogênico, sendo diferenciado do granuloma gravídico pela influência que esse sofre dos hormônios da gravidez (progesterona e estrogênio), encontrado com maior frequência no primeiro e terceiro trimestres gestacionais. Pode possuir como fatores etiológicos traumas, agressões ou irritações teciduais repetitivas sobre a mucosa bucal, localizando-se mais na gengiva, língua, lábios, palato ou mucosa jugal e se caracterizando pelo crescimento rápido e indolor, sendo extremamente vascularizado, razão pela qual sangra com facilidade. Histologicamente, o granuloma gravídico é caracterizado pela proliferação de tecido vascular, acompanhada de um infiltrado inflamatório misto composto de neutrófilos, plasmócitos e linfócitos. Não existem diferenças histológicas entre o granuloma gravídico e o granuloma piogênico. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso clínico em paciente de vinte e um anos de idade, com oito meses de gestação, apresentando granuloma gravídico no dorso da língua, o qual foi removido cirurgicamente, não apresentando evidências de recidiva no período de quinze meses de acompanhamento clínico (AU).

The granuloma gravidarum is a benign neoplasm, an inflammatory hyperplasia commonly found in the oral cavity. It affects all ages, but is often found between the second and third decade of life due to the increase of estrogen and progesterone hormone levels in the bloodstream, affecting around 4 and 5% of pregnant women. During pregnancy, high levels of hormones may favor changes in the normality of oral mucosa and periodontium, leading to specific gingival inflammation. Less frequently, there are cases of granuloma gravidarum, inflammatory hyperplasia and benign neoplasms that have histological characteristics equal to granuloma piogenic, being differentiated from the granuloma gravidarum by the influence that this one suffers from pregnancy hormones (progesterone and estrogen), and it is found more frequently in the first and third gestational trimesters. It can have as etiologic factors traumas, aggressions or repetitive tissue irritations on buccal mucosa, being located more in gingiva, tongue, lips, palate or mucosa jugal and characterized by the fast and painless growth, being extremely vascularized, reason why it easily bleeds. Histologically, the granuloma gravidarum is characterized by proliferation of vascular tissue, accompanied by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed of neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There are no histological differences between granuloma gravidarum and pyogenic granuloma. The purpose of this report is to describe a clinical case in a twenty-one-year-old woman with eight months gestation, presenting granuloma gravidarum on the back of the tongue, which was surgically removed and did not present evidence of recurrence in the fifteen-month period of clinical follow-up (AU).