Expression of Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenases in the Pituitary Glands of Fetus and Adult Mice.

Retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in cell growth and tissue development. RA is synthesized from retinoids through oxidation processes by the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh) family. However, the expression of Raldhs during pituitary development and the identification of Raldh-expressing cells in the adult pituitary have not been fully elucidated. Here, we performed in situ hybridization to localize the three Raldh isoforms (Raldh1-3) in fetal and adult mouse pituitary glands. The results showed that Raldh2 expression was observed in Rathke's pouch from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), and this expression was sustained in the anterior lobe of the pituitary primordium from E15.5 to E17.5. In contrast, Raldh1 and Raldh3 were rarely detectable. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that Raldh2 was the predominant isoform expressed in the adult pituitary, although Raldh1 was also expressed to a lesser extent. In the adult pituitary, Raldh1-expressing cells were primarily observed in the posterior lobe. Raldh2-expressing cells were found in the marginal cell layer and parenchyma of the anterior lobe and were immunopositive for aldolase C (folliculostellate cells), but not for anterior pituitary hormones. These results suggest that RA is an important regulatory factor in the functions of the pituitary throughout its development in mice.

Vitronectin regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling in a mouse model of osteoporosis.

Vitronectin (VN) is an extracellular matrix protein with a crucial role in regulating bone remodeling. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of VN deficiency in a mouse model of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy (OVX). The findings revealed that the absence of VN led to an increase in the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker for osteoclasts, in the plasma of OVX-operated mice. TRAP staining further demonstrated that VN deficiency resulted in a higher number of osteoclasts within the femurs of OVX-operated mice. X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis of the femurs in OVX-operated mice indicated that VN deficiency significantly suppressed the OVX-induced increase of marrow area and total volume of bone. Additionally, we assessed structural model index (SMI) and degree of anisotropy (DA) as indices of osteoporosis. The results showed that VN deficiency effectively attenuated the OVX-induced increase in SMI and DA among OVX-operated mice. In summary, our study demonstrates the vital role of VN in regulating osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling in the mouse model of osteoporosis.

Development and validation of the gratitude for food scale for Japanese adults.

Gratitude for food is a concept associated with various aspects of healthy and sustainable diet and originates from Buddhism and Shintoism in Japan. Against this background, a scale specifically targeting adults is essential for boosting studies concerning gratitude for food. This study aimed to adapt the Gratitude for Food Scale (GFS), originally developed for Japanese children, to Japanese adults and to examine the reliability and validity of GFS for adults (GFS-A). This cross-sectional study used baseline and one-week follow-up data from a longitudinal survey. The analysis included 1800 Japanese adults at baseline and 1380 at the one-week follow-up based on completion of self-administered questionnaires in February 2023. Construct validity was confirmed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Further, Spearman's and intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach's alpha were calculated to confirm criterion validity and reliability (test-retest and internal consistency). Participants' mean (SD) age was 40.2 (11.2) years (women: n = 900, 50.0%) at baseline. The analysis revealed a one-factor structure comprising five items with good model fit. Criterion validity was confirmed by the correlation coefficients between the total GFS score and the gratitude questionnaire and the sub-score of awareness and appreciation for food, which represents a subscale of the expanded mindful eating scale. Moreover, test-retest reliability and internal consistency were confirmed. From this study's results, we can see that the developed GFS-A is an appropriate scale with good reliability and validity for measuring Japanese adults' gratitude for food.

Piceatannol Prevents Obesity and Fat Accumulation Caused by Estrogen Deficiency in Female Mice by Promoting Lipolysis.

Postmenopausal women have a higher susceptibility to obesity and chronic disease. Piceatannol (PIC), a natural analog of resveratrol, was reported to inhibit adipogenesis and to have an antiobesity effect. In this study, PIC's effect on postmenopausal obesity and the mechanism of its action were investigated. C57BL/6J female mice were divided into four groups and half of them were ovariectomized (OVX). Both OVX and sham-operated mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with and without the addition of 0.25% of PIC for 12 weeks. The abdominal visceral fat volume was higher in the OVX mice than the sham-operated mice, and PIC significantly decreased the fat volume only in the OVX mice. Unexpectedly, expression levels of adipogenesis-related proteins in white adipose tissue (WAT) were suppressed in the OVX mice, and PIC did not affect lipogenesis in either the OVX or sham-operated mice. Regarding the expression of proteins associated with lipolysis, PIC activated the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase much more in the OVX mice, but it did not affect the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase. PIC also tended to induce the expression of uncoupled protein 1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These results suggest that by promoting lipolysis in WAT and deconjugation in BAT, PIC is a potential agent to inhibit fat accumulation caused by menopause.

Sensory profile of picky eaters among college female students.

Picky eaters are at risk of an unbalanced diet, which is critical for women of reproductive age. A sensory profile, which is a potential factor in picky eating, has not been well researched. This study assessed the differences in sensory profile and dietary intake according to the picky eating status among female Japanese undergraduate college students. Cross-sectional data were obtained from the Ochanomizu Health Study conducted in 2018. The questionnaire included items regarding demographic characteristics, picky eating status, sensory profile, and dietary intake. Sensory profile was assessed using the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile questionnaire, and dietary intakes were calculated using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Among the 111 participants, 23% were picky eaters and 77% were non-picky eaters. The age, body mass index and household status did not differ between the picky eaters and non-picky eaters. Being a picky eater was associated with higher scores on sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding, and lower thresholds for taste and smell, touch, and auditory stimuli than being a non-picky eater. Of the picky eaters, 58% and 100% were at a high risk for folate and iron deficiencies, respectively, compared to 35% and 81% of non-picky eaters. Nutrition education for picky eaters in reproductive age to increase vegetable dishes comfortably in their diet is suggested to prevent anemia during their future pregnancy.

GPER/PKA-Dependent Enhancement of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Piceatannol.

We previously reported that piceatannol (PIC) had an anti-obesity effect only in ovariectomized (OVX) postmenopausal obesity mice. PIC was found to induce the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (pHSL) in OVX mice. To elucidate the mechanism by which PIC activates HSL, we investigated the effect of PIC using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PIC induced HSL phosphorylation at Ser563 in 3T3-L1 cells, as in vivo experiments showed. pHSL (Ser563) is believed to be activated through the ß-adrenergic receptor (ß-AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways; however, the addition of a selective inhibitor of ß-AR did not inhibit the effect of PIC. The addition of a PKA inhibitor with PIC blocked pHSL (Ser563), suggesting that the effects are mediated by PKA in a different pathway than ß-AR. The addition of G15, a selective inhibitor of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), reduced the activation of HSL by PIC. Furthermore, PIC inhibited insulin signaling and did not induce pHSL (Ser565), which represents its inactive form. These results suggest that PIC acts as a phytoestrogen and phosphorylates HSL through a novel pathway that activates GPER and its downstream PKA, which may be one of the inhibitory actions of PIC on fat accumulation in estrogen deficiency.

Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae.

Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.

Association of healthy eating literacy and resident status with energy, nutrients, and food consumption among lean and normal-weight female university students.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study aimed to describe the association of healthy eating literacy (HEL) with energy, nutrients, and food consumption in young women who had normal and lean weight at a Japanese university, considering their resident status. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the Ochanomizu Health Study were used in this study. Participants answered a self-administered, two-part, anonymous survey in 2018 and 2019. A total of 203 female undergraduate students with lean and normal body mass index (BMI) were included in the analysis. Single and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association of HEL and resident status with healthy food consumption, such as vegetables, fish, and shellfish. The dependent variables were HEL and resident status, and the covariates were age, BMI, and the total metabolic equivalents. RESULTS: The median (25th and 75th percentiles) age, BMI, and total HEL score were 20 (19, 21) years, 20.2 (18.9, 21.3) kg/m 2, and 18 (16, 20), respectively. Resident status and HEL were independently associated with vegetables, fish, and shellfish intake. Participants who had higher total HEL scores and lived in their family home consumed significantly more vegetables (ß = 0.17 and -0.34, p < 0.05) and fish and shellfish (ß = 0.24, -0.28, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides an insight into the association between HEL and dietary consumption in young women with normal and lean BMI.

Genome-wide screening identified SEC61A1 as an essential factor for mycolactone-dependent apoptosis in human premonocytic THP-1 cells.

Buruli ulcer is a chronic skin disease caused by a toxic lipid mycolactone produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, which induces local skin tissue destruction and analgesia. However, the cytotoxicity pathway induced by mycolactone remains largely unknown. Here we investigated the mycolactone-induced cell death pathway by screening host factors using a genome-scale lenti-CRISPR mutagenesis assay in human premonocytic THP-1 cells. As a result, 884 genes were identified as candidates causing mycolactone-induced cell death, among which SEC61A1, the α-subunit of the Sec61 translocon complex, was the highest scoring. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of SEC61A1 in THP-1 cells suppressed mycolactone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, especially eIF2α phosphorylation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Although previous studies have reported that mycolactone targets SEC61A1 based on mutation screening and structural analysis in several cell lines, we have reconfirmed that SEC61A1 is a mycolactone target by genome-wide screening in THP-1 cells. These results shed light on the cytotoxicity of mycolactone and suggest that the inhibition of mycolactone activity or SEC61A1 downstream cascades will be a novel therapeutic modality to eliminate the harmful effects of mycolactone in addition to the 8-week antibiotic regimen of rifampicin and clarithromycin.

Thyroglobulin regulates the expression and localization of the novel iodide transporter solute carrier family 26 member 7 (SLC26A7) in thyrocytes.

Solute carrier family 26 member 7 (SLC26A7), identified as a causative gene for congenital hypothyroidism, was found to be a novel iodide transporter expressed on the apical side of the follicular epithelium of the thyroid. We recently showed that TSH suppressed the expression of SLC26A7 and induces its localization to the plasma membrane, where it functions. We also showed that the ability of TSH to induce thyroid hormone synthesis is completely reversed by an autocrine negative-feedback action of thyroglobulin (Tg) stored in the follicular lumen. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect of follicular Tg on SLC26A7 expression and found that follicular Tg significantly suppressed the promoter activity, mRNA level, and protein level of SLC26A7 in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. In addition, follicular Tg inhibited the ability of TSH to induce the membrane localization of SLC26A7. In rat thyroid sections, the expression of SLC26A7 was weaker in follicles with a higher concentration of Tg, as evidenced by immunofluorescence staining. These results indicate that Tg stored in the follicular lumen is a feedback suppressor of the expression and membrane localization of SLC26A7, thereby downregulating the transport of iodide into the follicular lumen.

Thyroid stimulating hormone suppresses the expression and activity of cytosolic sulfotransferase 1a1 in thyrocytes.

Sulfonation is an important step in the metabolism of dopamine, estrogens, dehydroepiandrosterone, as well as thyroid hormones. However, the regulation of cytosolic sulfotransferases in the thyroid is not well understood. In a DNA microarray analysis of rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells, we found that the mRNA expression of 10 of 48 sulfotransferases was significantly altered by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), with that of sulfotransferase family 1A member 1 (SULT1A1) being the most significantly affected. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that TSH, forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP significantly suppressed SULT1A1 mRNA and protein levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining of FRTL-5 cells showed that SULT1A1 is localized in the perinuclear area in the absence of TSH but is spread throughout the cytoplasm with reduced fluorescence intensity in the presence of TSH. Sulfotransferase activity in FRTL-5 cells, measured using 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate as a donner and p-nitrophenol as an acceptor substrate, was significantly reduced by TSH. These findings suggest that the expression and activity of SULT1A1 are modulated by TSH in thyrocytes.

Mediating role of sensory differences in the relationship between autistic traits and internalizing problems.

BACKGROUND: Sensory differences are related to the autistic traits, and previous studies have shown a positive correlation between sensory differences and internalizing problems. In this study, we hypothesized that sensory differences and suffering due to sensory differences mediates the relationships between autistic traits and internalizing problems. METHODS: A total of 346 female Japanese university students completed questionnaires regarding their autistic traits, suffering due to sensory differences, and internalizing problems. Moreover, 114 participants completed a questionnaire related to sensory differences. RESULTS: Autistic traits were correlated with Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding. These sensory differences were also correlated with suffering due to sensory differences and internalizing problems. Moreover, path analysis indicated that the higher the suffering due to Low Registration and Sensation Avoiding was, the greater the internalizing problems in those who showed these sensory differences. CONCLUSIONS: Female university students with serious suffering due to sensory differences may need support in managing their suffering and internalizing problems. Further research will help suggest support that these people require, at school and elsewhere.

Effect of tocotrienol on the primary progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model.

Tocotrienol (T3), a vitamin E (Vit E) isoform, is known to have both biological and antioxidant effects. Although alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc), another isoform of Vit E is suggested to be a useful treatment against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the effect of T3 on NASH is unclear. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of T3 and α-Toc on NASH in the early stage of NASH progression, using a recently established NASH mouse model induced by a choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Six-week-old male mice were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group) and fed the CDAHFD for 1 week. The first group was given no other treatment (Pre). The other three groups continued the CDAHFD plus daily oral administration of Vit E-free corn oil (Control), corn oil containing α-Toc, or corn oil containing T3 for additional 2 weeks. Neither Vit E treatment changed the histologic features of NASH, but T3 significantly reduced the mRNA expression of several genes related to inflammation and fibrosis and α-Toc did not. These results suggested that oral T3 treatment was more effective than α-Toc at suppressing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the early stage of NASH progression in CDAHFD model mice.

Effects of Vitamin E and Dietary Conditions on the Differentiation and Maturation of Osteoclast.

α-Tocopherol is reported to activate the differentiation and fusion of osteoclast, however, it is not clear whether the excessive intake of vitamin E is a risk for osteoporosis. To investigate the effects of vitamin E and the dietary conditions on the osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast differentiation was evaluated using the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed various dietary conditions. Not only α-tocopherol but also γ-tocotrienol activated osteoclast differentiation in mice fed normal diet. Formation of large multinucleated cells was significantly increased by stimulation of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in mice fed vitamin E deficient diet and was suppressed by the addition of α-tocopherol. Furthermore, there was no effect on bone density and no difference in osteoclast differentiation from the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed a high-fat diet with 0 or 1,000 mg/kg diet of α-tocopherol and tocotrienol, respectively. These results suggest that different type of diet affect the activation of osteoclast by α-tocopherol.

RNA recovery from specimens of duct-washing cytology performed contemporaneously with mammary ductoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional cytological diagnosis including duct-washing cytology (DWC) is sometimes performed using ductal epithelial cells collected during mammary ductoscopy; it is useful for detection of early-stage breast cancer such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, conventional cytological diagnosis focuses exclusively on cellular morphology; false negatives and false positives may be caused by inadequate specimen preparation (triggering cell degeneration) or poor examiner diagnostic skills. Molecular diagnosis using RNA biomarkers is expected to compensate for the weaknesses of cytological diagnosis. We previously employed microarray analysis to identify highly expressed genes in DCIS, suggesting that they may be useful for DCIS diagnosis. Here, we explored whether DWC samples yielded RNA of sufficient quantity and quality for RNA biomarker-based diagnosis. RESULTS: We extracted RNAs from 37 DWC samples. RNA from 12 samples exhibited RNA integrities of ≥ 6, indicative of moderate-to-high quality. We then showed that cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) and breast cancer-associated transcript 54 (BRCAT54) mRNA-previously shown by microarray analysis to be highly expressed in DCIS-were detectable in these samples. Therefore, DWC samples may be useful for molecular diagnosis involving RNA biomarkers.

Microarray analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ samples obtained by puncture from surgical resection specimens.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is increasing due to more widespread mammographic screening. DCIS, the earliest form of breast cancer, is non-invasive at the time of detection. If DCIS tissues are left undetected or untreated, it can spread to the surrounding breast tissue. Thus, surgical resection is the standard treatment. Understanding the mechanism underlying the non-invasive property of DCIS could lead to more appropriate medical treatments, including nonsurgical options. DATA DESCRIPTION: We conducted a microarray-based genome-wide transcriptome analysis using DCIS specimens obtained by puncture from surgical specimens immediately after surgery.

Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women.

BACKGROUND: Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear. PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDI-J), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (ß = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (ß = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (ß = -0.301, P < 0.001), had a later chronotype (ß = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (ß = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (ß = -0.445, P < 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (ß = -0.172, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health.

Ablation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) exacerbates hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation in polyunsaturated fatty acid-depleted mice.

Deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to induce hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clearly understood which type of PUFA is responsible for the worsening of steatosis. This study observed a marked accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in fatty acid desaturase 2 knockout (FADS2-/- ) mice lacking both C18 and ≥ C20 PUFAs that were fed a PUFA-depleted diet. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with enhanced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1-dependent lipogenesis and decreased triacylglycerol secretion into the plasma via very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Furthermore, upregulation of cholesterol synthesis contributed to increased hepatic cholesterol content in FADS2-/- mice. These results suggest that ≥ C20 PUFAs synthesized by FADS2 are important in regulating hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation during PUFA deficiency.

Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy? A focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. METHODS: The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. RESULTS: Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. LEVEL V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency on allergic response in ovalbumin-immunized mice.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are present in biological membranes and influence membrane fluidity and immune responses. PUFAs such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 cannot be synthesized de novo in mammals and are thus called essential fatty acids (EFAs). In addition, PUFAs can be converted to very long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in the body. Although avoiding allergens is an effective strategy for food-allergy patients, the dietary exclusion of several allergens reportedly induces deficiencies in essential nutrients such as PUFAs. In this study, we investigated whether an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet influenced allergic symptoms in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Unexpectedly, no exacerbation of immune responses after OVA-sensitization was observed in mice fed an EFAD diet, and no differences in serum PUFA levels between OVA-immunized and non-immunized mice fed the EFAD diet were detected. However, levels of VLC-PUFAs in the small intestine increased after OVA-sensitization and did not decrease during EFAD diet administration, showing that small intestinal VLC-PUFAs levels were strongly preserved in the food-allergy model mice. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms by which small intestinal VLC-PUFAs are retained in food-allergy model mice.