Hérnia torácica traumática associada a laceração de lobo pulmonarcaudal em cão / Traumatic thoracic hernia associated with laceration of the caudal lung lobe in a dog

Traumas torácicos são comuns em pacientes traumatizados e incluem principalmente contusão pulmonar, laceração pulmonar, pneumotórax, hemotórax, fraturas de costela e esterno e hérnia diafragmática. As principais causas são acidentes automobilísticos, quedas e mordeduras. Taquipneia ou dispneia são possíveis sinais clínicos, associados a choque hipovolêmico e sinais gastrointestinais. Lesões torácicas podem ser negligenciadas quando lesões distrativas, como fratura de membros, estão presentes. Assim, o exame clínico minucioso é obrigatório e os animais com insuficiência respiratória podem necessitar de estabilização e cirurgia de emergência. Considerando a importância do trauma torácico na prática clínica, o objetivo deste manuscrito é relatar o caso de hérnia espúria torácica associada a laceração traumática de lobo pulmonar caudal em uma cadela apresentando dispneia intensa após trauma automobilístico. Após uma avaliação emergencial e exames radiográficos, foi diagnosticado tórax instável, fraturas de costelas, contusão pulmonar e pneumotórax grave. Após estabilização clínica, foi realizado tratamento cirúrgico para estabilização do tórax instável. Durante a cirurgia, observou-se herniação e laceração do lobo caudal esquerdo do pulmão, sendo realizadas suturas para correção da laceração pulmonar e estabilização do gradil costal, além da toracostomia para controle do pneumotórax. Nos casos de tórax instável e encarceramento lobar, o tratamento cirúrgico é fundamental, como realizado neste caso, com o objetivo de reparar e reposicionar o lobo pulmonar e estabilizar o tórax instável. A herniação pulmonar traumática é um possível diagnóstico diferencial no tórax instável pós-traumático, assim como a reparação do lobo e a estabilização das costelas por meio de suturas são técnicas eficazes de tratamento cirúrgico.

Thoracic traumas are common in trauma patients and mainly include pulmonary contusion, pulmonary laceration, pneumothorax, hemothorax, rib and sternum fractures and diaphragmatic hernia. The main causes are car accidents, falls and bites. Tachypnea or dyspnea are possible clinical signs, associated with hypovolemic shock and gastrointestinal signs. Thoracic injuries may be overlooked when distracting injuries, such as limb fractures, are present. Thus, thorough clinical examination is mandatory and animals with respiratory failure may require stabilization and emergency surgery. Considering the importance of thoracic trauma in clinical practice, the manuscript aimed to report the case of spurious thoracic hernia associated with traumatic laceration of the caudal lung lobe in a bitch with severe dyspnea after car trauma. After an emergency evaluation and radiographic examinations, a flail chest, rib fractures, pulmonary contusion and severe pneumothorax were diagnosed. After clinical stabilization, surgical treatment was performed to stabilize the flail chest. During surgery, herniation and laceration of the left caudal lobe of the lung were observed, and sutures were performed to correct the pulmonary laceration and stabilize the rib cage, in addition to thoracostomy to control the pneumothorax. In cases of flail chest and lobar entrapment, surgical treatment is essential, as in this case, with the aim of repairing and repositioning the pulmonary lobe and stabilizing the flail chest. Traumatic pulmonary herniation is a possible differential diagnosis in post-traumatic flail chest, as well as repairing the lobe and stabilizing the ribs using sutures are effective surgical treatment techniques.

Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

O uso de opioides em ruminantes / Use of opioids in ruminants

Os ruminantes, como todos os animais, têm capacidade de sentir dor, a qual pode ser causada por doenças ou procedimentos frequentemente praticados, como a descorna e a orquiectomia. Todavia, nesses animais, o uso de analgésicos ainda é menos comum do que o ideal, sendo necessária uma maior conscientização, além de estudos com fármacos e protocolos, capazes de aliviar a dor de maneira eficaz nessas espécies. Neste contexto, destacam-se os opioides, potentes fármacos analgésicos, sendo ótima opção para o controle da dor; entretanto, seu uso ainda é pouco frequente em ruminantes, os estudos são limitados e encontram resultados variáveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os benefícios do controle da dor em ruminantes, através do uso de opioides, elucidando as possibilidades analgésicas com diferentes fármacos desta classe e vias de administração, a fim de incentivar o uso pelos médicos veterinários de ruminantes, com base na literatura já publicada sobre este assunto; uma vez que, mesmo com alguns resultados variáveis, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial antinociceptivo dos opioides em ruminantes, além dos efeitos sedativos, destacando o potencial analgésico principalmente por vias de administração alternativas, como o fentanil transdérmico e a via epidural para diversos opioides, os quais tornam-se opções importantes a serem consideradas nos protocolos analgésicos para ruminantes.

Ruminants, as all other animals, feel pain, which can be caused by diseases or frequently practiced procedures, such as dehorning and orchiectomy. However, in these animals the use of analgesics is still less common than ideal, requiring greater awareness, in addition to studies with drugs and protocols capable of effectively relieving pain in these species. In this context, opioids, potent analgesic drugs, are highlighted as a great option for pain control. Nevertheless, their use is still infrequent in ruminants, where studies are limited and show varied results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the benefits of pain control in ruminants through opioids, elucidating the analgesic possibilities with different drugs of this class and administration routes to encourage the use by veterinarians of ruminants, based on the literature already published on this subject. Even with some variable results, several studies have demonstrated the antinociceptive potential of opioids in ruminants, in addition to the sedative effects, highlighting the analgesic potential mainly through alternative routes of administration, such as transdermal fentanyl and the epidural route for various opioids, which become important options to be considered in analgesic protocols for ruminants.

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is a rare condition which consists of reactive fibrous tissue proliferation with mixed inflammatory infiltration within the abdominal cavity. The present report describes an additional case of SEP affecting a mixed-breed immature female dog presented with persistent vomiting, progressive weight loss, and ascites. Abdominal radiographic and ultrasonographic findings suggested abdominal neoformation resulting in gastric displacement, in addition ascitic fluid was evaluated and cytology showed large numbers of inflammatory effusion. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and were detected multiple thick peritoneal adhesions which restricted mobility of abdominal viscera. Biopsy specimens of these lesions were submitted for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the external serous surfaces of the abdominal organs were covered with dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by intense mature collagen deposition and moderate angiogenesis. The animal was euthanized due to poor prognosis and sent for necropsy. The clinical, imaging, gross and microscopic findings were compatible with SEP.(AU)

Ophthalmic effects of dexmedetomidine, methadone and dexmedetomidine-methadone in healthy cats and their reversal with atipamezole.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the effects that dexmedetomidine and methadone, either alone or in combination, have on the ocular variables of healthy adult cats when administered intramuscularly, as well as their reversal with atipamezole. METHODS: A randomized crossover blinded study of 10 healthy cats was used to assess the effect of 0.2 mg/kg methadone (MET), 7.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (D7), 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (D10), 7.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM7) and 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM10) on intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production and pupil diameter (PD). The animals were evaluated for 30 mins. Afterwards, atipamezole was administered and ocular variables were evaluated for 30 mins. RESULTS: D10, DM7 and DM10 significantly decreased mean IOP but MET or D7 did not. Tear production decreased significantly in all treatments, corresponding to 18%, 59%, 63%, 86% and 98% in MET, D7, D10, DM7 and DM10, respectively. PD increased in all treatments, but MET showed the highest PD. Thirty minutes after atipamezole (RT30), IOP returned to baseline with no difference between groups, and there was a significant increase in tear production, but the means were still different from baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Dexmedetomidine decreases IOP and tear production but increases PD in healthy cats. Atipamezole can partly reverse those alterations. Low-dose dexmedetomidine (7.5 µg/kg) promotes sedation without changing the IOP. All protocols significantly decrease tear production, and Schirmer tear test after sedation is not representative of non-sedated values. Methadone induces quick onset mydriasis without changing the IOP.

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Clomipramine and alprazolam to treat noise phobia in a dog: case report / Uso de clomipramina e alprazolam no tratamento de cão com sensibilidade à ruídos: relato de caso

Behavioral disorders, including noise phobia, have a great impact on small animals internal medicine, impairing their quality of life as well as their life expectancy. The objective of this work is to report the case of a male dog who suffered from noise phobia and panic attacks triggered by thunderstorms and fireworks, and did not respond to previous training and treatment. After clinical and laboratory evaluations, he was treated with 2mg/kg clomipramine twice daily for 90 days associated with 0.06mg/kg alprazolam as needed on those days of intense fear. During the first week of treatment, a significant improvement could already be observed, with reduction in destructive behaviors, which lingered on for up to eight months of follow-up. The treatment stabilized the clinical condition and improved the patients quality of life.(AU)

Os distúrbios de comportamento, entre eles o medo de ruídos, apresentam um grande impacto na clínica de peque-nos animais, acarretando em decréscimo na qualidade e expectativa de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um cão, macho, com histórico de medo de ruídos, que apresentava quadros de pânico desencadeados por trovões e fogos de arti-fício, sendo refratário a tentativas prévias de adestramento e tratamento medicamentoso. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, instituiu-se tratamento com clomipramina 2mg/kg BID durante 90 dias associada à administração de alprazolam 0,06mg/kg conforme necessário nos dias de medo intensificado. Na primeira semana de tratamento observou-se melhora significativa, com redução dos comportamentos destrutivos, se estendendo até 8 meses de acompanhamento. O tratamento realizado proporcio-nou estabilização do quadro clínico e incremento na qualidade de vida do paciente. informação a ser inserida pelos autores.(AU)

Clomipramine and alprazolam to treat noise phobia in a dog: case report / Uso de clomipramina e alprazolam no tratamento de cão com sensibilidade à ruídos: relato de caso

Behavioral disorders, including noise phobia, have a great impact on small animals internal medicine, impairing their quality of life as well as their life expectancy. The objective of this work is to report the case of a male dog who suffered from noise phobia and panic attacks triggered by thunderstorms and fireworks, and did not respond to previous training and treatment. After clinical and laboratory evaluations, he was treated with 2mg/kg clomipramine twice daily for 90 days associated with 0.06mg/kg alprazolam as needed on those days of intense fear. During the first week of treatment, a significant improvement could already be observed, with reduction in destructive behaviors, which lingered on for up to eight months of follow-up. The treatment stabilized the clinical condition and improved the patient’s quality of life.

Os distúrbios de comportamento, entre eles o medo de ruídos, apresentam um grande impacto na clínica de peque-nos animais, acarretando em decréscimo na qualidade e expectativa de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um cão, macho, com histórico de medo de ruídos, que apresentava quadros de pânico desencadeados por trovões e fogos de arti-fício, sendo refratário a tentativas prévias de adestramento e tratamento medicamentoso. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, instituiu-se tratamento com clomipramina 2mg/kg BID durante 90 dias associada à administração de alprazolam 0,06mg/kg conforme necessário nos dias de medo intensificado. Na primeira semana de tratamento observou-se melhora significativa, com redução dos comportamentos destrutivos, se estendendo até 8 meses de acompanhamento. O tratamento realizado proporcio-nou estabilização do quadro clínico e incremento na qualidade de vida do paciente. informação a ser inserida pelos autores.

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...(AU)

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...

Anestesia geral em jabuti-piranga (Chelonoides carbonaria) para retirada de corpo estranho gástrico / General anesthesia in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria) for gastric foreign body removal

Background: The anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of reptiles make anesthesia in chelonians particularly challenging. Specific literature regarding safe anesthetic protocols that provide immobilization, antinociception, amnesia, and unconsciousness are scarce. Thus, this paper aims to report the case of a red-footed tortoise submitted to long-duration general anesthesia to celiotomy for foreign body removal. Case: An adult red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria), 5.9 kg, was admitted due to hyporexia after ingesting a metallic fishhook. Serial radiographs confirmed the diagnosis and location of the foreign body in the stomach. The animal was premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 6 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly. After 90 min we inserted a 22G jugular catheter and proceeded to anesthesia induction with 5 mg/kg propofol. We intubated the animal with a 2.5 mm uncuffed endotracheal and started fluid therapy at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Surgical anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 0.21 oxygen, in a non-rebreathing circuit (baraka), under spontaneous breathing. Expired isoflurane was maintained between 3 and 4.5%. Due to reduced respiratory rate and hypercapnia, we opted for implementing manually-assisted positive pressure ventilation. Morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered at 10 and 87 min after the beginning of the surgery for further analgesia when the isoflurane requirement increased significantly. We did not detect any alterations in heart and body temperature. Surgical anesthesia lasted 6 h. During anesthesia recovery, voluntary head retraction and coordinated movement of the limbs occurred at 240 and 540 min after the extubation, respectively. In 2 days, the patient returned to voluntary feeding, being very active and responsive to stimulus. The post-surgical hematologic evaluation was unremarkable. Discussion: Pre-anesthetic medication aimed to promote sedation and preemptive analgesia. Due to its minimal cardiorespiratory depression, we chose the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine reduced the ketamine dose and caused sufficient muscle relaxation and immobilization to perform the jugular catheter placement. Butorphanol is an agonist-antagonist opioid; that is why we decided to add it to the protocol for antinociception. However, due to signs of nociceptive response (increased isoflurane requirements and heart rate), and considering the evidence of a predominance of µ receptors in reptiles, we administered low-dose morphine twice during the procedure. Propofol was chosen as an induction agent at a dose sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Since reptilians often show apnea in the presence of 100% oxygen, we used a 0.21 oxygen fraction. Despite this, the patient showed respiratory depression. Due to right to left cardiac shunt, sudden changes in the direction of the blood can lead to very rapid changes in the serum concentrations of isoflurane, which leads to frequent oscillations in the anesthetic depth and consequently the need for vaporizer adjustments, which may justify the high expired isoflurane fraction during the procedure. Despite that, physiological parameters were maintained within normal ranges for the species, with slight variations during the surgical procedure. We conclude that the proposed anesthetic protocol is safe for long-duration anesthesia in chelonians, ensuring cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Thus, this report may help veterinarians to perform safe anesthesia in tortoises submitted to invasive surgical procedures.

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animal’s leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animals leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...(AU)

Células osteoprogenitoras podem aumentar a formação óssea precoce em defeitos ósseos críticos de cães / Osteoprogenitor cells can enhance early bone formation in critical bone defects in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of osteoprogenitor cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (OC-AD-MSCs), and differentiated into osteoblasts, in the treatment of critical bone defects in dogs. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were subjected to osteogenic differentiation for 21 days and used in the treatment of bone defects in dogs radius. Either three experimental groups were bone defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs (OC), defects filled with autogenous bone (Control- C +), or empty defects (Control- C -). Bone regeneration was assessed by radiology, densitometry, and histomorphometry. The area of new bone formation was higher in the OC group compared to the control group (C-) on postoperative day 15. Defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs showed greater neovascularization than the other two groups at 90 days. We concluded that treatment with OC-AD-MSCs increased the area of new bone formation 15 days after surgery; however, it didnt complete the bone union in critical bone defects in the radius of dogs at 90 days.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das células osteoprogenitoras derivadas de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CO-CTM-AD) no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos de cães. As células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-AD) foram submetidas à diferenciação osteogênica por 21 dias e usadas no tratamento de defeitos ósseos em rádios de cães. Foram constituídos três grupos experimentais: defeitos ósseos tratados com CO-CTM-AD (OC), defeitos preenchidos com osso autógeno (C+) e defeitos não preenchidos (C-). A regeneração óssea foi avaliada por meio de exames radiográficos, densitométricos e histomorfométricos. A área de neoformação óssea foi maior no grupo OC em relação ao grupo C- no 15o dia de pós-operatório. Os defeitos tratados com CO-CTM-AD mostraram maior neovascularização que os demais grupos aos 90 dias de avaliação. Conclui-se que o tratamento com CO-CTM-AD aumentou a área de osso neoformado no 15o dia de pós-operatório, mas não foi suficiente para que houvesse a completa união óssea em defeitos ósseos críticos no rádio de cães aos 90 dias.(AU)

Células osteoprogenitoras podem aumentar a formação óssea precoce em defeitos ósseos críticos de cães / Osteoprogenitor cells can enhance early bone formation in critical bone defects in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of osteoprogenitor cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (OC-AD-MSCs), and differentiated into osteoblasts, in the treatment of critical bone defects in dogs. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were subjected to osteogenic differentiation for 21 days and used in the treatment of bone defects in dogs radius. Either three experimental groups were bone defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs (OC), defects filled with autogenous bone (Control- C +), or empty defects (Control- C -). Bone regeneration was assessed by radiology, densitometry, and histomorphometry. The area of new bone formation was higher in the OC group compared to the control group (C-) on postoperative day 15. Defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs showed greater neovascularization than the other two groups at 90 days. We concluded that treatment with OC-AD-MSCs increased the area of new bone formation 15 days after surgery; however, it didn’t complete the bone union in critical bone defects in the radius of dogs at 90 days.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das células osteoprogenitoras derivadas de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CO-CTM-AD) no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos de cães. As células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-AD) foram submetidas à diferenciação osteogênica por 21 dias e usadas no tratamento de defeitos ósseos em rádios de cães. Foram constituídos três grupos experimentais: defeitos ósseos tratados com CO-CTM-AD (OC), defeitos preenchidos com osso autógeno (C+) e defeitos não preenchidos (C-). A regeneração óssea foi avaliada por meio de exames radiográficos, densitométricos e histomorfométricos. A área de neoformação óssea foi maior no grupo OC em relação ao grupo C- no 15o dia de pós-operatório. Os defeitos tratados com CO-CTM-AD mostraram maior neovascularização que os demais grupos aos 90 dias de avaliação. Conclui-se que o tratamento com CO-CTM-AD aumentou a área de osso neoformado no 15o dia de pós-operatório, mas não foi suficiente para que houvesse a completa união óssea em defeitos ósseos críticos no rádio de cães aos 90 dias.

Osteoprogenitor cells can enhance early bone formation in critical bone defects in dogs / Células osteoprogenitoras podem aumentar a formação óssea precoce em defeitos ósseos críticos de cães

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of osteoprogenitor cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (OC-AD-MSCs), and differentiated into osteoblasts, in the treatment of critical bone defects in dogs. Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were subjected to osteogenic differentiation for 21 days and used in the treatment of bone defects in dogs radius. Either three experimental groups were bone defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs (OC), defects filled with autogenous bone (Control- C +), or empty defects (Control- C -). Bone regeneration was assessed by radiology, densitometry, and histomorphometry. The area of new bone formation was higher in the OC group compared to the control group (C-) on postoperative day 15. Defects treated with OC-AD-MSCs showed greater neovascularization than the other two groups at 90 days. We concluded that treatment with OC-AD-MSCs increased the area of new bone formation 15 days after surgery; however, it didn’t complete the bone union in critical bone defects in the radius of dogs at 90 days.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das células osteoprogenitoras derivadas de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CO-CTM-AD) no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos de cães. As células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-AD) foram submetidas à diferenciação osteogênica por 21 dias e usadas no tratamento de defeitos ósseos em rádios de cães. Foram constituídos três grupos experimentais: defeitos ósseos tratados com CO-CTM-AD (OC), defeitos preenchidos com osso autógeno (C+) e defeitos não preenchidos (C-). A regeneração óssea foi avaliada por meio de exames radiográficos, densitométricos e histomorfométricos. A área de neoformação óssea foi maior no grupo OC em relação ao grupo C- no 15o dia de pós-operatório. Os defeitos tratados com CO-CTM-AD mostraram maior neovascularização que os demais grupos aos 90 dias de avaliação. Conclui-se que o tratamento com CO-CTM-AD aumentou a área de osso neoformado no 15o dia de pós-operatório, mas não foi suficiente para que houvesse a completa união óssea em defeitos ósseos críticos no rádio de cães aos 90 dias.

Papiloma invertido em um cão - relato de caso / Inverted papilloma in a dog - a case report / Papiloma invertido en un perro - relato de caso

Os papilomas virais cutâneos caninos são causados pelo papilomavírus. Apapilomatose é considerada doença de baixa frequência em cães, manifestada pela presença de lesões isoladas ou múltiplas na cavidade oral, no tecido subcutâneo ou na região ocular. As formas oral e facial exofítica são as apresentações mais comunsem cães; no entanto, o papiloma invertido cutâneo é de ocorrência rara. Os papilomas invertidos cutâneos geralmente acometem cães com menos de três anos de idade, ocorrem no abdômen ventral e na virilha e são tipicamente elevados, com um porocentral. Não regridem espontaneamente, por isso o tratamento de eleição é a remoção cirúrgica. Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar um caso de papiloma cutâneo invertidoassociado a papilomas oral e facial em uma cadela SRD, atendida em um Hospital Veterinário Escola.

Canine cutaneous viral papillomas are caused by papillomavirus. Papillomatosis is considered to be a low-frequency disease in dogs and is characterized by the presence of single or multiple lesions in the oral cavity, subcutaneous tissue, or ocular region. The oral and facial exophytic forms are the most common presentations in dogs, although cutaneous inverted papillomas are rare. The latter occur in the ventral abdomen and groin of dogs under three years of age, and are typically high with a central pore. Because inverted papillomas do not regress spontaneously, the treatment of choice is surgical removal. This article aims to report a case of cutaneous inverted papilloma associated with facial and oral papillomas in a mongrel dog helped at a School Veterinary Hospital.

Los papilomas cutâneos de origen viral en el perro son causados por unpapilomavirus. La papilomatosis está considerada como una enfermedad de baja frecuencia en los caninos, que se manifiesta por la presencia de lesiones aisladas o múltiples en la cavidad oral, del subcutáneo o de la región ocular. Las formas oral y facial exofíticas son las de presentación más común en los perros, y el papiloma cutáneo invertido suele ser de aparición mas rara. Los papilomas invertidos afectan perros de menos de tres años, se presentan en el abdomen ventral y región interna delmuslo, siendo de aspecto elevado con una depresión central. No suelen desaparecer espontaneamente , y es por esta razón que la cirugía es el tratamiento indicado. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo relatar un caso de papiloma cutáneo invertido, asociadoa papilomas en la región facial y boca , en una perra mestiza atendida en un Hospital Escuela de Veterinaria.

Papiloma invertido em um cão - relato de caso / Inverted papilloma in a dog - a case report / Papiloma invertido en un perro - relato de caso

Os papilomas virais cutâneos caninos são causados pelo papilomavírus. Apapilomatose é considerada doença de baixa frequência em cães, manifestada pela presença de lesões isoladas ou múltiplas na cavidade oral, no tecido subcutâneo ou na região ocular. As formas oral e facial exofítica são as apresentações mais comunsem cães; no entanto, o papiloma invertido cutâneo é de ocorrência rara. Os papilomas invertidos cutâneos geralmente acometem cães com menos de três anos de idade, ocorrem no abdômen ventral e na virilha e são tipicamente elevados, com um porocentral. Não regridem espontaneamente, por isso o tratamento de eleição é a remoção cirúrgica. Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar um caso de papiloma cutâneo invertidoassociado a papilomas oral e facial em uma cadela SRD, atendida em um Hospital Veterinário Escola.(AU)

Canine cutaneous viral papillomas are caused by papillomavirus. Papillomatosis is considered to be a low-frequency disease in dogs and is characterized by the presence of single or multiple lesions in the oral cavity, subcutaneous tissue, or ocular region. The oral and facial exophytic forms are the most common presentations in dogs, although cutaneous inverted papillomas are rare. The latter occur in the ventral abdomen and groin of dogs under three years of age, and are typically high with a central pore. Because inverted papillomas do not regress spontaneously, the treatment of choice is surgical removal. This article aims to report a case of cutaneous inverted papilloma associated with facial and oral papillomas in a mongrel dog helped at a School Veterinary Hospital.(AU)

Los papilomas cutâneos de origen viral en el perro son causados por unpapilomavirus. La papilomatosis está considerada como una enfermedad de baja frecuencia en los caninos, que se manifiesta por la presencia de lesiones aisladas o múltiples en la cavidad oral, del subcutáneo o de la región ocular. Las formas oral y facial exofíticas son las de presentación más común en los perros, y el papiloma cutáneo invertido suele ser de aparición mas rara. Los papilomas invertidos afectan perros de menos de tres años, se presentan en el abdomen ventral y región interna delmuslo, siendo de aspecto elevado con una depresión central. No suelen desaparecer espontaneamente , y es por esta razón que la cirugía es el tratamiento indicado. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo relatar un caso de papiloma cutáneo invertido, asociadoa papilomas en la región facial y boca , en una perra mestiza atendida en un Hospital Escuela de Veterinaria.(AU)

Ischemia-reperfusion model in rat spinal cord: cell viability and apoptosis signaling study.

This work aimed at determining the ideal ischemia time in an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion model of spinal cord injury. Rat spinal cord slices were prepared and then exposed or not to oxygen deprivation and low glucose (ODLG) for 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. Cell viability was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium (TTC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and fluorochrome dyes specific for cell dead (ethidium homodimer) using the apotome system. Glutamate release was enzymatically measured by a fluorescent method. Gene expression of apoptotic factors was assessed by real time RT-PCR. Whereas spinal cord slices exposed to ODLG exhibited mild increase in fluorescence for 30 minutes after the insult, the 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes caused a 2-fold increase. ODLG exposure for 45, 60, 75 or 90 minutes, glutamate and LDH release were significantly elevated. nNOS mRNA expression was overexpressed for 45 minutes and moderately increased for 60 minutes in ODLG groups. Bax/bcl-xl ratio, caspase 9 and caspase 3 mRNA expressions were significantly increased for 45 minutes of ODLG, but not for 30, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. Results showed that cell viability reduction in the spinal cord was dependent on ischemic time, resulting in glutamate and LDH release. ODLG for 45 minutes was adequate for gene expression evaluation of proteins and proteases involved in apoptosis pathways.

Perspectivas da aplicação das conotoxinas bloqueadoras de canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem no trauma medular / Perspectives for the application of voltage-dependent calcium channels blockers conotoxin in spinal cord injury

O bloqueio dos canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem é uma estratégia importante no tratamento do trauma medular, pois previne o influxo exacerbado do cálcio que participa ativamente em processos neurodegenerativos agudos, resultando em neuroproteção com melhora das funções neurológica. Dentre esses bloqueadores, as toxinas de caramujos marinhos são peptídeos com adequada estabilidade estrutural, estudadas pelas ações específicas em canais iônicos e receptores que interferem diretamente na liberação de neurotransmissores e na neuromodulação dos neurônios motores e sensitivos da medula espinal. Elas já são utilizadas no tratamento de desordens neurológicas e mostram-se promissoras no desenvolvimento de novas terapias para o trauma medular. Portanto, objetivou-se discorrer sobre a fisiopatologia do trauma medular e a possível utilização terapêutica das toxinas de caramujo marinho, atuantes nos principais canais para cálcio dependentes de voltagem.

Blocking voltage dependent calcium channels is an important strategy in acute spinal trauma treatment, because it prevents the exacerbated calcium influx which participates actively in acute neurodegenerative processes, resulting in neuroprotection with improvement of neurological and electrophysiological functions. The cone snail toxins are peptides with adequate structural stability, which have been studied by specific actions on ion channels and receptors that directly interfering in the release of neurotransmitters and neuromodulation of sensory and motor neurons of the spinal cord. They are already used in the treatment of neurological disorders and appear to be promising in the development of new therapies for spinal trauma. Therefore, it was aimed to discuss the pathophysiology of spinal cord trauma, and possible therapeutic use of marine snail toxins that acts in voltage-dependent calcium channels.