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Fermentum Rubrum（FR） is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with dual-use functions of medicine and food， which has been used for more than 1 000 years. By referring to the ancient herbal classics and modern laws and regulations， the author sorted out the origin of FR， sorted out the development of processing， and analyzed the problems existing in the quality standard， aiming to provide a basis for further research and development of FR. There are many theories about the origin of FR. After summarizing and sorting out the relevant literature， three viewpoints are mainly drawn， including Han dynasty origin theory， Wei and Jin origin theory and Tang dynasty origin theory. After synthesizing the views of various schools， it is believed that the origin of FR should be no later than the Eastern Han dynasty. FR is made from rice by fermentation， which has the effect of strengthening the spleen， eliminating food， promoting blood circulation and removing stasis after fermentation. Although the natural fermentation in ancient times has been able to pay attention to the influence of temperature， humidity and strain on the quality of FR， due to the low level of science and technology， there are still problems such as complicated and cumbersome process， large workload and high labor cost. To the pure fermentation in modern times， the fermentation processing method of FR has been evolved， gradually improved and perfected. However， due to the lack of standardized research， there is no unified standard for the fermentation process of FR in various regions， and the quality standard lags behind seriously， which leads to the unstable product quality on the market. Among the 15 specifications for the preparation of FR， only 6 have been published in the past 5 years， and most of them have not been revised in a timely manner， and some of them have not been included in the updated version. Based on this， it is recommended to carry out a systematic study on processing technology of FR， and the best process is selected to accelerate the revision and improvement of its standardization， so as to improve the quality of FR sold in the market and promote its stable and sustainable development.
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AIM: To explore the expressive role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A_2, high sensitive C-reactive protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in a rabbit model. METHODS: Forty eight New Zealand white male rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups (12 rabbits each): control group, stable plaque group, p53 group, and p53+drug group. Rabbits in control group were fed with a regular diet and underwent sham operation. Rabbits in stable plaque group, p53 group and p53+drug group underwent balloon induced arterial wall injury and then were fed on a diet with 1% cholesterol. The animals were all fed for 3 months, then the rabbits in p53 group and p53+drug group underwent Ad5-CMV p53 transfection at 10th week. Before killed, the animals in p53+drug group underwent pharmacological triggering with Russell's viper venom (RVV) and histamine to induce the rupture of the atherosclerotic plaques. At the 1st day and before sacrifice, the serum was collected for measuring Lp-PLA_2, hs-CRP, MMP-9, HDL, LDL and VLDL. The expressions of Lp-PLA_2, hs-CRP and MMP-9 in tissues were determined by the methods of hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: At the end of 12th week, the serum and tissue levels of Lp-PLA_2 and MMP-9 in stable plaque group, p53 group and p53+drug group were significant different from those in control group and in each group at the first day (P<0.05). The serum levels of Lp-PLA_2 and hs-CRP in p53 group and p53+drug group were significantly higher than those in control group and stable group (P<0.05). The serum levels of Lp-PLA_2, hs-CRP and MMP-9 were all significantly different between p53 group and p53+drug group (P<0.05). At the end of 12th week, pathological results showed that 4 groups were normal artery, stable plaque, vulnerable plaque and rupture plaque, respectively. The fabric cap was thicker in plaque groups than that in normal group (P<0.05). The rupture and formation of thrombus were more significant in p53+drug group than those in p53 group. The serum level of Lp-PLA_2 had negative interrelated relationship with fabric cap in plaque groups (r=-0.710, P<0.01), and hs-CRP, MMP-9 had no interrelated relationships with fabric cap in plaque groups. CONCLUSION: Base on the successful establishment of the atherosclerotic plaque animal model, serum Lp-PLA_2 shows better interrelated relationships to plaques stability. Combination with hs-CRP and MMP-9, we can exactly evaluate the nature of plaques.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the level of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand(TRAIL) and death receptor 5(DR5) and atherosclerosis(AS).Methods Eighty-three patients were divided into two groups: Sixty-one in the coronary artery disease(CAD) group and 22 in normal coronary artery group.Plasma soluble TRAIL(sTRAIL) and soluble DR5(sDR5) levels from these people were assayed by ELISA.The level of TRAIL and DR5 protein expression in coronary arteries were detected by immunohistochemisty statining.Results Plasma sTRAIL and sDR5 significantly increased in the CAD group(P
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0.05). It was a non-specific reaction to the rivanol. Conclutions The results indicate that cordocentesis is saft and reliable in clinical practice.
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AIM: To examine whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can protect against apoptosis in CA1 subfield of hippocampus following reperfusion of a lethal ischemia in rats and explore the role of IPC by inhibiting the expression of p53 in this process. METHODS: Wistar rats were used in the experiment. A global ischemia/reperfusion model was induced by 4-vessel occlusion. The rats were divided into the following three groups randomly: (1) ischemic preconditioning group (IPC group); (2) ischemia/reperfusion group (IR group); (3) control group. The histopathological changes, the percentage of apoptosis and the expression of p53 gene in CA1 region of rat hippocampus were examined by HE staining, FCM, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. RESULTS: The neuronal density of CA1 region in IPC group [(217?9)/0.72 mm2] was significantly higher than that in IR group [(29?5)/0.72 mm2, P
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Objective To investigate the clinical value of galectin-3 expression on fine needle aspiration (FNA) smearsandtissueslicesof thyroid tumors in distinguishing benign from malignant tumors. Methods Galectin-3 expression on FNA smears and tissue slices of thyroid tumors from 72 thyroidectomy specimens was detected by immunochemical method (SP method). Results Galectin-3 expression was high on FNA smears and tissue slices of malignant thyroid tumors, whereas there was no or low expression of galectin-3 on FNA smears and tissue slices of benign thyroid tumors. The difference of positive rates of galectin-3 expression between malignant and benign thyroid tumors was significant on both FNA smears and tissue slices (? 2=43.73 and ? 2=48.16, respectively, both P0.05). Conclusion Galectin-3 expression is different between benign and malignant tumors. Galectin-3 expression level is higher in FNA smears and tissue slices of malignant thyroid neoplasms than that of benign ones, suggesting that galectin-3 is a reliable molecular marker in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid tumors. Galectin-3 expression with immunochemical method may be used in diagnosing benign or malignant thyroid tumors.
