Intersectoral Actions for the Promotion and Prevention of Obesity, Diabetes and Hypertension in Brazilian Cities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study showed the effectiveness of biomedical interventions in obesity, diabetes and hypertension (NCDs), but innovative and intersectoral elements in the fight against obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension were rare. BACKGROUND: Is it possible to find effective and innovative actions to promote health and prevent NCDs in Brazilian municipalities? Can they be replicated? OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to identify innovative and effective intersectoral actions for promoting and preventing NCDs in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: This is a systematic review in an exploratory theoretical essay with a qualitative and quantitative approach. It is descriptive and analytical in terms of reporting findings and results. Inclusion and exclusion criteria favored health promotion work. Bias risk assessments was performed using the Cochrane GRADE and bias risk, with meta-analyses using RevMan and Iramuteq. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of biometric markers resulted in -4.46 [95% IC; -5.42, -3.49], p = 0.00001, indicating a reduction in NCD risk rates. The textual meta-analysis revealed P(r) ≈ 83% (Reinert), meaning low connectivity between the 'halos'. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of the effectiveness in interventions, but innovative and intersectoral elements to combat and prevent NCDs were barely seen. While evidence of intervention effectiveness was observed, innovative and intersectoral elements to combat and prevent NCDs were barely noticed.

Effects of physiological stage and season on infrared thermograms of different body areas of dairy cows raised under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.

Effects of physiological stage and season on infrared thermograms of different body areas of dairy cows raised under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.(AU)

Modelagem fuzzy para avaliação da produção de mudas de tomate cereja utilizando diferentes doses de polímeros e níveis de irrigação / Fuzzy modeling for evaluation of the production of cherry tomato chips using different polymer doses and irrigation levels

O tomateiro é considerado a segunda hortaliça de importância econômica no Brasil, e para o sucesso do seu cultivo depende em grande parte da utilização de mudas de qualidade, pois uma muda bem formada, dará origem a uma planta com alto potencial produtivo. A disponibilidade adequada de água é importante para se produzir boas mudas, mas em sua falta, é possível utilizar polímeros comerciais inseridos no substrato. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos no desenvolvimento das mudas de tomate cereja em diferentes doses de polímeros aplicados no substrato e diferentes níveis de irrigação até a fase de transplantio utilizando modelagem fuzzy. Para tal estudo, utilizou-se de dados de um experimento realizado na Faculdade de Tecnologia de Presidente Prudente. As variáveis de entrada do sistema baseado em regras fuzzy desenvolvido foram Polímero e Irrigação, e para ambas foram definidos 5 conjuntos fuzzy. As variáveis de saída foram comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), comprimento da raiz (CR) e massa seca da muda (MSM). Para as variáveis de saída do SBRF, também foram definidos 5 conjuntos fuzzy. A análise dos efeitos das doses de polímeros e dos níveis de irrigação sobre as mudas de tomate foi realizada por meio de gráficos tridimensionais e mapas de contorno das variáveis de saída. Tal análise, permitiu concluir que, para níveis de irrigação inferiores ao máximo (irrigação diária), a utilização de 2 gramas de polímeros remete às melhores condições das variáveis comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz e massa seca da muda.

The tomato is considered the second vegetable of economic importance in Brazil and for the success of its cultivation, depends to a large extent on the use of quality seedlings, since a well formed seedling will give rise to a plant with high productive potential. Adequate water availability is important to produce good seedlings, but failing that, commercial polymers inserted into the substrate can be used. The objective of this work was to study the effects on the development of cherry tomatoes in different doses of polymers applied to the substrate and different levels of irrigation until the transplant phase using fuzzy modeling. For this study, we used data from an experiment conducted at the Faculty of Technology of Presidente Prudente. The input variables of the developed system based on fuzzy rules were Polymer and Irrigation, and for both were defined 5 fuzzy sets. The output variables were shoot length (CPA), root length (CR) and seedling dry mass (MSM). For the SBRF output variables, 5 fuzzy sets were also defined. The analysis of the effects of polymer doses and irrigation levels on tomato seedlings was performed using three –dimensional graphs and contour maps of the output variables. This analysis allowed us to conclude that, for irrigation levels below the maximum (daily irrigation), the use of 2 grams of polymers refers to the best conditions of the variables shoot length, root length and dry mass of the seedling.

Modelagem fuzzy para avaliação da produção de mudas de tomate cereja utilizando diferentes doses de polímeros e níveis de irrigação / Fuzzy modeling for evaluation of the production of cherry tomato chips using different polymer doses and irrigation levels

O tomateiro é considerado a segunda hortaliça de importância econômica no Brasil, e para o sucesso do seu cultivo depende em grande parte da utilização de mudas de qualidade, pois uma muda bem formada, dará origem a uma planta com alto potencial produtivo. A disponibilidade adequada de água é importante para se produzir boas mudas, mas em sua falta, é possível utilizar polímeros comerciais inseridos no substrato. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos no desenvolvimento das mudas de tomate cereja em diferentes doses de polímeros aplicados no substrato e diferentes níveis de irrigação até a fase de transplantio utilizando modelagem fuzzy. Para tal estudo, utilizou-se de dados de um experimento realizado na Faculdade de Tecnologia de Presidente Prudente. As variáveis de entrada do sistema baseado em regras fuzzy desenvolvido foram Polímero e Irrigação, e para ambas foram definidos 5 conjuntos fuzzy. As variáveis de saída foram comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), comprimento da raiz (CR) e massa seca da muda (MSM). Para as variáveis de saída do SBRF, também foram definidos 5 conjuntos fuzzy. A análise dos efeitos das doses de polímeros e dos níveis de irrigação sobre as mudas de tomate foi realizada por meio de gráficos tridimensionais e mapas de contorno das variáveis de saída. Tal análise, permitiu concluir que, para níveis de irrigação inferiores ao máximo (irrigação diária), a utilização de 2 gramas de polímeros remete às melhores condições das variáveis comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz e massa seca da muda.(AU)

The tomato is considered the second vegetable of economic importance in Brazil and for the success of its cultivation, depends to a large extent on the use of quality seedlings, since a well formed seedling will give rise to a plant with high productive potential. Adequate water availability is important to produce good seedlings, but failing that, commercial polymers inserted into the substrate can be used. The objective of this work was to study the effects on the development of cherry tomatoes in different doses of polymers applied to the substrate and different levels of irrigation until the transplant phase using fuzzy modeling. For this study, we used data from an experiment conducted at the Faculty of Technology of Presidente Prudente. The input variables of the developed system based on fuzzy rules were Polymer and Irrigation, and for both were defined 5 fuzzy sets. The output variables were shoot length (CPA), root length (CR) and seedling dry mass (MSM). For the SBRF output variables, 5 fuzzy sets were also defined. The analysis of the effects of polymer doses and irrigation levels on tomato seedlings was performed using three –dimensional graphs and contour maps of the output variables. This analysis allowed us to conclude that, for irrigation levels below the maximum (daily irrigation), the use of 2 grams of polymers refers to the best conditions of the variables shoot length, root length and dry mass of the seedling.(AU)

Uso De Termografia Infravermelha Para Mensurar Temperaturas De Áreas Do Corpo Em Vacas De Leite / Use Of Infrared Thermography To Measure Temperatures Of Body Areas In Milk Cows / Uso De Termografía Infrarroja Para Mantener Temperaturas De Áreas Del Cuerpo En Vacas De Leche

A termografia digital de infravermelho é um exame de imagem com alta acurácia e não invasivo que detecta a radiação infravermelha emitida pela superfície de um objeto ou ser vivo, formando a imagem termográfica ou termograma. Imagens infravermelhas são utilizadas como exame complementar no diagnóstico precoce da mastite subclínica e clínica, avaliação clínica das fases da gestação e para detectar aumento da temperatura corporal relacionada à progesterona; que possui ação termogênica, elevando a temperatura corporal em vacas prenhes. Dados termográficos foram confrontados, comprovando a eficácia e fidedignidade da utilização de câmeras infravermelhas. A presente revisão aborda alguns aspectos do uso da termografia infravermelha para mensurar temperaturas da superfície do corpo em vacas de leite. Diferentes áreas do corpo examinadas por imagens termográficas apresentaram alterações de temperaturas, mostrando variações fisiológicas que podem auxiliar na avaliação clínica das áreas examinadas.(AU)

Digital infrared thermography is a highly accurate and non-invasive imaging scan that detects infrared radiation emitted by the surface of an object or living being, forming the thermographic image or thermogram. Infrared images are used as complementary examination in the early diagnosis of subclinical and clinical mastitis, clinical evaluation of the phases of gestation and to detect progesterone-related body temperature increase; which has thermogenic action, raising body temperature in pregnant cows. Thermal data were confronted, proving the efficacy and reliability of theuse of infrared cameras. The present review addresses some aspects of the use of infrared thermography to measure body surface temperatures in milk cows. Different areas of the body examined by thermographic images showed changes in temperature, showing physiological variations that may aid in the clinical evaluation of the areas examined.(AU)

La termografía digital de infrarrojos es un examen de imagen con alta exactitud y no invasivo que detecta la radiación infrarroja emitida por la superficie de un objeto o ser vivo, formando la imagen termográfica o termograma. Las imágenes infrarrojas se utilizan como examen complementario en el diagnóstico precoz de la mastitis subclínica y clínica, evaluación clínica de las fases de la gestación y para detectar aumento de la temperatura corporal relacionada con la progesterona; que tiene acción termogénica, elevando la temperatura corporal en vacas preñadas. Los datos termográficos se enfrenta, comprobando la eficacia y la confianza de la utilización de cámaras infrarrojas. La presente revisión aborda algunos aspectos del uso de la termografía infrarroja para medir temperaturas de la superficie del cuerpo en vacas de leche. Diferentes áreas del cuerpo examinadas por imágenes termográficas presentaron cambios de temperatura, mostrando variaciones fisiológicas que pueden auxiliar en la evaluación clínica de las áreas examinadas.(AU)

Uso De Termografia Infravermelha Para Mensurar Temperaturas De Áreas Do Corpo Em Vacas De Leite / Use Of Infrared Thermography To Measure Temperatures Of Body Areas In Milk Cows / Uso De Termografía Infrarroja Para Mantener Temperaturas De Áreas Del Cuerpo En Vacas De Leche

A termografia digital de infravermelho é um exame de imagem com alta acurácia e não invasivo que detecta a radiação infravermelha emitida pela superfície de um objeto ou ser vivo, formando a imagem termográfica ou termograma. Imagens infravermelhas são utilizadas como exame complementar no diagnóstico precoce da mastite subclínica e clínica, avaliação clínica das fases da gestação e para detectar aumento da temperatura corporal relacionada à progesterona; que possui ação termogênica, elevando a temperatura corporal em vacas prenhes. Dados termográficos foram confrontados, comprovando a eficácia e fidedignidade da utilização de câmeras infravermelhas. A presente revisão aborda alguns aspectos do uso da termografia infravermelha para mensurar temperaturas da superfície do corpo em vacas de leite. Diferentes áreas do corpo examinadas por imagens termográficas apresentaram alterações de temperaturas, mostrando variações fisiológicas que podem auxiliar na avaliação clínica das áreas examinadas.

Digital infrared thermography is a highly accurate and non-invasive imaging scan that detects infrared radiation emitted by the surface of an object or living being, forming the thermographic image or thermogram. Infrared images are used as complementary examination in the early diagnosis of subclinical and clinical mastitis, clinical evaluation of the phases of gestation and to detect progesterone-related body temperature increase; which has thermogenic action, raising body temperature in pregnant cows. Thermal data were confronted, proving the efficacy and reliability of theuse of infrared cameras. The present review addresses some aspects of the use of infrared thermography to measure body surface temperatures in milk cows. Different areas of the body examined by thermographic images showed changes in temperature, showing physiological variations that may aid in the clinical evaluation of the areas examined.

La termografía digital de infrarrojos es un examen de imagen con alta exactitud y no invasivo que detecta la radiación infrarroja emitida por la superficie de un objeto o ser vivo, formando la imagen termográfica o termograma. Las imágenes infrarrojas se utilizan como examen complementario en el diagnóstico precoz de la mastitis subclínica y clínica, evaluación clínica de las fases de la gestación y para detectar aumento de la temperatura corporal relacionada con la progesterona; que tiene acción termogénica, elevando la temperatura corporal en vacas preñadas. Los datos termográficos se enfrenta, comprobando la eficacia y la confianza de la utilización de cámaras infrarrojas. La presente revisión aborda algunos aspectos del uso de la termografía infrarroja para medir temperaturas de la superficie del cuerpo en vacas de leche. Diferentes áreas del cuerpo examinadas por imágenes termográficas presentaron cambios de temperatura, mostrando variaciones fisiológicas que pueden auxiliar en la evaluación clínica de las áreas examinadas.

Body and testicular development and serum testosterone concentrations in Brahman males / Desenvolvimento corpóreo, testicular e concentrações séricas de testosterona em machos Brahman

The present study had the objective of evaluating the physical and testicular development, and the serum testosterone concentration of 8 to 18 months old male Brahman cattle on grazing weight gaining performance tests. Bovine cattle (n=40), aged 259.76 ± 26.15 days and weighing 239.71 ± 33,94kg had the following characteristics evaluated every 56 days, corresponding to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months of age (six different data collections): body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), girth (G), height at the withers (WH), body length (BL), body mass index (BMI), right and left testicular length (RTL and LTL, respectively), right and left testicular height (RTH and LTH, respectively), average daily weight gain (ADG), testicular volume (TV), and serum testosterone (ST).Analysis of variance and Tukey"s test at 5% probability were used. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson"s method at 5% confidence. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) from 12 months of age onwards for ADG and ST. There were differences (P < 0.05) for: BW, SC, G, WH, BL, BMI, RTL, LTL, RTH,and TV from 14 months of age. There was a positive correlation between: ST x G (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST x WH (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST xRTH (r=0.23; P < 0.05); ST x LTH (r=0.21; P < 0.01); ST x TV (r=0.22; P < 0.008); TV x weight (r=0.70; P < 0.01); TV x SC (r=0.90; P < 0.01); and TV x BMI (r=0.93; P < 0.01). Arapid increase in serum testosterone concentration occurred between 12 and 14 months of age, followedby rapid body and testicular growth. An elevation in testosterone levels is an indirect indicator that anacceleration inphysical and testicular growth is approaching. It is recommended to calculate both BMIand TV to follow cattle growth due to the high correlation between these variables.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar o desenvolvimento corpóreo, testicular e a concentração sérica de testosterona dos 8 aos 18 meses de idade de machos Brahman em prova de ganho de peso à pasto. Os bovinos (n=40) com idade de 259,76±26,15 dias e peso de 239,71±33,94kg, foram avaliados a cada 56 dias, em seis momentos, respectivamente, aos 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 e 18 meses de idade para: peso corpóreo (PC), circunferência escrotal (CE), perímetro torácico (PT), altura de cernelha (HC), comprimento corporal (CC), índice de massa corpórea (IMC), comprimento testicular direito (CTD) e esquerdo (CTE), altura testicular direita (HTD) e esquerda (HTE), ganho médio diário de peso corpóreo (GMD), volume testicular (VT) e concentração sérica de testosterona (TES).Utilizou-se a análise de variância, seguida por Tukey a 5%. Para as correlações entre variáveis se empregou o método de Pearson a 5%. Houve diferença (P < 0,05) dos 12 meses de idade em diante para GMD e TES. Houve diferenças (P < 0,05) para: PC, CE, PT, HC, CC, IMC, CTD, CTE, HTD e VT à partir de 14 meses de idade. Houve correlações positivas entre: TES x PT (r = 0,38; P < 0,01); TES x HC (r = 0,38; P 0,01); TES x HTD (r = 0,23; P < 0,05); TES x HTE (r = 0,21; P < 0,01); TES x VT (r = 0,22; P < 0,008) e do VT x peso (r = 0,70; P < 0,01); VT x CE (r = 0,90; P < 0,01) e VT x IMC (r = 0,93; P < 0,01). A elevação rápida da concentração sérica detestosterona ocorreu entre 12 e 14 meses de idade. Houve rápido crescimento corpóreo e dos testículosapós a elevação significativa de testosterona. A elevação da testosterona, de forma indireta, indicaa proximidade da aceleração do crescimento corpóreo e testicular. Recomenda-se calcular o índicede massa corpórea e o volume testicular para acompanhar o crescimento dos bovinos, devido à altacorrelação entre essas variáveis.(AU)

Body and testicular development and serum testosterone concentrations in Brahman males / Desenvolvimento corpóreo, testicular e concentrações séricas de testosterona em machos Brahman

The present study had the objective of evaluating the physical and testicular development, and the serum testosterone concentration of 8 to 18 months old male Brahman cattle on grazing weight gaining performance tests. Bovine cattle (n=40), aged 259.76 ± 26.15 days and weighing 239.71 ± 33,94kg had the following characteristics evaluated every 56 days, corresponding to 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 months of age (six different data collections): body weight (BW), scrotal circumference (SC), girth (G), height at the withers (WH), body length (BL), body mass index (BMI), right and left testicular length (RTL and LTL, respectively), right and left testicular height (RTH and LTH, respectively), average daily weight gain (ADG), testicular volume (TV), and serum testosterone (ST).Analysis of variance and Tukey"s test at 5% probability were used. Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson"s method at 5% confidence. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) from 12 months of age onwards for ADG and ST. There were differences (P < 0.05) for: BW, SC, G, WH, BL, BMI, RTL, LTL, RTH,and TV from 14 months of age. There was a positive correlation between: ST x G (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST x WH (r=0.38; P < 0.01); ST xRTH (r=0.23; P < 0.05); ST x LTH (r=0.21; P < 0.01); ST x TV (r=0.22; P < 0.008); TV x weight (r=0.70; P < 0.01); TV x SC (r=0.90; P < 0.01); and TV x BMI (r=0.93; P < 0.01). Arapid increase in serum testosterone concentration occurred between 12 and 14 months of age, followedby rapid body and testicular growth. An elevation in testosterone levels is an indirect indicator that anacceleration inphysical and testicular growth is approaching. It is recommended to calculate both BMIand TV to follow cattle growth due to the high correlation between these variables.

Objetivou-se estudar o desenvolvimento corpóreo, testicular e a concentração sérica de testosterona dos 8 aos 18 meses de idade de machos Brahman em prova de ganho de peso à pasto. Os bovinos (n=40) com idade de 259,76±26,15 dias e peso de 239,71±33,94kg, foram avaliados a cada 56 dias, em seis momentos, respectivamente, aos 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 e 18 meses de idade para: peso corpóreo (PC), circunferência escrotal (CE), perímetro torácico (PT), altura de cernelha (HC), comprimento corporal (CC), índice de massa corpórea (IMC), comprimento testicular direito (CTD) e esquerdo (CTE), altura testicular direita (HTD) e esquerda (HTE), ganho médio diário de peso corpóreo (GMD), volume testicular (VT) e concentração sérica de testosterona (TES).Utilizou-se a análise de variância, seguida por Tukey a 5%. Para as correlações entre variáveis se empregou o método de Pearson a 5%. Houve diferença (P < 0,05) dos 12 meses de idade em diante para GMD e TES. Houve diferenças (P < 0,05) para: PC, CE, PT, HC, CC, IMC, CTD, CTE, HTD e VT à partir de 14 meses de idade. Houve correlações positivas entre: TES x PT (r = 0,38; P < 0,01); TES x HC (r = 0,38; P 0,01); TES x HTD (r = 0,23; P < 0,05); TES x HTE (r = 0,21; P < 0,01); TES x VT (r = 0,22; P < 0,008) e do VT x peso (r = 0,70; P < 0,01); VT x CE (r = 0,90; P < 0,01) e VT x IMC (r = 0,93; P < 0,01). A elevação rápida da concentração sérica detestosterona ocorreu entre 12 e 14 meses de idade. Houve rápido crescimento corpóreo e dos testículosapós a elevação significativa de testosterona. A elevação da testosterona, de forma indireta, indicaa proximidade da aceleração do crescimento corpóreo e testicular. Recomenda-se calcular o índicede massa corpórea e o volume testicular para acompanhar o crescimento dos bovinos, devido à altacorrelação entre essas variáveis.

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the influence of the climatic factors in the reproduction and lactation of dairy cattle / Utilização da termografia de infravermelho para avaliação de fatores climáticos e sua influência na reprodução e lactação em gado de leite

Background: The digital infrared imaging thermography is a non-invasive imaging exam of easy performance accurately to measure temperatures of the areas of the animals body. The objective was to study the physiological variations of the surface temperature of the mammary gland, vulva, pelvis, thorax and abdomen with digital infrared imaging thermography in negative dairy cattle with California mastitis test (CMT) in different seasons, and the influence of climatic factors in these temperatures. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen Holstein cows, pregnant and non pregnant were used, negative for the California Mastitis Test, grazing on Urochloa decumbens pasture, receiving 2 kg of corn / animal / day, mineral mix and ad libitum water. Infrared thermography was performed every 30 days, for five months: January, February, March, April and May with thermographic camera (E40®, FLIR, Sweden) in the areas of the body: vulva, mammary gland, pelvis, abdomen and thorax. The thermal images (thermograms) were processed using the Flir Tools 2.1® program. The climatic factors: room temperature and relative humidity were monitored with globe thermometer (ITitwtg 2000®, Instrutemp, Brazil). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the average compared by Tukey test, with level of significance was set at (P 0.05). For room temperature data, relative humidity, rectal temperature [...]

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the influence of the climatic factors in the reproduction and lactation of dairy cattle / Utilização da termografia de infravermelho para avaliação de fatores climáticos e sua influência na reprodução e lactação em gado de leite

Background: The digital infrared imaging thermography is a non-invasive imaging exam of easy performance accurately to measure temperatures of the areas of the animals body. The objective was to study the physiological variations of the surface temperature of the mammary gland, vulva, pelvis, thorax and abdomen with digital infrared imaging thermography in negative dairy cattle with California mastitis test (CMT) in different seasons, and the influence of climatic factors in these temperatures. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen Holstein cows, pregnant and non pregnant were used, negative for the California Mastitis Test, grazing on Urochloa decumbens pasture, receiving 2 kg of corn / animal / day, mineral mix and ad libitum water. Infrared thermography was performed every 30 days, for five months: January, February, March, April and May with thermographic camera (E40®, FLIR, Sweden) in the areas of the body: vulva, mammary gland, pelvis, abdomen and thorax. The thermal images (thermograms) were processed using the Flir Tools 2.1® program. The climatic factors: room temperature and relative humidity were monitored with globe thermometer (ITitwtg 2000®, Instrutemp, Brazil). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the average compared by Tukey test, with level of significance was set at (P 0.05). For room temperature data, relative humidity, rectal temperature [...](AU)

Use of estradiol benzoate to induce ovulation in a short-term protocol for fixed-time AI in sheep / Uso de benzoato de estradiol para induzir ovulação em protocolo de curta duração para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to test the hormonal protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) with a progesterone vaginal device for six days applying equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) as an ovulation inducer in ewes. On day 0 (D0), the ewes (n=31) received a device containing 0.33 g of intravaginal progesterone (CIDR®) and were divided into three groups. The G-CT (control group) used CIDR for nine days and upon withdrawal of the progesterone, were administered prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2?) and eCG. In the eCG (G-eCG) group, CIDR was administered for six days, instead of nine as in the G-CT group, followed by PGF2a and eCG after progesterone withdrawal. In the EB (G-EB) group, CIDR was also administered for six days, but eCG was not applied, and EB was used to induce ovulation 24 hours after removing the CIDR and PGF2a application. TAI was realized in all groups 50 hours after CIDR withdrawal. The pregnancy rate in the G-eCG group (66%) was higher (p 0.05) than that in the G-EB group (11.1%). The short-term groups showed no difference (p>0.05) compared to the G-CT group (30%). It is possible to reduce the application time of the progesterone and use eCG for TAI in sheep; however, using EB resulted in a low ovulation rate in the sheep.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar protocolo hormonal para inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) usando dispositivo de progesterona vaginal por seis dias e aplicação de eCG (gonadotrofina coriônica equina) ou BE (benzoato de estradiol) como indutor de ovulação em ovelhas. No dia 0 (D0), as ovelhas (n=31) receberam CIDR e foram divididas em três grupos. O grupo controle (G-CT) usou CIDR por nove dias e na retirada do dispositivo foi administrado PGF2a e eCG. No grupo eCG (G-eCG), CIDR foi mantido por seis dias, ao invés de nove como no G-CT, com aplicação de PGF2a e eCG na retirada da progesterona. No grupo benzoato de estradiol (G-EB), o CIDR também foi administrado por seis dias, mas não foi utilizado eCG, o BE foi usado para induzir ovulação e foi aplicado 24 horas após a remoção do CIDR e administração de PGF2a. A IATF foi feita em todos os grupos 50h após a retirada do CIDR. A taxa de prenhez do G-eCG (66%) foi maior (p 0.05) que no G-EB (11,1%). O grupo G-eCG de curta duração não diferiu (p>0,05) do G-CT (30%). É possível reduzir o tempo de permanência da progesterona usando eCG para IATF em ovelhas, entretanto o uso de BE resultou em baixa taxa de ovulação.(AU)

Use of estradiol benzoate to induce ovulation in a short-term protocol for fixed-time AI in sheep / Uso de benzoato de estradiol para induzir ovulação em protocolo de curta duração para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to test the hormonal protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) with a progesterone vaginal device for six days applying equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) as an ovulation inducer in ewes. On day 0 (D0), the ewes (n=31) received a device containing 0.33 g of intravaginal progesterone (CIDR®) and were divided into three groups. The G-CT (control group) used CIDR for nine days and upon withdrawal of the progesterone, were administered prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2?) and eCG. In the eCG (G-eCG) group, CIDR was administered for six days, instead of nine as in the G-CT group, followed by PGF2a and eCG after progesterone withdrawal. In the EB (G-EB) group, CIDR was also administered for six days, but eCG was not applied, and EB was used to induce ovulation 24 hours after removing the CIDR and PGF2a application. TAI was realized in all groups 50 hours after CIDR withdrawal. The pregnancy rate in the G-eCG group (66%) was higher (p 0.05) than that in the G-EB group (11.1%). The short-term groups showed no difference (p>0.05) compared to the G-CT group (30%). It is possible to reduce the application time of the progesterone and use eCG for TAI in sheep; however, using EB resulted in a low ovulation rate in the sheep.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi testar protocolo hormonal para inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) usando dispositivo de progesterona vaginal por seis dias e aplicação de eCG (gonadotrofina coriônica equina) ou BE (benzoato de estradiol) como indutor de ovulação em ovelhas. No dia 0 (D0), as ovelhas (n=31) receberam CIDR e foram divididas em três grupos. O grupo controle (G-CT) usou CIDR por nove dias e na retirada do dispositivo foi administrado PGF2a e eCG. No grupo eCG (G-eCG), CIDR foi mantido por seis dias, ao invés de nove como no G-CT, com aplicação de PGF2a e eCG na retirada da progesterona. No grupo benzoato de estradiol (G-EB), o CIDR também foi administrado por seis dias, mas não foi utilizado eCG, o BE foi usado para induzir ovulação e foi aplicado 24 horas após a remoção do CIDR e administração de PGF2a. A IATF foi feita em todos os grupos 50h após a retirada do CIDR. A taxa de prenhez do G-eCG (66%) foi maior (p 0.05) que no G-EB (11,1%). O grupo G-eCG de curta duração não diferiu (p>0,05) do G-CT (30%). É possível reduzir o tempo de permanência da progesterona usando eCG para IATF em ovelhas, entretanto o uso de BE resultou em baixa taxa de ovulação.

Seasonal effects on semen and testosterone in zebu and taurine bulls

Background: In Brazil, a higher percentage of abnormal sperm after high temperature and relative humidity observed a higher semen volume in the rainy. The semen quality may be significantly affected by environment, by fluctuations in temperature, humidity and photoperiod. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasons influence (spring, summer, autumn and winter) on semen characteristics and testosterone levels in Nellore and Simmental bulls raised on field. Materials, Methods & Results: The city of Presidente Prudente-SP-Brazil, where the experiment was realize, presents latitude 21°29'50"S, longitude 49º14'2"W and altitude of 475 meters. In 2008/2009, the climatic factors measured for Spring - SP; Summer - SU; Autumn ­ A and the Winter - W were: average temperature (SP - 25.9; SU - 26.6; A - 21.9 and W - 21.1°C), stroke (SP - 400.9; SU - 464.0; A - 721.3 and W - 142.6 hours), cumulative rainfall (SP - 291.8; SU - 925,0; A - 273.0; and W - 191.8 mm) and average relative humidity (SP - 65.9; SU - 71.7; A - 70.1 and W - 66.7%). Five Nellore and five Simmental bulls with 48-72 months old, extensively managed were evaluated for sexual soundness using physical and morphological characteristics of semen and testosterone serum levels. Sixteen semen samples by automatic electroejaculation were carried out in each of 10 bulls, totaling 160 samples. The experiment was conducted from September to August and made four harvests in each of the four seasons. The analysis of testosterone concentration (ng/dL) were performed with commercial kits and quantification of the hormone made by radioimmunoassay (RIA) totalizing eight replicates per bull, 2 per season, totalizing 80 samples. Data on characteristics of semen and testosterone evaluation were subjected to analysis of variance, considering the study as a factorial experiment, and the differences between means compared by Tukey test at 5%. There was decreased motility and vigor semen (P < 0.05) during winter in Simmental bulls. There was correlation between serum testosterone (P < 0.01) to motility and vigor in Nellore and Simmental bulls. In relation to sperm morphology, major and total defects were different (P < 0.05) between breeds in the spring, with higher percentages observed in the Simmental breed. In the winter, for minor and total defects, there were differences between breeds (P < 0.05) being major to the Simmental. For the Simmental breed, there was difference (P < 0.05) between summer and winter seasons for the major sperm defects and total quality with better morphology in the summer. The sperm concentration, between breeds, in spring and autumn showed differences (P < 0.05), being higher for the Simmental. There was difference (P < 0.05) between breeds for testosterone, in the summer season. In the Simmental breed there was a significant correlation between testosterone and semen characteristics, being mass movement (0.31), concentration (0.37) and total defects (-0.26). For the major and total defects in the Simmental, average correlations were obtained in relation to testosterone. Discussion: The seasonal variation has been studied with a focus on physical characteristics and sperm morphology in cattle in the tropics, describing the decline in semen quality can occur due to thermal discomfort of the animals. Based on the data it is possible to conclude that the results showed a hormonal and semen characteristics variation throughout the season change the semen quality. Bulls from Nellore breed differed from Simmental, demonstrating adaptability to the field conditions.

Análise epidemiológica de lesões e perfil físico de atletas do futebol amador na região do oeste paulista / Epidemiological assessment of injuries and physical profile of amateur soccer players in the western region of São Paulo

INTRODUÇÃO: O conhecimento do perfil físico ideal para cada função e das lesões que mais acometem cada atleta é essencial para o sucesso de uma equipe. Este estudo teve dois objetivos: (a) definir o perfil físico dos atletas e (b) estudar epidemiologicamente as lesões sofridas, durante a Copa Municipal de Futebol Amador. METODOLOGIA: Foram avaliados 50 atletas divididos em cinco grupos: goleiros (GO), zagueiros (ZA), laterais (LA), meio-campistas (MC) e atacantes (AT). As lesões foram classificadas, pelo local, mecanismo, gravidade e posição do jogador. RESULTADOS: O perfil físico dos atletas foi: altura de 1,74 ± 0,07m, peso de 74,93 ± 8,17kg, percentual de gordura de 15,19 ± 3,03 por cento, flexibilidade de 27,56 ± 12,0cm e idade de 25,32 ± 4,41 anos. A análise realizada revelou diferenças significativas entre as variáveis altura (p < 0,001) e peso (p = 0,021) em relação à posição dos atletas em campo, e correlação entre incidência de lesões e diminuição da flexibilidade. Foram registradas 21 lesões em 53 partidas, correspondendo a 0,40 lesões por jogo, ou 12 lesões por 1.000 horas/atleta. As lesões com contato físico representaram 57 por cento; nove lesões (43 por cento) foram classificadas como leves e apenas cinco (24 por cento) foram consideradas graves. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil físico dos atletas avaliados foi similar ao anteriormente referenciado, homogêneo nas variáveis percentual de gordura corpórea, flexibilidade e idade; houve diferença estatística significativa na altura e peso, a incidência de lesões foi menor do que em estudos prévios, o local acometido, a circunstância em que ocorreram, e a correlação com a flexibilidade foi coerente com a literatura.

INTRODUCTION: The knowledge on the ideal physical profile for each task, and on the injuries which mostly happen to each athlete, is essential to any successful team. This study had two aims: (a) to define the athletes' physical profile and (b) to epidemiologically study the injuries suffered during the Municipal Amateur Soccer Cup. METHODOLOGY: 50 athletes divided in five groups were assessed: goalkeepers (GO); fullbacks (FB); sideways (SW); midfielders (MF); forwards (FO). The injuries were classified by area, mechanism, severity and player's position. RESULTS: The physical profile of the athletes was: 5'21'' ± 2.75'' height, 165.08 ± 1.79 lb weight, 15.19 ± 3.03 percent body fat percentage, 27.56 ± 12.0 cm flexibility and age of 25.32 ± 4.41. The analysis held revealed significant differences between height (p < 0.001) and weight (p = 0.021) related to the athlete's position on the field, and correlation between injury occurrence and flexibility decrease. 21 injuries were recorded in 53 games, corresponding to 0.40 injuries/game, or 12 injuries/1,000 hours/athlete. Contact injuries represented 57 percent; nine injuries (43 percent) were light, and only five (24 percent) were considered severe. CONCLUSION: the athletes' physical profile assessed was similar to the previous reference and homogeneous in the body fat percentage, flexibility and age variables. Significant statistical difference was observed in height and weight; injury occurrence was lower than in previous studies; the area, situation in which they occurred and correlation with flexibility were in agreement with the literature.