La Educación Física desde la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible

La Educación Física está presente en los currículos de los sistemas educativos en casi todos los países y reporta reconocidos beneficios a la educación integral de los estudiantes, pues en las visiones actuales está al servicio del desarrollo humano; sin embargo, los enfoques de enseñanza-aprendizaje predominantes obvian los postulados fundamentales de la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible y enfatizan solo en la dimensión ambiental. De ahí que este artículo tuvo como objetivo realizar una aproximación a la relación entre la Educación Física y la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, desde las diferentes tendencias, las aportaciones a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y el vínculo competencial entre ambas. Se empleó el análisis documental, en particular el análisis de contenido, en función de conformar la estructura interna de la información desde la inferencia, a partir de datos no cuantificables y se emplearon métodos complementarios como el análisis, la síntesis, deducción-inducción, el análisis histórico lógico y la educación comparada. Entre los resultados obtenidos estuvieron la determinación de una nueva tendencia de la Educación Física, asociada a la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, se identificó el marco legal que fundamenta la relación entre ambas áreas, se determinaron las concepciones de la Educación Física, desde la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible y se encontraron metas específicas, potencialmente pedagógicas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible que vinculan las competencias entre ellas.

A Educação Física está presente nos currículos dos sistemas educacionais de quase todos os países e traz benefícios reconhecidos à formação integral dos alunos, pois nas visões atuais está a serviço do desenvolvimento humano; Contudo, as abordagens de ensino-aprendizagem predominantes ignoram os postulados fundamentais da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e enfatizam apenas a dimensão ambiental. Assim, este artigo teve como objetivo fazer uma abordagem sobre a relação entre Educação Física e Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a partir das diferentes tendências, das contribuições para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e do vínculo de competências entre ambas. Utilizou-se a análise documental, em especial a análise de conteúdo, para formar a estrutura interna das informações oriundas da inferência, com base em dados não quantificáveis, e foram utilizados métodos complementares como análise, síntese, dedução-indução, análise histórica lógica e comparativa. Educação. Entre os resultados obtidos estiveram a determinação de uma nova tendência na Educação Física, associada à Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, foi identificado o quadro legal que fundamenta a relação entre ambas as áreas, foram determinadas as concepções de Educação Física, desde a Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e específicas, foram encontradas metas potencialmente pedagógicas dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável que vinculam as competências entre eles.

Physical Education is present in the curricula of educational systems in almost all countries and brings recognized benefits to the comprehensive education of students, since in current visions it is at the service of human development; however, the predominant teaching-learning approaches ignore the fundamental postulates of Education for Sustainable Development and emphasize only the environmental dimension. Hence, this article aimed to make an approach to the relationship between Physical Education and Education for Sustainable Development, from the different trends, the contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals and the competency link between both. Documentary analysis was applied, in particular content analysis, in order to form the internal structure of the information from inference, based on non-quantifiable data and complementary methods were used such as analysis, synthesis, deduction-induction, historical analysis logic and comparative education. Among the results obtained were the determination of a new trend in Physical Education, associated with Education for Sustainable Development, the legal framework that bases the relationship between both areas was identified, the conceptions of Physical Education were determined, from Education for Sustainable Development and specific, potentially pedagogical goals of the Sustainable Development Goals were found that link the competencies between them.

Relationship between central behavioral effects and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission functionality during acute cocaine withdrawal syndrome in adult rats.

BACKGROUND: Acute cocaine withdrawal syndrome (ACWS) is characterized as a set of organic alterations triggered by abrupt discontinuation of chronic cocaine consumption, usually occurring at 24-40 hours after withdrawal. However, little is known about the relationship between central and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission during ACWS. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We investigated the mechanisms involved in central and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission and how ACWS affects the sympathetic functionality. Cocaine was administered twice daily for 5 days in Wistar rats (at least 5 in each group): on the first and second day, 15 mg/kg/i.p.; third day, 20 mg/kg/i.p.; and finally in the last two days, 30 mg/kg/i.p. Subsequently, at 1, 24, 48 and 120 h after cocaine administration the following experiments were done: (i) at the central level, behavioral tests of open-field and elevated plus maze; and (ii) at the peripheral level, tests of catecholamine release, function of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ARs), imidazoline receptors (I(1,2)-Rs), L-type voltage-gated (Ca(v1.2)) Ca(2+) channels and α1-ARs. RESULTS: During ACWS, rats showed hypolocomotion and exacerbation of anxiogenic-effects 24 h after cocaine withdrawal. Likewise, a decrease in the catecholamine release and activity of α2-ARs/I(1,2)-Rs at 24-48 h after cocaine withdrawal was observed. A decrease in Ca(v1.2) channels and α1-ARs function at 48 h after cocaine withdrawal was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship of central and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmission during ACWS possibly due to a failure in activation and/or inactivation of presynaptic α2-ARs/I(1,2)-Rs, may offer a potential target for attenuating ACWS.

[Prevalence of nutritional risk evaluated with NRS-2002 in Mexican oncology population]. / Prevalencia de riesgo de desnutrición evaluada con NRS-2002 en Población Oncológica Mexicana.

OBJECTIVE: Hospitalized patients have high risk of malnutrition, specially those with cancer. There are some screening tools that lead to the detection of malnutrition in hospitalized patients, as Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), which we used in Mexican population with cancer at the moment of hospital admission to determine the prevalence of malnutrition risk, and to determine as well as the best predictive item to measuring nutritional risk in our population. METHODOLOGY: Nutritional status in cancer patients with NRS 2002 during hospital admission was assessed. To the analysis of variable non statistical parametric tests, student-t test, Pearson and Spearman test, as well as ANOVA test were used. To determine the best item for predicting nutritional risk in Mexican population with cancer, a logistic regression test was applied. RESULTS: Of our population, 50.2% of were classified as patients in nutritional risk at hospital admission. Gender, age, normal levels of IMC lower than 20.5, food intake, weight loss and hematological cancer were associated with nutritional risk (p < 0.05). The best model of logistic regression for predicting nutritional risk were the same used by NRS-2002 questionnaire (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition prevalence is high in cancer patients and NRS-2002 is a reliable tool for predicting nutritional risk in Mexican population with cancer.

OBJETIVOS: Los pacientes hospitalizados tienen un riesgo alto desnutrición, especialmente aquellos con cáncer. Existen herramientas que evalúan el estado nutricional en pacientes hospitalizados como el Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), el cual usamos en el presente trabajo en población mexicana con cáncer durante su hospitalización, para determinar la prevalencia de riesgo de desnutrición y los factores del NRS 2002 que más se asocian al riesgo nutricional. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el estado nutricional de pacientes con cáncer con el tamizaje NRS-2002, durante su ingreso hospitalario. Se utilizó pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas, la prueba t de student, correlación de Pearson y Spearman, y ANOVA para contrastar las variables que se asocien con riesgo nutricional y por medio de modelos de regresión logística se determinó los ítems del cuestionario de mejor predicción de riesgo de desnutrición en población oncológica mexicana. RESULTADOS: El riesgo nutricional se presentó en el 50,2% de los pacientes durante su ingreso hospitalario. Los factores que más se asocia al riesgo nutricional fueron género, edad, niveles de IMC menores a 20,5, pérdida de peso e ingesta de alimentos y el cáncer hematológico (p < 0,05). El modelo que mejor predijo la presencia de riesgo de desnutrición en nuestra población fueron las mismas variables categorizadas que utiliza la presente encuesta de tamizaje NRS-2002 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de desnutrición en el paciente con cáncer es alta y el NRS-2002 es una herramienta confiable en la predicción de riesgo de desnutrición en población oncológica mexicana.