Xanthan gum and pectin as beverage stabilizers reduce the digestive enzyme hydrolysis of antioxidant and antihypertensive peptides obtained from a brewery byproduct.

An acidic beverage was formulated with xanthan gum (XG), pectin (P) and brewer spent grain (BSG) peptides with antioxidant and antihypertensive properties. The impact of hydrocolloids levels on peptide bioaccessibility was studied. Peptides were obtained from BSG using Purazyme and Flavourzyme enzymes. BSG peptides were fractionated by ultrafiltration (UF) and four fractions were obtained: F1 (>10 kDa), F2 (10-5 kDa), F3 (1-5 kDa), and F4 (<1 kDa). F3 showed the highest protein purity, ferulic acid content, proportion of amphipathic peptides, and bioactive properties (ABTS+ radical scavenging and ACE-I inhibitory activity). The identified peptides from F3 by tandem mass spectrometry were 138. In silico analysis showed that 26 identified peptides had ABTS+ inhibitory activity, while 59 ones presented good antihypertensive properties. The effect of XG and P levels on bioaccessibility of F3 peptides in the formulated beverages was studied by a central composite experimental design. It was observed that F3 peptides interacted with hydrocolloids by electrostatic forces at pH of formulated beverages. The addition of hydrocolloids to formulation modulated the release of the antioxidant peptides and protected the degradation of ACE-I inhibitory peptides from F3 during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Finally, the level of hydrocolloids that produced intermediate viscosities in the formulated beverages improved the bioaccessibility of the F3 peptides.

Role of VEGF in the differential growth between the fetal and placental ends of the umbilical cord.

INTRODUCTION: The umbilical cord (UC) is a vital structure; its alterations affect the newborn and neurological impact can be permanent. Paradoxically, factors that determine it remain unknown. We explore the differential VEGF protein expression in the UC's proximal and distal portions in relation to the hypothesis that the UC has differential growth and that VEGF plays a role in it. METHODS: An observational analytical study was performed. One UC segment was taken proximal to fetus and another distal; both were randomly processed; VEGF immunohistochemical analysis was performed; two blinded pathologists read results. RESULTS: Forty-eight newborns were included. Protein expression between the two edges of the umbilical cord, in any kind of cells, was interpreted. Endothelium, amnion, and stromal cells expressed VEGF; the first two were not different between opposite ends. Stromal cells had differential expression: higher in the proximal to the fetus portion. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of molecular factors is necessary. UC cells widely expressed VEGF, possibly contributing to UC growth. Even though stromal cell expression was different, the interaction with activity close to the fetus must be explored.

Development and Reproduction of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Vectoring Potato leafroll virus (PLRV).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological parameters of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) while feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) acting as a vector of potato leafroll virus (PLRV). In laboratory experiments, three different diets were offered ad libitum to C. externa during the larval period: M. persicae fed on PLRV-infected potato leaves, M. persicae fed on uninfected potato leaves, and eggs of the factitious prey Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) as the control. The following parameters were studied: the developmental time and survival rate of the larval and pupal stages, the sex ratio, the proportion of fertile females, female fecundity and egg viability, and the survival curve of the first 30 days after adult emergence. PLRV-infected aphids influenced the C. externa larval developmental time and survival compared to PLRV-uninfected aphids and A. kuehniella eggs. The pupal developmental time of C. externa was shorter when fed on aphids compared to A. kuehniella eggs, but no differences were recorded between the PLRV-infected and uninfected aphid diets. Additionally, no differences were observed for pupal survival and reproduction. However, adult survival was affected by the prey type, as 75% of C. externa control adults remained alive at an age of 30 days compared to 51 and 54% for those fed on PLRV-uninfected and infected aphids, respectively.

Correlación entre estudios diagnósticos prequirúrgicos y hallazgos operatorios en el hiperparatiroidismo primario / Correlation between pre-surgical diagnosis studies and the surgical findings in primary hyperparathyroidism

El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPT 1°) se caracteriza por presentar niveles elevados de calcio(Ca) en sangre debido a un exceso en la producción de parathormona (Pth) por parte de las glándulasparatiroides (GP). El tratamiento primario es quirúrgico.En la actualidad, la utilización de métodos imagenológicos de localización preoperatorio facilitansu ubicación, disminuyen los tiempos quirúrgicos, laestadía hospitalaria y en ocasiones otorgan la posibilidadde abordajes de invasión mínima. El objetivo principalde este trabajo es determinar la correlación entre elhallazgo operatorio y los estudios de localización preoperatoria, pudiendo valorar de esta manera la utilidadde dichos estudios.RESULTADOS: Al total de la muestra se le realizó Centellograma y Ecografía y se los consideró positivocuando identificaron la presencia de una o más glándulasaumentadas de tamaño. En 43 casos la ecografíafue positiva (71.6 %). En relación a la gammagrafía en52 casos fue positiva (86.6%). En aquellos casos en loscuales ambos estudios de localización preoperatoriafueron positivos y coincidentes entre sí, se correspondierontambién con el hallazgo operatorio. Cuatro pacientes merecieron un análisis particular debido a las característicasde su presentación y hallazgos quirúrgicos obtenidos.CONCLUSIONES: Si bien los estudios de localizaciónprequirúrgicos son importantes en el manejo de estapatología, no coinciden en todos los casos con los hallazgosoperatorios.En relación a esto, es necesario un amplio conocimientodel cirujano especializado de los aspectosembriológicos y anatómicos de las glándulasparatiroides.Tales aspectos son indispensables en la exploraciónregional y el abordaje bilateral para la identificación deectopías y patología multiglandular...

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PYH1)is a pathology characterized for presenting high levels ofcalcium in the blood due to an excess of Parathyroidhormone (PTH) production by the parathyroid glands. The primary treatment is surgery. Currently, the use ofpre-surgical localized images studies help provideposition, diminishes the surgical time as well as the hospitalstay and in some occasions offers the possibility ofminimal invasion approach. The main goal of this workis to determine the correlation between surgical findingsand pre-surgical localization studies, being able to valuethe use of such studies. RESULTS: All samples underwent ultrasound andscintigraphy, it was considered positive to those were thepresence and identification of one or more glandsincreased in size. In 43 cases the ultrasound was positive(71.6%). Regarding the gammagraphy, 52 cases werepositive (86.6%). In cases were both methods of presurgicallocalization were positive, they were also inaccordance with the surgical findings in all cases. Only4 patients required a specific analysis because of itscharacteristics in display and surgical findings previouslyobtained.CONCLUSIONS: Although the pre-surgical localizedstudies are important when managing this pathology, theydo not meet in all the cases with surgical findings. Inrelation to this, it is necessary for a surgeon to have awide specialized knowledge regarding embryological andanatomical aspects of parathyroid glands. This isessential in regional exploration and bilateral approachfor identifying ectopic and multi-glandular pathologies...

[Comparison of the use of local anaesthetic versus lidocaine injection under ultrasound guide for the pain control in patients undergoing prostate biopsy]. / Comparación del uso de anestésico local versus inyección de lidocaína bajo guía ecográfica para el control del dolor en pacientes sometidos a biopsia de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lidocaine gel's application effect versus the periprostatic placement of lidocaine to manage the pain in patients who go through a prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We took the patients who entered the FCI-IC to effectuate a prostate biopsy with an echographic guideline. The patients were split in two groups of 22 people with each one bearing similar characteristics. One of these groups experimented the previous prostate biopsy with 10cc of intrarectal lidocaine gel and the other group experimented 10 cc of lidocaine to 1% in the vesic-prostatic through echographic guidelines. To evaluate the pain, we used the visual analogue scale to gauge the pain during and after the procedure in both groups. The daily procedure to do biopsies by octants and their subsequent preparation remained the same and never changed. RESULTS: The average scale of pain during the procedure was 2.0 for the group with injected anaesthesia and 4.77 for the group who used gel. After the procedure the average of pain was 0.77 and 3.14 respectively. Some complications as bacteremy were present in 3 patients (6.8%) of the total, who were in the gel group and none were found in the group of injected anestesia. No significant relation was found with respect to other variables. CONCLUSIONS: the application of periprostatic lidocaine is efficient to control the pain in patients who go through a prostate biopsy. Besides, it is a safe procedure which can be easily reproduce in our environment.

The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in the Muña Reservoir: comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds.

The potential application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in organic matter degradation, sedimentation, nutrient and heavy metal absorption and sulfur reduction in the Muña Reservoir has been tested in experimental lagoons. The lagoons were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 6, 9 and 15 days. One lagoon was covered with Water Hyacinth, which is naturally growing in the Muña Reservoir, while another lagoon was operated as a conventional oxidation pond. The Water Hyacinth lagoon had better removal efficiencies for almost all parameters measured: BOD5, total suspended solids, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals. The oxidation lagoon was facultative for HRT of 9 and 15 days, and anoxic when operated at 6 days HRT. At HRT of 15 days the water quality in the effluent of the covered lagoon corresponded to 12 mg/l of BOD, 6 mg/l of suspended solids and 0.8 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide levels in the Muña reservoir can be substantially reduced at HRT higher than 15 days in both lagoons. The uncovered lagoon had better hydrogen sulfide removal during the day but presents high levels at night. If the hydraulic retention time in the Muña reservoir is increased, the water quality of the Bogota river can be substantially improved for all the HRTs tested in the pilot units. HRT seems to give a better prediction of overall effluent water quality than surface loading. More research is needed in order to define the optimum water hyacinth density in the Muña reservoir to determine its influence on the water quality of the effluent. The influence is expected to be negative due to an internal increase of BOD, solids, nutrients and metals loads due to plant decay.

Compartmental model for organic matter digestion in facultative ponds.

A model has been developed for the digestion of organic matter in facultative ponds in tropical regions. Complete mixing has been assumed for the aerobic and anaerobic compartments. Settling, aerobic layer oxidation, and anaerobic layer methanogenesis are the main processes for organic matter removal in the water column. Exchange processes between layers are dispersive or soluble exchange, solubilization and transport of organic matter from sediments to water column are also taken into account. Degradation of organic matter in the sediments produces gaseous emissions to the water column. The exchange between bubbles ascending and the water column was measured. The model was calibrated with data obtained from a pilot facultative pond built in Muña Reservoir in Bogotá. The pond was sampled during 4 months to compare data between its water hyacinth covered section and uncovered section. The results clearly show the relative importance of different BOD removal processes in facultative ponds and suggest modifications to further improve performance. The results from the model suggest that internal loadings to facultative ponds due to solubilization and return of organic matter from the sediments to the aerobic layer greatly influence the soluble BOD effluent concentration. Aerobic degradation activity in the facultative pond does not affect significantly the effluent concentration. Anaerobic degradation activity in the facultative pond can more easily achieve increases in the removal efficiencies of BOD.

Tratamiento no farmacológico del insomnio. 3o parte / Non pharmacological treatment of insommia. 3o parte

Los trastornos del sueño son una patología frecuente. Cerca del 35 por ciento de los colombianos presentara en cualquier momento de su vida una alteración del sueño. El insomnio es la queja principal en adultos y ancianos. La prevalencia del insomnio en mujeres es del 40 por ciento, se presenta en 30 por ciento de los hombres y en 50 por ciento de personas mayores de 65 años. Los factores asociados con mayor prevalencia son género femenino, presencia de trastornos mentales, condiciones médicas generales, abuso de sustancias y edad avanzada. Una adecuada intervención exige el diagnóstico cuidadoso y el tratamiento según la causa. Existe relación directa entre insomnio y alteraciones médicas, neurológicas, neumológicas y psiquiátricas. El omnólogo descarta estas patologías cuando examina un paciente mediante la anamnesis, heteroanamnesis, examen físico, agenda de sueño, exámenes somáticos y psicológicos y en ocasiones la polisomnografía. Para su manejo se evalúan factores predisponentes, precipitantes y perpetuadores que afectan el curso del insomnio. El tratamiento actual considera un abordaje integral y edológico. Se usa higiene del sueño, hipnóticos, CPAP-BiPAP-AutoCPAP, luminoterapia, cronoterapia y en ocasiones la melatonina. En este artículo se presenta el manejo no psicofarmacológico del insomnio crónico. Se describen las principales técnicas comportamentales y su aplicación en el tratamiento de estos pacientes

Pioderma gangrenoso / gangrenous Pioderma

El Pioderma Gangrenoso es una enfermedad inflamatoria, destructiva de la piel, en la que un nódulo o pústula dolorosa evoluciona a una ulceración que crece progresivamente con un borde socavado, violáceo, doloroso; y frecuentemente está asociado a una enfermedad sistémica en especial del tracto digestivo (Enf. de Crohn, Colitis ulcerosa), hematopatías y neoplasias del sistema reticuloendotelial. Presenta cuatro variantes clínicas, las cuales, tienen diferencias semiológicas, histopatológicas, y lo más important, diversas asociaciones sistémicas, por lo que es de capital importancia su reconimiento: Estas variantes son: Pioderma gangrenoso ulcerativo, pustuloso, ampolloso y vegetante.

[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a mediator in the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency]. / Factor de necrosis tumoral-alpha: un mediador en la patogénesis de la insuficiencia cardiaca.

An increasing body of experimental and clinical work suggesting that tumor necrosis factor alpha plays a pathogenic role in heart failure continues to accumulate. This cytokine is produced in failing but not in normal hearts and experimentally, it's expression is induced by hemodynamic conditions of pressure or volume overload. Specific receptors for this cytokine are present in the heart and dynamic regulation in tumor necrosis factor receptor expression occurs in failing myocardium. In addition, tumor necrosis factor alpha may exert major cardiac effects that contribute to the development of the failing phenotype: induces negative contractil dysfunction, promotes fibrosis, induces cardiomyopathy in experimental animals and it is a major mediator of apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The knowledge gained from studying the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in cardiac function draws attention to a series of molecules previously unrecognized as potential mediators in the pathogenesis of heart failure.

Puente grua para la Maestranza Central del Servicio Nacional de Caminos

Contenido: 1.Antecedentes del proyecto.Motivacion del proyecto.Trafico con el actual equipo.Costo de operaciones con el actual equipo.Trafico con el equipo en proyecto 2.Proyeccion futura y justificacion.Antecedentes historicos.Justificacion del proyecto.Calculo del costo equivalente de los costos totales hombre-maquina.Evaluacion por costos equivalentes.Calculo de la tasa de inversion extra.Comparacion tecnica de alternativas 3.Localizacion instalacion del equipo en proyecto.Localizacion de la estructura soporte.Instalacion del equipo en proyecto 4.Factores previos al proyecto.Factores de carga para tipo de puente grua 5.Ingenieria del proyecto.Especificacion del equipo en proyecto.Especificacion del terreno y obra civil existente.Instalacion electricas.Fabricacion y montaje 6.Calculo y especificacion de los mecanismos de elevacion.Factores para el grupo de elevacion.Calculo de gancho de elevacion.Especificacion del cable de elevacion.Polipasto del mecanismo de elevacion.7. Mecanismo de traslacion del bicarral.Dimension de ruedas de rodadura.Determinacion del carril.Calculo de la potencia del motor.Especificacion del freno de translacion. 8.Calculo y diseño de la estructura viga principal.Factores previos al calculo.Determinacion del peso propio y presion de rueda.Influencia de la carga movil y determinacion de la presion maxima de las ruedas del puente.Disposicion de la estructura y determinacion de barras por metodo de linea de influencias. 9.Calculo de la viga principal de alma llena.Comportamiento de la flexion de la viga.Especificacion de la viga testera calculo de la union de la viga principal con la testera.Calculo de la viga principal con la testera.Calculo de la viga principal tipo cajon.Calculo de la union de la viga tipo cajon.Calculo de la union viga cajon-testeros 10.Mecanismo de translacion de la grua.Calculo de ruedas del mecanismo de translacion.Determinacion de rodadura y carril.Potencia del motor de translacion.Calculo del mecanismo reductor.Calculo del freno de translacion 11.Calculo de las columnas soporte del puente.Calculo por peso propio.Calculo por la fuerza lateral.Estado de carga Q1.Estado de carga Q1 en B.Resultados de los estados de carga...12.Parte electrica y de comando.Lineas de alimentacion.Cableado flexible.Parte electrica de comando y proteccion 13.Analisis economico del costo.Costos de construccion del equipo en proyecto.Costos de instalacion y montaje.Comparacion costos.Comentarios.

Liofilizacion de vacuna tifoidica fenolizada / Lyophylization of typhoid vaccine produced with phenolization

Se prepararon dos lotes de vacuna tifoidica fenolizada concentrada para liofilizarla. Se probaron vacunas simples y con soportes: glicina, manitol, glicina/sacarosa Basandose en el aspecto, en inocuidad, y la potencia, se decidio liofilizar la vacuna sin soporte. Al productor liofilizar se le hicieron pruebas de control fisico quimico y biologico, obteniendo un producto que resuspendido con 20 ml de solucion salina isotonica contiene 10 bacterias/ml, es homogeneo en el envase del lote, es inocuo al raton, tiene resuspensibilidad rapida y una potencia de 14.2 unidades protectoras/ml. Estos resultados permiten considerar que se tiene un producto estable para ser empleado como una preparacion de referencia para la prueba de potencia de vacuna lifoidica fenolizada. A continuacion debera realizarse un estudio en colaboracion para establecerla como preparacion nacional de referencia

Educacion en servicio / Training in service

Contenido del documento: Programa de educacion en servicio/Desarrollo de liderazgo, por Patricia A. Deiman. Los principios del aprendizaje/Programas de educacion continuada por Alicia Meyer. Organizacion y desarrollo de un programa de adiestramiento en servicio para ayudantes de enfermeria por Nelly Garzon A