Public engagement for the conduct of a controlled human infection study testing vaccines against Necator americanus (hookworm) in areas of active hookworm transmission in Brazil.

Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIS) involve administering human pathogens to healthy participants in controlled medical settings, which can elicit complex bioethical issues. Understanding how the community perceives such studies can significantly increase the participant's sense of cooperation and increases the researcher's and the participant's transparency. The current study describes the development of an educational intervention to achieve these ends as it aims to (1) analyze perceptions of the Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), and (2) evaluate the participants' comprehension of the CHIS. METHODS: This is a qualitative action research that includes the development of an educational intervention with residents of a rural area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, where there is continuous natural transmission of the human pathogen Necator americanus ("hookworm"). In this area, it is intended to carry out a proposed phase 3 vaccine clinical trial in the future to test the efficacy of hookworm vaccines using controlled human infection. Two data collection strategies were used: an educational intervention and a focus group. RESULTS: The participants' perceptions showed distinct perspectives on CHIS. On one side, they recognized that the investigation is essential for the community, but on the other side, they thought that there would be resistance to its conduct by fear of infection. The idea that the study would generate a benefit for the greater good, contributing to the prevention of hookworm infection, was clearly stated. The participants perceived that the study offered concrete risks that could be reduced by constant monitoring by the researchers. They also mentioned the importance of access to information and the positive influence those who express interest in participating in the study can exert in the community. In relation to comprehension the participants memorized the information, mobilized it to explain everyday situations and created strategies to disseminate the study and engage the community in its development. By repeating and making sense of the information, the participant not only assimilates the knowledge transmitted, but also creates new knowledge. CONCLUSION: We concluded that an educational process of discussion and dialogue around participants' perceptions about the CHIS, promotes understanding and allows ways to disseminate information about the research to be collectively created.

Qualidade das práticas de profissionais dos programas de controle de infecção no Brasil: estudo transversal / Calidad de las prácticas de profesionales en programas de control de infecciones en Brasil: un estudio transversal / The quality of professional practices in infection control programs in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a qualidade das práticas de profissionais dos programas de controle de infecção em relação aos componentes de estrutura, processo e resultado. Método Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo descritivo e transversal realizado em 114 serviços de controle de infecção hospitalar das cinco regiões oficiais do Brasil. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de um instrumento estruturado, cujas propriedades psicométricas foram validadas previamente. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado pela análise de componentes principais e o teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados O melhor índice de qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção foi atribuído à região Sul, aos hospitais que continham 300 leitos ou mais, aos que utilizavam o critério National Healthcare Safety Network para vigilância das infecções e aos locais que realizavam busca ativa prospectiva como método de vigilância. Conclusão e implicações para a prática O índice de qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção está relacionado à localização, ao tamanho do hospital e ao método adotado para vigilância de infecções. A criação de um índice de qualidade, até então inédito em estudos nacionais, chama atenção para o desempenho precário dos serviços de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la calidad de las prácticas de los profesionales de los programas de control de infecciones en relación con los componentes de estructura, proceso y resultado. Método Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal realizado en 114 servicios de control de infecciones hospitalarias de las cinco regiones oficiales de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante un instrumento estructurado, cuyas propiedades psicométricas fueron previamente validadas. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó mediante el análisis de componentes principales y la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados El mejor índice de calidad de los programas de control de infecciones se atribuyó a la región Sur, a los hospitales que tenían 300 camas o más, a los que utilizaron el criterio de National Healthcare Safety Network para la vigilancia de infecciones y a los locales que realizaban las búsquedas prospectivas activas como el método de vigilancia. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La calidad de los programas de control de infecciones está relacionada con la ubicación, el tamaño del hospital y el método adoptado para la vigilancia de infecciones. La creación de un índice de calidad, hasta ahora inédito en los estudios brasileños, llama la atención sobre el precario desempeño de los servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the quality of professional practices in infection control programs regarding structure, process, and outcome. Method This is a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study carried out in 114 hospital infection control services in the five official regions of Brazil. The data were collected using a structured instrument whose psychometric properties were previously validated. Data treatment was performed by principal component analysis and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The best quality index of infection control programs was attributed to the South region, to hospitals that had 300 beds or more, to those that used the National Healthcare Safety Network criterion for infection surveillance and to places that carried out an active prospective search as their surveillance method. Conclusion and implications for practice: The quality of infection control programs is related to hospital location, size, and infection surveillance method. The creation of a quality index, hitherto unheard of in Brazilian studies, draws attention to the precarious performance of health services.

The role of environmental enteric dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Schistosoma mansoni-associated morbidity in school-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Studies have implicated schistosomiasis as a cause of intestinal barrier disruption, a salient feature of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), as eggs translocate from the sterile bloodstream through the gut wall. We examined the longitudinal impact of praziquantel (PZQ) treatment on a) EED biomarkers and b) Insulin growth factor I (IGF-1), a key driver of childhood linear growth, since EED has been implicated in linear growth stunting. METHODOLOGY: 290 children infected with S. mansoni in Brazil were treated with PZQ at baseline. EED biomarkers lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intestinal fatty acid binding-protein (I-FABP) were measured, as well as IGF-1 at baseline, 6 and 12-months. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to assess associations between S. mansoni intensity and plasma biomarkers (LPS, I-FABP, and IGF-1), controlling for potential confounding variables. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At baseline, S. mansoni infection intensities were 27.2% light, 46.9% moderate, and 25.9% heavy. LPS concentrations were significantly reduced at the 12-month visit compared to baseline (p = 0.0002). No longitudinal changes were observed for I-FABP or IGF-1 in the 6- or 12-month periods following baseline treatment. After 6-months, I-FABP concentration was significantly higher in high vs low intensity (p = 0.0017). IGF-1 concentrations were significantly lower among children with high and moderate vs low intensity infections at each study visit. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We report that S. mansoni infection impacts LPS, I-FABP and IGF-1. These findings suggest a mechanistic role for EED in schistosomiasis-related morbidities, particularly linear growth.

Construction and validation of instrument to assess the quality of infection control programs.

OBJECTIVE: To build and validate an instrument to assess hospital infection control programs. METHOD: Methodological study that was developed in seven stages. The instrument items were categorized into the structure, process and result components. 10 expert judges participated, who evaluated the psychometric properties and validated the content using the Likert scale. The pre-test was carried out with 98 health professionals, from April to July 2018. For reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha test was used. RESULTS: Regarding the content validity index, the score made by expert judges ranged from 0.777 to 1.00, with mean of 0.902 (± 0.076). The Cronbach's alpha test showed good internal consistency of the items (0.82). CONCLUSION: An instrument to assess hospital infection control programs was developed and validated, which showed good reliability and can be efficiently used at national level.

Construction and validation of instrument to assess the quality of infection control programs / Construcción y validación del instrumento para evaluar la calidad de los programas de control de infecciones / Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliação da qualidade dos programas de controle de infecção

ABSTRACT Objective: To build and validate an instrument to assess hospital infection control programs. Method: Methodological study that was developed in seven stages. The instrument items were categorized into the structure, process and result components. 10 expert judges participated, who evaluated the psychometric properties and validated the content using the Likert scale. The pre-test was carried out with 98 health professionals, from April to July 2018. For reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha test was used. Results: Regarding the content validity index, the score made by expert judges ranged from 0.777 to 1.00, with mean of 0.902 (± 0.076). The Cronbach's alpha test showed good internal consistency of the items (0.82). Conclusion: An instrument to assess hospital infection control programs was developed and validated, which showed good reliability and can be efficiently used at national level.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Construir y validar un instrumento para evaluar los programas de control de infecciones hospitalarias. Método: Estudio metodológico desarrollado en siete etapas. Los ítems del instrumento se clasificaron en componentes de estructura, proceso y resultado. Participaron 10 jueces expertos, quienes evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas y validaron el contenido utilizando la escala Likert. La prueba previa se llevó a cabo con 98 profesionales de la salud, de enero a marzo de 2018. Para el análisis de confiabilidad, se utilizó la prueba alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: En cuanto al índice de validez de contenido, la calificación realizada por jueces expertos varió de 0.777 a 1.00, con un promedio de 0.902 (± 0.076). La prueba alfa de Cronbach mostró una buena consistencia interna de los ítems (0,82). Conclusión: Se desarrolló y validó un instrumento para evaluar los programas de control de infecciones hospitalarias, que mostró una buena fiabilidad y se puede utilizar de manera eficiente a nivel nacional.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação dos programas de controle de infecção hospitalar. Método: Estudo metodológico que foi desenvolvido em sete etapas. Os itens do instrumento foram categorizados nos componentes de estrutura, processo e resultado. Participaram 10 juízes especialistas que avaliaram as propriedades psicométricas e validaram o conteúdo através da escala de Likert. O pré-teste foi realizado com 98 profissionais de saúde, no período de abril a julho de 2018. Para análise de confiabilidade utilizou-se o teste alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Em relação ao índice de validade de conteúdo, a pontuação feita pelos juízes especialistas variou de 0,777 a 1,00, com média de 0,902 (±0,076). O teste alfa de Cronbach evidenciou boa consistência interna dos itens (0,82). Conclusão: Foi elaborado e validado instrumento de avaliação dos programas de controle de infecção hospitalar, que apresentou boa confiabilidade, podendo ser utilizado de forma eficiente em nível nacional.

Quality of the hospital infection control programs: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of health in relation to the components of structure, process, and outcome in actions for the prevention and control of infections. METHOD: An integrative literature review in the LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases. The time delimitation covered articles published between January 2009 and May 2019. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 10 articles published, mainly in Scopus (60%), and in Web of Science (30%). The structural elements varied among the study countries, suggesting opportunities for improvement of organizational characteristics and human resources. Regarding the process of the implemented routines, inconsistencies were found to comply with the guidelines. The result component was not emphasized among the studies included in the review. CONCLUSION: The quality of hospital infection control programs has yet to be improved among the health services, highlighting the need for investment in the structure, process, and outcome components.

Factors associated with chronic kidney disease: epidemiological survey of the National Health Survey. / Fatores associados à doença renal crônica: inquérito epidemiológico da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) self-reported in Brazil and characterize the factors associated with it. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional health survey with a household-based, the National Health Survey, performed in 2013. The outcome in the present study was the prevalence of CKD. The groups of explanatory variables were socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyles, chronic self-reported diseases, anthropometry, and health evaluation. The prevalence of CKD, e their 95% respective confidence interval were estimated, univariate analysis and the multiple logistic regression model were calculated, and remained the variables statistically significant (p < 0.05). RESULTS: It noticed that 1.42% (95%CI 1.33 - 1.52) of the 60,202 interviewees self-reported CKD. The OR increased progressively with age, being 2.68 among the elderly with 65 years or more (95%CI 1.75 - 4.09). Having health plans with OR = 1.51 (95%CI 1.28 - 1.78), as well as smoking, hypertension and high cholesterol and poor self-reported health with OR = 1.75 (95%CI 1.45 - 2.12), OR = 1.20 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.42), OR = 1.83 (95%CI 1.56 - 2.15), OR = 4.70 (95%CI 3.75 - 5.88), respectively, showed a higher chance of CKD. CONCLUSIONS: The associated variables were increasing age, health plan coverage, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and regular or poor health status. The knowledge of CKD prevalence in Brazil and risk and protection factors are essential for disease prevention and the establishment of supporting public health policies.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar a prevalência da doença renal crônica (DRC) autorreferida no Brasil e caracterizar os fatores associados a essa enfermidade. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico de base domiciliar, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada em 2013. O desfecho analisado foi a prevalência de DRC. Os grupos de variáveis explicativas foram: características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas autorreferidas, antropometria e avaliação de saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências de DRC e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e foram realizados a análise univariada e o modelo de regressão logística múltipla, permanecendo as variáveis estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 1,42% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,33 - 1,52) dos 60.202 entrevistados referiram ser portadores de DRC. O odds ratio (OR) aumentou com a idade, sendo 2,68 entre os idosos com 65 anos ou mais (IC95% 1,75 - 4,09). Apresentaram chance maior de DRC: possuir planos de saúde, com OR = 1,51 (IC95% 1,28 - 1,78), tabagismo, hipertensão, colesterol elevado e autoavaliação de saúde ruim, com OR = 1,75 (IC95% 1,45 - 2,12), OR = 1,20 (IC95% 1,02 - 1,42), OR = 1,83 (IC95% 1,56 - 2,15), OR = 4,70 (IC95% 3,75 - 5,88), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de DRC foi maior em idade mais avançada, baixa escolaridade, possuir plano de saúde, tabagismo, hipertensão, hipercolesterolemia e avaliação regular ou ruim do estado de saúde. O conhecimento da prevalência da DRC e dos fatores de risco e de proteção são essenciais para prevenção da doença e para subsidiar as políticas públicas de saúde.

Disparidade urbano-rural na utilização de serviços de saúde em município de pequeno porte / Urban-rural disparity in health services utilization in a small municipality

Objetivo: analisar a existência de disparidade urbano-rural na utilização de serviços de saúde por pessoas vivendo em um município de pequeno porte. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico transversal com amostra representativa e aleatória de pessoas com 18 anos ou mais de idade na área urbana (n=1.235) e toda a população de um distrito rural (n=190). Utilizou-se o questionário sobre utilização de serviços da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. A análise considerou modelos de regressão logística para examinar fatores associados à utilização nos 30 dias anteriores ao estudo. Resultados: a taxa de utilização pelas pessoas da área urbana foi significativamente maior que da área rural (45,0% vs 15,8%). Mulheres e aqueles que reportaram sintomas de doenças no período e hipertensão arterial tiveram mais chances de utilização. Conclusão: pessoas residentes em área rural utilizam menos serviços de saúde quando comparadas àquelas da área urbana quando estão sob a mesma organização municipal de saúde.(AU)

Fatores associados à doença renal crônica: inquérito epidemiológico da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Factors associated with chronic kidney disease: epidemiological survey of the National Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivos: Identificar a prevalência da doença renal crônica (DRC) autorreferida no Brasil e caracterizar os fatores associados a essa enfermidade. Métodos: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico de base domiciliar, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada em 2013. O desfecho analisado foi a prevalência de DRC. Os grupos de variáveis explicativas foram: características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas autorreferidas, antropometria e avaliação de saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências de DRC e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e foram realizados a análise univariada e o modelo de regressão logística múltipla, permanecendo as variáveis estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Resultados: Observou-se que 1,42% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,33 - 1,52) dos 60.202 entrevistados referiram ser portadores de DRC. O odds ratio (OR) aumentou com a idade, sendo 2,68 entre os idosos com 65 anos ou mais (IC95% 1,75 - 4,09). Apresentaram chance maior de DRC: possuir planos de saúde, com OR = 1,51 (IC95% 1,28 - 1,78), tabagismo, hipertensão, colesterol elevado e autoavaliação de saúde ruim, com OR = 1,75 (IC95% 1,45 - 2,12), OR = 1,20 (IC95% 1,02 - 1,42), OR = 1,83 (IC95% 1,56 - 2,15), OR = 4,70 (IC95% 3,75 - 5,88), respectivamente. Conclusões: A prevalência de DRC foi maior em idade mais avançada, baixa escolaridade, possuir plano de saúde, tabagismo, hipertensão, hipercolesterolemia e avaliação regular ou ruim do estado de saúde. O conhecimento da prevalência da DRC e dos fatores de risco e de proteção são essenciais para prevenção da doença e para subsidiar as políticas públicas de saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) self-reported in Brazil and characterize the factors associated with it. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional health survey with a household-based, the National Health Survey, performed in 2013. The outcome in the present study was the prevalence of CKD. The groups of explanatory variables were socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyles, chronic self-reported diseases, anthropometry, and health evaluation. The prevalence of CKD, e their 95% respective confidence interval were estimated, univariate analysis and the multiple logistic regression model were calculated, and remained the variables statistically significant (p < 0.05). Results: It noticed that 1.42% (95%CI 1.33 - 1.52) of the 60,202 interviewees self-reported CKD. The OR increased progressively with age, being 2.68 among the elderly with 65 years or more (95%CI 1.75 - 4.09). Having health plans with OR = 1.51 (95%CI 1.28 - 1.78), as well as smoking, hypertension and high cholesterol and poor self-reported health with OR = 1.75 (95%CI 1.45 - 2.12), OR = 1.20 (95%CI 1.02 - 1.42), OR = 1.83 (95%CI 1.56 - 2.15), OR = 4.70 (95%CI 3.75 - 5.88), respectively, showed a higher chance of CKD. Conclusions: The associated variables were increasing age, health plan coverage, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and regular or poor health status. The knowledge of CKD prevalence in Brazil and risk and protection factors are essential for disease prevention and the establishment of supporting public health policies.

Epidemiological profile of healthcare-associated infections caused by Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological profile of Healthcare-associated Infections caused by Enterobacteria which carry the Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase gene (blaKPC) in the hospital environment. METHOD: A descriptive study was conducted in a private hospital in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, which included all patients with infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae which carry the Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase gene. The data were collected by the Automated System of Hospital Infection Control and analyzed by descriptive statistics by the Epi Info 7 program. RESULTS: Eighty-two (82) patients participated in the study. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent species (68%) isolated in blood (30%), bronchoalveolar lavage (22%) and urine (18%), while catheter-associated bloodstream infection (30%) predominated regarding topography. A case fatality rate of 62% is highlighted in evaluating the outcome. CONCLUSION: The resistance genes spread rapidly, limiting the antimicrobial options for treating infectious diseases. The epidemiological profile of Healthcare-Associated Infections found in this study can be prevented by prevention and infection control programs.

Anthropometric indicators associated with high blood pressure in children living in urban and rural areas. / Indicadores antropométricos associados à pressão arterial elevada em crianças residentes em áreas urbana e rural.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate anthropometric and demographic indicators associated with high blood pressure in children aged 6 to 10 years in urban and rural areas of Minas Gerais. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional study with 335 children. Anthropometric, demographic and blood pressure data were collected. The statistics analyzes were performed using the chi-square, t-student, Mann-Whitney and logistic regression tests, and the odds ratio was the association measure. RESULTS: the prevalence of high blood pressure was significantly higher among rural children. In the urban area, the chance of high blood pressure was higher in children who had a high body mass index (2.97 [1.13-7.67]) and in the rural area, in those who had increased waist circumference (35.4 [3.0-406.2]) and the age range of 9-10 years (4.29 [1.46-12.6]). CONCLUSION: elevated body mass index and waist circumference were important anthropometric indicators for high blood pressure, as well as age in children living in rural area. The evaluation of body mass index and waist circumference, in addition to nutritional assessments, represents an important action for the screening of high blood pressure in children from different territorial contexts.

Mortalidade infantil evitável e vulnerabilidade social no vale do jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Avoidable child mortality and social vulnerability in vale do jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Mortalidad infantil evitable y vulnerabilidad social en el Valle del Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil

OBJETIVO: analisar a ocorrência de mortalidade infantil segundo critérios de evitabilidade e de vulnerabilidade social no Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal realizado com dados dos sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde, entre 2009 e 2014. Foi considerado o índice de vulnerabilidade social das cidades e as causas de morte foram classificadas conforme lista de causas evitáveis por intervenção do SUS. Foram calculadas as proporções, taxas corrigidas de mortalidade infantil geral e estratificadas. Diferenças foram avaliadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado em todo o período e entre os triênios 2009-11 e 2012-14. RESULTADOS: a taxa de mortalidade infantil média foi de 21,7 óbitos /1.000 nascidos vivos. No total, 69,5% dos óbitos foram classificados como evitáveis. Foram observadas reduções de 34,9 e 26,5% nos óbitos evitáveis por ações de atenção à mulher na gestação (p=0,00) e ao recém-nascido (p=0,04), respectivamente, e aumento de 65,8% nos óbitos evitáveis por ações de atenção à mulher no parto (p=0,01). Foi demonstrada predominância de óbitos evitáveis nos municípios de mais vulnerabilidade social (p=0,00). CONCLUSÕES: os resultados destacaram a importância das causas evitáveis relacionadas ao cuidado em saúde no momento do parto e, apesar das reduções observadas, na gestação e ao recém-nascido. Também evidenciaram a maior proporção de óbitos evitáveis na população mais vulnerável. O desafio de reduzir essa mortalidade indica a urgência por ações que visem à redução das desigualdades sociais, bem como a necessidade de melhorias no acesso e na qualidade dos serviços assistenciais.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the occurrence of child mortality according to avoidability and social vulnerability criteria in Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Methods: a crosssectional study conducted with data from the Ministry of Health's information systems between 2009 and 2014. The social vulnerability index of the cities was considered and the causes of death were classified according to the list of preventable causes by SUS intervention. The proportions, and corrected rates of general and stratified child mortality were calculated. The differences were assessed using the Chi-square test, throughout the period and between the three year periods of 2009-11 and 2012- 14. Results: the mean infant mortality rate was 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births. In the total, 69.6% of the deaths were classified as preventable. Reductions were observed of 35.7% and 26.1% in the preventable deaths due to actions of care to women during pregnancy (p = 0.00) and newborns (p = 0.04), respectively, and an increase of 71.3% in preventable deaths due to actions of care to women in childbirth (p = 0.01). A predominance of preventable deaths was demonstrated in municipalities with greater social vulnerability (p = 0.00). Conclusions: the results highlighted the importance of preventable causes related to health care at delivery and, despite the observed reductions, in pregnancy and the newborn. They also evidenced the highest proportion ...(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de mortalidad infantil según los criterios de prevención y vulnerabilidad social en el Valle del Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado con datos de los sistemas de información del Ministerio de Salud, entre 2009 y 2014. Se consideró el índice de vulnerabilidad social de las ciudades y las causas de muerte se clasificaron según la lista de causas evitables por intervención del SUS. Se calcularon las proporciones, las tasas corregidas de mortalidad infantil general y estratificadas. Las diferencias se evaluaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado durante todo el período y entre los trienios 2009-11 y 2012-14. Resultados: la tasa promedio de mortalidad infantil era de 21,7 muertes / 1.000 nacimientos vivos. En total, el 69,5% de las muertes se clasificaron como evitables. Se observaron reducciones de 34,9 y 26,5% en muertes prevenibles debido a acciones de atención de las mujeres durante el embarazo (p = 0.00) y recién nacidos (p = 0,04), respectivamente, y un aumento de 65, 8% en muertes evitables mediante acciones de atención a mujeres en el parto (p = 0.01). La prevalencia de muertes evitables se demostró en municipios con mayor vulnerabilidad social (p = 0,00). Conclusiones: los resultados realzaron la importancia de las causas evitables relacionadas con la atención médica en el parto y, a pesar de las reducciones observadas, en el embarazo y el recién nacido. También mostraron la mayor proporción de muertes evitables en la población más vulnerable. El desafío de reducir esta mortalidad indica la urgencia de acciones dirigidas a reducir las desigualdades sociales, así como la necesidad de mejorar el acceso y la calidad de los servicios asistenciales.(AU)

Epidemiological profile of healthcare-associated infections caused by Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae / Perfil epidemiológico de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria causadas por Enterobacterias productoras de Carbapenemasa / Perfil epidemiológico das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde causadas por Enterobactérias produtoras de Carbapenemase

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the epidemiological profile of Healthcare-associated Infections caused by Enterobacteria which carry the Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase gene (blaKPC) in the hospital environment. Method: A descriptive study was conducted in a private hospital in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, which included all patients with infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae which carry the Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase gene. The data were collected by the Automated System of Hospital Infection Control and analyzed by descriptive statistics by the Epi Info 7 program. Results: Eighty-two (82) patients participated in the study. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent species (68%) isolated in blood (30%), bronchoalveolar lavage (22%) and urine (18%), while catheter-associated bloodstream infection (30%) predominated regarding topography. A case fatality rate of 62% is highlighted in evaluating the outcome. Conclusion: The resistance genes spread rapidly, limiting the antimicrobial options for treating infectious diseases. The epidemiological profile of Healthcare-Associated Infections found in this study can be prevented by prevention and infection control programs.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Inventariar el perfil epidemiológico de las Infecciones relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria causadas por Enterobacterias que transfieren el gen Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemasa (blaKPC) en el entorno hospitalario. Método: Estudio descriptivo, llevado a cabo en un hospital de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, que incluyó a todos los pacientes con infecciones causadas por Enterobacterias que transfieren el gen Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemasa. Los datos fueron recogidos por el Sistema Automatizado de Control de Infección Hospitalaria y analizados por estadística descriptiva por el programa Epi Info 7. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 82 pacientes. La Klebsiella pneumoniae fue la especie más frecuente (68%) aislada en la sangre (30%), lavado broncoalveolar (22%) y orina (18%). Con relación a la topografía, prevaleció la infección de torrente sanguíneo asociada con catéter (30%). En la evaluación de los resultados, se destacó una tasa de letalidad del 62% de los pacientes. Conclusión: Los gentes de resistencia se diseminan de modo rápido, limitando las opciones antimicrobianas para el tratamiento de los agravamientos infecciosos. El perfil epidemiológico de las Infecciones relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria encontrado en este estudio los puede trabajar de manera preventiva los programas de prevención y control de infección.

RESUMO Objetivo: Levantar o perfil epidemiológico das Infecções relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde causadas por Enterobactérias que carreiam o gene Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (blaKPC) no ambiente hospitalar. Método: Estudo descritivo, realizado em um hospital privado de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil que incluiu todos os pacientes com infecções causadas por Enterobactérias que carreiam o gene Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase. Os dados foram coletados pelo Sistema Automatizado de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar e analisados por estatística descritiva pelo programa Epi Info 7. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 82 pacientes. A Klebsiella pneumoniae foi a espécie mais frequente (68%) isolada no sangue (30%), lavado broncoalveolar (22%) e urina (18%). Em relação à topografia, prevaleceu a infecção de corrente sanguínea associada a cateter (30%). Na avaliação do desfecho, destacou-se uma taxa de letalidade de 62% dos pacientes. Conclusão: os genes de resistência se disseminam de forma rápida, limitando as opções antimicrobianas para o tratamento dos agravos infecciosos. O perfil epidemiológico das Infecções relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde encontrado neste estudo pode ser trabalhado de forma preventiva pelos programas de prevenção e controle de infecção.

Indicadores antropométricos associados à pressão arterial elevada em crianças residentes em áreas urbana e rural / Anthropometric indicators associated with high blood pressure in children living in urban and rural areas / Indicadores antropométricos asociados a la presión arterial elevada de niños residentes en zonas urbana y rural

Objetivo: avaliar indicadores antropométricos e demográficos associados à pressão arterial elevada em crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade de áreas urbana e rural de Minas Gerais. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 335 crianças. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, demográficos e de pressão arterial. As análises foram realizadas por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, t student, Mann-Whitney e regressão logística, com cálculo do odds ratio como medida de associação. Resultados: a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada foi significativamente maior entre as crianças da área rural. Na área urbana, a chance de pressão arterial elevada foi maior nas crianças que possuíam o índice de massa corporal elevado (2,97 [1,13-7,67]) e, na área rural, naquelas que possuíam a circunferência da cintura aumentada (35,4 [3,0-406,2]) e faixa etária de 9-10 anos (4,29 [1,46-12,6]). Conclusão: o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência da cintura elevados foram importantes indicadores antropométricos para a pressão arterial elevada, assim como a idade em crianças residentes na área rural. A avaliação do índice de massa corporal e da circunferência da cintura, para além das avaliações nutricionais, representa importante ação para o rastreio de pressão arterial elevada em crianças de diferentes contextos territoriais.

Objective: to evaluate anthropometric and demographic indicators associated with high blood pressure in children aged 6 to 10 years in urban and rural areas of Minas Gerais. Method: this is a cross-sectional study with 335 children. Anthropometric, demographic and blood pressure data were collected. The statistics analyzes were performed using the chi-square, t-student, Mann-Whitney and logistic regression tests, and the odds ratio was the association measure. Results: the prevalence of high blood pressure was significantly higher among rural children. In the urban area, the chance of high blood pressure was higher in children who had a high body mass index (2.97 [1.13-7.67]) and in the rural area, in those who had increased waist circumference (35.4 [3.0-406.2]) and the age range of 9-10 years (4.29 [1.46-12.6]). Conclusion: elevated body mass index and waist circumference were important anthropometric indicators for high blood pressure, as well as age in children living in rural area. The evaluation of body mass index and waist circumference, in addition to nutritional assessments, represents an important action for the screening of high blood pressure in children from different territorial contexts.

Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores antropométricos y demográficos asociados a la presión arterial elevada de niños entre 6 y 10 años de edad en zonas urbana y rurale de Minas Gerais. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal realizado entre 335 niños. Se recopilaron datos antropométricos, demográficos y de presión arterial. Los análisis se realizaron con las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, t de Student, Mann-Whitney y regresión logística, considerando el odds ratio como medida de asociación. Resultados: la prevalencia de la presión arterial elevada era significativamente más alta entre los niños de las zonas rurales. En la zona urbana, la probabilidad era mayor en los niños con índice alto de masa corporal [2,97(1,13-7,67)] y en la zona rural, en los que tenían más perímetro de cintura [35,4(3,0-406,2)] y grupo de edad de 9-10 años [4,29(1,46-12,6)]. Conclusión: el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura altos fueron indicadores antropométricos importantes para la presión arterial elevada, así como la edad en niños residentes de la zona rural. La evaluación del índice de masa corporal y del perímetro de la cintura, además de las evaluaciones nutricionales, son factores importantes para el sondeo de la hipertensión arterial en niños de diferentes contextos territoriales.

Anthropometric changes and their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors in rural populations in Brazil.

This article aims to evaluate associations between anthropometric changes in five years with lipid and blood pressure levels in Brazilian rural population. This longitudinal study evaluated 387 individuals aged 18 to 75 residents of two rural communities. Demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic characteristics were assessed in 2004 and repeated in 2009. Multivariate linear regression was used. Positive change in BMI was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ß = 0.07; 95%CI: 0.03-0.11), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (increase of 0.01% to 10%: ß = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.02-0.14, more than 10% increase: ß = 0.09; 95%CI: 0.01-0.16) and low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) (increase of 0.01% to 10%: ß = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.06-0.25, more than 10% increase: ß = 0.14; 95%CI: 0.02-0.25). Our results showed no association between positive changes in WC and lipid levels increase, only with blood pressure levels increase (SBP: ß = 0.06; CI95%:0.02-0.10; DBP: ß = 0.09; CI95%: 0.04;0.13). Positive changes in BMI are independent predictors of increased lipid and blood pressure levels and positive changes in WC of increased blood pressure.

Anthropometric changes and their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors in rural populations in Brazil / Mudanças antropométricas e seus efeitos sobre os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em populações rurais do Brasil

Abstract This article aims to evaluate associations between anthropometric changes in five years with lipid and blood pressure levels in Brazilian rural population. This longitudinal study evaluated 387 individuals aged 18 to 75 residents of two rural communities. Demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic characteristics were assessed in 2004 and repeated in 2009. Multivariate linear regression was used. Positive change in BMI was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 0.07; 95%CI: 0.03-0.11), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (increase of 0.01% to 10%: β = 0.08; 95%CI: 0.02-0.14, more than 10% increase: β = 0.09; 95%CI: 0.01-0.16) and low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) (increase of 0.01% to 10%: β = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.06-0.25, more than 10% increase: β = 0.14; 95%CI: 0.02-0.25). Our results showed no association between positive changes in WC and lipid levels increase, only with blood pressure levels increase (SBP: β = 0.06; CI95%:0.02-0.10; DBP: β = 0.09; CI95%: 0.04;0.13). Positive changes in BMI are independent predictors of increased lipid and blood pressure levels and positive changes in WC of increased blood pressure.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar associação entre as mudanças antropométricas, em cinco anos de estudo, com os níveis lipídicos e pressóricos em populações rurais brasileiras. Estudo longitudinal, que avaliou 387 indivíduos, entre 18 e 75 anos, residentes em duas comunidades rurais. Características demográficas, de estilo de vida, antropométricas, bioquímicas e hemodinâmicas foram coletadas em 2004 e repetidas em 2009. Utilizou-se a regressão linear. Mudanças positivas do IMC foram associadas com aumento da pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) (β = 0,07; IC95%: 0,03-0,11), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) (aumento de 0,01% a 10%: β = 0,08; IC95%: 0,02-0,14; aumento de mais de 10%: β = 0,09; IC95%: 0,01-0,16) e razão lipoproteína de baixa densidade/lipoproteína de alta densidade (LDL-C/HDL-C) (aumento de 0,01 a 10%: β = 0,15; IC95%: 0,06-0,25; aumento de mais de 10% β = 0,14; IC95%: 0,02-0,25). Não se observou associação entre mudanças positivas na CC e aumento de níveis lipídicos, apenas com aumento da pressão arterial (PAS: β = 0,06; IC95%: 0,02-0,10; PAD: β = 0,09; IC95%: 0,04-0,13). Mudanças positivas no IMC são preditoras independentes para aumento de níveis lipídicos e pressóricos e mudanças positivas na CC para aumento de níveis pressóricos.

Association between sociodemographic and health factors and the practice of walking in a rural area. / Associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e relacionados à saúde com a prática de caminhada em área rural.

The regular practice of walking can contribute to a better quality of life, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between sociodemographic and health factors related to adult practice of walking in the Brazilian rural context. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 567 adults. The outcome variable was the regular practice of walking (≥150 minutes per week) and the explanatory variables were sociodemographic factors, anthropometric measures, laboratory tests and self-perceived health. The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used in analysis, considering p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Only 34.7% of the population practices walking regularly. Women (PR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78-0.89), age of 31-45 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.22, comparing to 18-30 years), and self-perception of poor/fair health (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97 comparing to people with great/good health) remained independently associated with regular practice of walking. Conclusion Age between 31 and 45 years and males were positively associated with walking and the perception of poor/fair health had negative association. These findings may suggest that public policies to encourage physical activity in urban areas should also be applied to rural areas.

Associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e relacionados à saúde com a prática de caminhada em área rural / Association between sociodemographic and health factors and the practice of walking in a rural area

Resumo A prática regular da caminhada contribui para melhor qualidade de vida, reduzindo riscos para doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde relacionados à prática de caminhada de adultos no contexto rural brasileiro. Estudo transversal com 567 adultos. A variável desfecho foi a prática regular de caminhada (≥ 150 minutos/semana) e as de exposição foram as sociodemográficas, antropométricas, clinico laboratoriais e autopercepção de saúde. As análises foram realizadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson, considerando p ≤ 0,05. Apenas 34,7% da população pratica a caminhada de forma regular. O sexo feminino (RP 0,84; IC95% 0,78-0,89), a idade entre 31-45 anos (RP 1,11; IC95% 1,02-1,22 para comparação entre pessoas de 18-30 anos) e a autopercepção de saúde ruim/regular (RP 0,90; IC95% 0,84-0,97 para a comparação entre pessoas com autopercepção excelente/boa) permaneceram independentemente associadas à prática regular de caminhada. A idade entre 31-45 anos e o sexo masculino foram positivamente associados à caminhada e a percepção de saúde regular/ruim apresentou associação negativa. Esses achados podem sugerir que as políticas públicas de incentivo a atividade física nas áreas urbanas podem ser aplicadas também nas rurais.

Abstract The regular practice of walking can contribute to a better quality of life, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To assess the association between sociodemographic and health factors related to adult practice of walking in the Brazilian rural context. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 567 adults. The outcome variable was the regular practice of walking (≥150 minutes per week) and the explanatory variables were sociodemographic factors, anthropometric measures, laboratory tests and self-perceived health. The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used in analysis, considering p ≤ 0.05. Results: Only 34.7% of the population practices walking regularly. Women (PR 0.84, 95% CI 0.78-0.89), age of 31-45 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.22, comparing to 18-30 years), and self-perception of poor/fair health (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97 comparing to people with great/good health) remained independently associated with regular practice of walking. Conclusion Age between 31 and 45 years and males were positively associated with walking and the perception of poor/fair health had negative association. These findings may suggest that public policies to encourage physical activity in urban areas should also be applied to rural areas.

A tuberculose na população em situação de rua: desempenho de profissionais da atenção primária / Tuberculosis in the homeless population: performance of primary health care professionals

Objetivo: analisar as ações para o controle da tuberculose na população em situação de rua. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa avaliativa que contou com a participação de 171 profissionais da estratégia saúde da família. Utilizou-se um instrumento que aborda aspectos da assistência à tuberculose para pessoas em situação de rua. A análise de desempenho ocorreu mediante avaliação das variáveis extraídas da análise fatorial exploratória e de confiabilidade. Resultados: no fator 1, ações para o controle da tuberculose na população em situação de rua, as variáveis foram classificadas como incipientes e parcialmente satisfatórias; no fator 2, apoio que as equipes devem receber para direcionar as ações de controle da tuberculose na população em situação de rua, as variáveis foram classificadas como insatisfatórias e incipientes. Conclusão: as ações para o controle da tuberculose na população em situação de rua não consideram as especificidades dessa população, contrariando as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. (AU)

Schistosoma mansoni reinfection: Analysis of risk factors by classification and regression tree (CART) modeling.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is an effective chemotherapy for schistosomiasis mansoni and a mainstay for its control and potential elimination. However, it does not prevent against reinfection, which can occur rapidly in areas with active transmission. A guide to ranking the risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni reinfection would greatly contribute to prioritizing resources and focusing prevention and control measures to prevent rapid reinfection. The objective of the current study was to explore the relationship among the socioeconomic, demographic, and epidemiological factors that can influence reinfection by S. mansoni one year after successful treatment with PZQ in school-aged children in Northeastern Minas Gerais state Brazil. Parasitological, socioeconomic, demographic, and water contact information were surveyed in 506 S. mansoni-infected individuals, aged 6 to 15 years, resident in these endemic areas. Eligible individuals were treated with PZQ until they were determined to be negative by the absence of S. mansoni eggs in the feces on two consecutive days of Kato-Katz fecal thick smear. These individuals were surveyed again 12 months from the date of successful treatment with PZQ. A classification and regression tree modeling (CART) was then used to explore the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic, and epidemiological variables and their reinfection status. The most important risk factor identified for S. mansoni reinfection was their "heavy" infection at baseline. Additional analyses, excluding heavy infection status, showed that lower socioeconomic status and a lower level of education of the household head were also most important risk factors for S. mansoni reinfection. Our results provide an important contribution toward the control and possible elimination of schistosomiasis by identifying three major risk factors that can be used for targeted treatment and monitoring of reinfection. We suggest that control measures that target heavily infected children in the most economically disadvantaged households would be most beneficial to maintain the success of mass chemotherapy campaigns.