Análisis del tratamiento del prolapso de órganos pélvicos mediante colposacropexia mínimamente invasiva con 24 horas de ingreso / Analysis of minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy with 24-hour hospital stay for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse

Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el resultado de la implementación de una vía clínica para la corrección del prolapso de órganos pélvicos mediante colposacropexia mínimamente invasiva (CSMI) con 24 horas de ingreso en términos de seguridad y ahorro de costes de hospitalización. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de los primeros 78 procedimientos de CSMI realizados de forma consecutiva. Cuarenta y seis procedimientos (59%) se realizaron con estancia hospitalaria de 24 horas, mientras que 32 (41%) precisaron más de 24 horas. Para cada grupo se determinaron las complicaciones postoperatorias, visitas al servicio de urgencias, reintervenciones y el coste medio por procedimiento en términos de estancia hospitalaria y atención en el Servicio de Urgencias. El modelo de costes se estableció según los datos del Sistema de Contabilidad Analítica del Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz y del Boletín oficial de la Comunidad de Madrid. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos respecto a las complicaciones intraoperatorias o postoperatorias. Las consultas en el servicio de urgencias, reintervenciones o reingresos hospitalarios fue menor en el grupo de 24 horas de ingreso, sin alcanzar la significación estadística. Mediante la implementación de la vía clínica de CSMI con 24 horas de ingreso se objetivó un ahorro de 607,91 € por procedimiento en estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: La corrección del prolapso de órganos pélvicos mediante CSMI con política de alta hospitalaria de 24 horas es factible y segura en al menos el 59% de las pacientes, sin objetivarse un mayor número de complicaciones, visitas al servicio de urgencias o reingresos hospitalarios

Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the impact (in terms of safety and saving of hospital costs) of the implementation of a new protocol for the correction of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) by minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (MISC) with 24-hour hospital stay. Material and methods: Prospective observational study of the first 78 MISC procedures performed consecutively. 46 procedures (59%) were performed with 24-hour hospital stay, and 32 (41%) required more than 24 hours. The postoperative complications were determined for each group: visits to the Emergency Department, reoperations, and the average cost per procedure regarding hospital stay and ER visits. The cost model was established according to the data of the Analytical Accounting System of the Jiménez Díaz Foundation Hospital and of the Official State Gazette of Madrid. Results: There were no differences regarding intraoperative or postoperative complications between both groups. The number of visits to the Emergency Department, reinterventions or hospital re-admissions was lower in the 24-hour hospital stay group, without reaching statistical significance. The implementation of the MISC protocol with 24-hour hospital stay represented a saving of 607.91 € per procedure in hospital costs. Conclusions: Correction of the POP with MISC with a 24-hour hospital discharge policy was feasible and safe in at least 59% of the patients, with similar complications, visits to the Emergency Department or hospital readmission rates

Analysis of minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy with 24-hour hospital stay for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. / Análisis del tratamiento del prolapso de órganos pélvicos mediante colposacropexia mínimamente invasiva con 24horas de ingreso.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to analyze the impact (in terms of safety and saving of hospital costs) of the implementation of a new protocol for the correction of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) by minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (MISC) with 24-hour hospital stay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of the first 78 MISC procedures performed consecutively. 46 procedures (59%) were performed with 24-hour hospital stay, and 32 (41%) required more than 24hours. The postoperative complications were determined for each group: visits to the Emergency Department, reoperations, and the average cost per procedure regarding hospital stay and ER visits. The cost model was established according to the data of the Analytical Accounting System of the Jiménez Díaz Foundation Hospital and of the Official State Gazette of Madrid. RESULTS: There were no differences regarding intraoperative or postoperative complications between both groups. The number of visits to the Emergency Department, reinterventions or hospital re-admissions was lower in the 24-hour hospital stay group, without reaching statistical significance. The implementation of the MISC protocol with 24-hour hospital stay represented a saving of 607.91€ per procedure in hospital costs. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of the POP with MISC with a 24-hour hospital discharge policy was feasible and safe in at least 59% of the patients, with similar complications, visits to the Emergency Department or hospital readmission rates.

El PSA basal en una población de varones españoles de 40-49 años anticipa la detección de cáncer de próstata / Baseline PSA in a Spanish male population aged 40-49 years anticipates detection of prostate cancer

Introducción: Investigamos en nuestro entorno la utilidad de optimizar el cribado de cáncer de próstata (CaP) mediante determinación de PSA basal en varones entre 40-49 años. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo que analiza el PSA basal en la quinta década y su capacidad para predecir desarrollo de CaP en una población de Madrid (España). Se realiza curva ROC y se propone un punto de corte. Se compara la evolución del PSA desde basal en pacientes con determinaciones consecutivas mediante el test de Friedman. Se establecen rangos de PSA basal con diferente riesgo de desarrollo de cáncer y se evalúa la utilidad diagnóstica de la velocidad de PSA (VPSA) anual en esta población. Resultados: Un total de 4.304 varones de 40-49 años fueron sometidos a cribado oportunista a lo largo de 17 años, con al menos una determinación sérica de PSA (6.001 determinaciones) y con seguimiento medio de 57,1 ± 36,8 meses. A 768 se les practicó biopsia de algún órgano y a 104 biopsia prostática. Catorce pacientes (0,33%) fueron diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata. La mediana de PSA basal fue 0,74 ng/ml (0,01-58,5) para pacientes sin CaP y 4,21 ng/ml (0,76-47,4) con CaP. La mediana de tiempo desde la determinación hasta el diagnóstico fue 26,8 meses (1,5-143,8). El punto de corte óptimo para detectar CaP fue 1,9 ng/ml (sensibilidad 92,86%, especificidad 92,54%, VPP 3,9%, VPN 99,97%) y el área bajo la curva 92,8%. Respecto a las determinaciones repetidas, la evolución del PSA no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre pacientes sin cáncer (p = 0,56) o con cáncer (p = 0,64); pero un valor de VPSA > 0,3 ng/ml/año revela elevada especificidad para detectar cáncer en esta población. Conclusiones: Un PSA basal ≥ 1,9 ng/ml en varones españoles de 40-49 años predice el desarrollo de CaP, por lo que podría resultar de utilidad para el cribado oportunista en edad temprana. Se necesita definir un seguimiento apropiado adaptado al riesgo en esta población, pero una VPSA anual ≥ 0,3 ng/ml/año parece de utilidad para conseguir un diagnóstico temprano

Introduction: We researched the usefulness of optimizing prostate cancer (PC) screening in our community using baseline PSA readings in men between 40-49 years of age. Material and method: A retrospective study was performed that analyzed baseline PSA in the fifth decade of life and its ability to predict the development of PC in a population of Madrid (Spain). An ROC curve was created and a cutoff was proposed. We compared the evolution of PSA from baseline in patients with consecutive readings using the Friedman test. We established baseline PSA ranges with different risks of developing cancer and assessed the diagnostic utility of the annual PSA velocity (PSAV) in this population. Results: Some 4,304 men aged 40-49 years underwent opportunistic screening over the course of 17 years, with at least one serum PSA reading (6,001 readings) and a mean follow-up of 57.1 ± 36.8 months. Of these, 768 underwent biopsy of some organ, and 104 underwent prostate biopsy. Fourteen patients (.33%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The median baseline PSA was .74 (.01-58.5) ng/mL for patients without PC and 4.21 (.76-47.4) ng/mL for those with PC. The median time from the reading to diagnosis was 26.8 (1.5-143.8) months. The optimal cutoff for detecting PC was 1.9 ng/mL (sensitivity, 92.86%; specificity, 92.54%; PPV, 3.9%; NPV, 99.97%), and the area under the curve was 92.8%. In terms of the repeated reading, the evolution of the PSA showed no statistically significant differences between the patients without cancer (p=.56) and those with cancer (P = .64). However, a PSAV value > .3 ng/mL/year revealed high specificity for detecting cancer in this population. Conclusions: A baseline PSA level ≥ 1.9 ng/mL in Spanish men aged 40-49 years predicted the development of PC. This value could therefore be of use for opportunistic screening at an early age. An appropriate follow-up adapted to the risk of this population needs to be defined, but an annual PSAV ≥ .3 ng/mL/year appears of use for reaching an early diagnosis

Actualización de los resultados de la rama española del Estudio aleatorizado europeo de screening del cáncer de próstata (ERSPC) / Update of the results of the Spanish branch of the European randomized study on screening for prostate cancer (ERSPC)

Objetivo: En la actualidad el papel del screening del cáncer de próstata (CaP) está cuestionado. El estudio aleatorizado europeo de screening del cáncer de próstata (ERSPC) tiene como objetivo demostrar si elscreening del CaP reduce la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Se muestran los resultados en la rama española de este estudio: mortalidad global y cáncer-específica, características de los tumores detectados, de los tratamientos primarios y de la progresión a enfermedad avanzada. Material y métodos: Se invitó a participar a 18.612 varones entre los 45 y 70 años de edad, excluyendo aquellos con una expectativa de vida inferior a 10 años. Se llevó a cabo aleatorización a brazo screening (determinación de PSA sérico) y brazo control (no pruebas diagnósticas). Se indicó biopsia prostática aleatorizada sextante dirigida por ecografía transrectal en los varones del brazo screening con PSA ≥ 3 ng/ml. Se identificaron los CaP detectados (estadio y tratamiento primarios), así como los fallecimientos producidos (fecha y causa de la muerte). Resultados: El estudio se llevó a cabo con 4.276 varones (2.415 brazo screening, 1.861 brazo control). Las medianas de edad y PSA sérico fueron de 57 años y 0,90 ng/ml respectivamente. El tiempo de seguimiento (mediana) fue de 15,8 años. Se diagnosticaron 242 CaP, 162 (6,7%) en el brazo screening y 80 (4,3%) en el control (p < 0,001). De ellos 214 (88,4%) comenzaron con estadio clínico organoconfinado (91,4% brazo screening vs 82,5% control, p = 0,024). Un total de 112 pacientes (46,3%) fue sometido a prostatectomía radical, 53 (21,9%) a radioterapia prostática, 24 (9,9%) a tratamiento hormonal y 47 (19,4%) a observación. Un total de 18 CaP evolucionaron a enfermedad avanzada (M+ o PSA > 100 ng/ml), sin diferencia entre los brazos del estudio (p = 0,938). Un total de 618 (14,5%) fallecieron a lo largo del seguimiento: 340 (14,1%) en el brazo screening y 278 (14,9%) en el control, sin diferencias entre brazos en términos de mortalidad cáncer-específica (p = 0,907) ni por todas las causas (p = 0,399). Las principales causas de muerte encontradas fueron neoplasia (54,0%), cardiovascular (17,6%), respiratoria (8,7%) y digestiva (4,0%), sin diferencia entre brazos. De los 334 pacientes fallecidos por neoplasia tan solo 12 (3,6%) murieron por CaP. Conclusiones: El screening del CaP produce una migración del diagnóstico hacia estadios más precoces. No obstante, no hemos demostrado un beneficio en términos de supervivencia global ni cáncer-específica tras más de 15 años de seguimiento. La baja mortalidad por esta enfermedad en nuestro entorno podría ser uno de los principales factores para explicar estos resultados

Objective: The role of prostate cancer (PC) screening is currently being questioned. The objective of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) was to demonstrate whether PC screening reduced mortality from this disease. The results from the Spanish branch of this study are presented: all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, the characteristics of the detected tumors, primary treatments and progression to advanced disease. Material and methods: A total of 18,612 men, between the ages of 45 and 70, were invited to participate in the study, excluding those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. The men were randomized to the screening arm (serum prostate-specific antigen [PSA] reading) or the control arm (no diagnostic tests). Randomized transrectal ultrasound-guided sextant prostate biopsies were indicated for the men in the screening arm with PSA levels ≥ 3 ng/ml. The detected PCs were identified (stage and primary treatment), as well as the deaths that occurred (date and cause of death). Results: The study was performed with 4276 men (2415 in the screening arm and 1861 in the control arm). The median age and serum PSA level were 57 years and 0.90 ng/mL, respectively. The median follow-up time was 15.8 years. A total of 242 PCs were diagnosed, 162 (6.7%) in the screening arm and 80 (4.3%) in the control arm (P < .001). Of these, 214 (88.4%) had an organ-confined clinical stage at onset (91.4% in the screening arm vs. 82.5% in the control arm; P = .024). A total of 112 patients (46.3%) underwent radical prostatectomy, 53 (21.9%) underwent prostate radiation therapy, 24 (9.9%) underwent hormone therapy and 47 (19.4%) were kept under observation. A total of 18 PCs progressed to advanced disease (M+ or PSA levels > 100 ng/mL), with no differences between the study arms (P = .938). A total of 618 (14.5%) patients died during follow-up: 340 (14.1%) in the screening arm and 278 (14.9%) in the control arm, with no differences between the arms in terms of cancer-specific (P = .907) or all-cause (P = .399) mortality. The main causes of death were neoplasia (54.0%), cardiovascular (17.6%), respiratory (8.7%) and gastrointestinal (4.0%), with no difference between study arms. Of the 334 patients who died from neoplasia, only 12 (3.6%) died from PC. Conclusions: PC screening results in a shifting of the diagnosis towards earlier stages. Nevertheless, we have not demonstrated a benefit in terms of overall or cancer-specific survival after more than 15 years of follow-up. The low mortality from this disease in our community could be one of the main factors that explain these results

Cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica umbilical / Umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy

Objetivo: Presentamos la experiencia de nuestro centro en cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica por puerto único umbilical, tanto en proceso patológico benigno como maligno. Se revisan las características de los pacientes, los aspectos perioperatorios y la técnica quirúrgica empleada. Material y método: Desde mayo de 2012 5 pacientes fueron sometidos a cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica por puerto único (LESS) transumbilical con material curvo a través de sistema multicanal reutilizable y un trocar accesorio de 3,5 mm. Tres fueron hombres y 2 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 28 y 78 (mediana 44 ± 42,5) años. La etiología fue endometriosis (2 casos), tumor en divertículo, divertículo vesical congénito y ureterocele (un caso cada uno, respectivamente). Resultados: La mediana de tiempo quirúrgico fue 273 ± 163,4 min, y el sangrado intraoperatorio 250 ± 175 ml. Ninguno de los pacientes requirió transfusión. El postoperatorio transcurrió sin incidencias, con buena evolución y sin complicación alguna. La estancia hospitalaria fue 3 ± 1 día. Con seguimiento de 20 ± 17,5 meses se ha confirmado la recuperación morfológica y funcional de vejiga y uréter en todos los casos, y el paciente con enfermedad neoplásica se encuentra libre de enfermedad más de 2 años después de la cirugía. Conclusiones: La cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica umbilical representa una opción quirúrgica viable y segura, que consigue resultados quirúrgicos y cosméticos excelentes

Objective: To present our center's experience in single-port umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomies, in both benign and malignant pathologies. Patient characteristics, perioperative aspects and the surgical techniques used are reviewed. Material and method: Since May 2012, five patients have undergone a transumbilical single-port laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy with curved equipment through a reusable multichannel system and a 3.5 mm accessory trocar. Patients were three males and two females aged between 28 and 78 (median: 44 ± 42.5) years. The etiologies were endometriosis (in 2 cases), a tumor in the diverticulum, a congenital bladder diverticulum and ureterocele (1 case of each). Results: Median surgery time was 273 ± 163.4 minutes, and intraoperative bleeding 250 ± 175 ml. None of the patients required transfusion. The postoperative period was uneventful, with good results and no complications. The hospital stay was 3 ± 1 days. With monitoring of 20 ± 17.5 months, morphological and functional recovery in the bladder and ureter was confirmed in all cases and the patient with neoplastic disease was disease-free more than 2 years after the surgery. Conclusions: An umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy represents a viable surgical option and ensures that excellent surgical and cosmetic results are achieved

Láser resección transuretral prostática: estudio de seguridad con un nuevo sistema de fotovaporización selectiva con láser de diodo de alta intensidad en próstatas mayores de 80 ml / Laser transurethral resection of the prostate: Safety study of a novel system of photoselective vaporization with high power diode laser in prostates larger than 80 mL

Objetivo: Presentar la viabilidad de la vaporización fotoselectiva de la próstata (VFP) con un nuevo sistema de resección de láser de diodo. El tratamiento quirúrgico de la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) está en constante evolución. Las técnicas de láser se utilizan cada vez más en próstatas de gran tamaño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo para evaluar los datos operativos y los resultados de los pacientes con VFP utilizando láser de diodo de alta potencia (DAP) y una innovadora fibra con cabeza de cuarzo en forma de pala en los pacientes con próstata > 80 ml. Se describen los datos demográficos, tiempo quirúrgico, pérdida de hemoglobina, resultados operatorios (IPSS, calidad de vida [CdV], Qmáx, residuo posmiccional [RPM], IIEF-5 y micción diaria) y las complicaciones de la clasificación Clavien-Dindo. Resultados: Treinta y un pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. Dieciséis (51,6%) estaban en tratamiento antiplaquetario activo y 12 (38,7%) habían recibido anticoagulantes antes de la cirugía. Todos los casos fueron seguidos al menos 6 meses. No se produjeron complicaciones graves intraoperatorias ni postoperatorias. Tres pacientes (9,7%) tuvieron complicaciones leves según la clasificación Clavien-Dindo. Veintisiete (87,1%) fueron dados de alta en el primer día del postoperatorio sin catéter. Hubo mejoras significativas en el IPSS, CdV, Qmáx y RPM, tanto a los 3 como a los 6 meses (p < 0,0001), pero la función sexual según el IIEF-5 no mostró diferencias. La urgencia (de cualquier grado) aumentó a los 3 meses (48,4%; p = 0,002) y se redujo considerablemente a los 6 meses (9,7%, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: Esta experiencia piloto con fibra en forma de pala y DAP es alentadora. Esto demuestra que la resección con láser es un procedimiento seguro, logrando excelentes resultados en cuanto a IPSS, CdV y Qmáx en próstatas grandes, incluso en pacientes de alto riesgo. Se necesita un seguimiento más prolongado, estudios controlados comparativos y aleatorios para generalizar estos resultados

Objective: To present the feasibility of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with of a new diode laser-resection system. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is constantly evolving. Laser techniques are increasingly used in prostates of large size. Methods: A prospective study was performed to evaluate operative data and patient outcomes with PVP using high-power diode laser (HPD) and a novel quartz-head fiber with shovel shape in patients with prostate > 80 mL. Demographic data, operative time, hemoglobin loss, operative results (IPSS, quality of life (QoL), Qmax, post void residue (PVR), IIEF-5 and micturition diary) and complications following Clavien-Dindo classification are described. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in the study. Sixteen (51.6%) were on active antiplatelet treatment and 12 (38.7%) had received anticoagulants before surgery. All cases were followed at least 6 mo. No intraoperative or postoperative major complications occurred. Three patients (9.7%) had minor complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Twenty-seven (87.1%) were discharged on postoperative day one without catheter. There were significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax and PVR, both at 3 and 6 mo (P < .0001), but sexual function according to IIEF-5 showed no differences. Urgency (any grade) increased at 3 mo (48.4%; P = .002) and considerably decreased at 6 mo (9.7%;P < .0001). Conclusion: This pilot experience with shovel shape fiber and HPD is encouraging. It shows that laser-resection is a safe procedure, achieving excellent results in terms of IPSS, QoL and Qmax in large prostates even in high-risk patients. Longer follow-up, comparative and randomized controlled studies are needed to widespread these results

Baseline PSA in a Spanish male population aged 40-49 years anticipates detection of prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: We researched the usefulness of optimizing prostate cancer (PC) screening in our community using baseline PSA readings in men between 40-49 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was performed that analyzed baseline PSA in the fifth decade of life and its ability to predict the development of PC in a population of Madrid (Spain). An ROC curve was created and a cutoff was proposed. We compared the evolution of PSA from baseline in patients with consecutive readings using the Friedman test. We established baseline PSA ranges with different risks of developing cancer and assessed the diagnostic utility of the annual PSA velocity (PSAV) in this population. RESULTS: Some 4,304 men aged 40-49 years underwent opportunistic screening over the course of 17 years, with at least one serum PSA reading (6,001 readings) and a mean follow-up of 57.1±36.8 months. Of these, 768 underwent biopsy of some organ, and 104 underwent prostate biopsy. Fourteen patients (.33%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The median baseline PSA was .74 (.01-58.5) ng/mL for patients without PC and 4.21 (.76-47.4) ng/mL for those with PC. The median time from the reading to diagnosis was 26.8 (1.5-143.8) months. The optimal cutoff for detecting PC was 1.9ng/mL (sensitivity, 92.86%; specificity, 92.54%; PPV, 3.9%; NPV, 99.97%), and the area under the curve was 92.8%. In terms of the repeated reading, the evolution of the PSA showed no statistically significant differences between the patients without cancer (p=.56) and those with cancer (P=.64). However, a PSAV value >.3ng/mL/year revealed high specificity for detecting cancer in this population. CONCLUSIONS: A baseline PSA level ≥1.9ng/mL in Spanish men aged 40-49 years predicted the development of PC. This value could therefore be of use for opportunistic screening at an early age. An appropriate follow-up adapted to the risk of this population needs to be defined, but an annual PSAV ≥.3ng/mL/year appears of use for reaching an early diagnosis.

La cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal con litotricia láser holmium-YAG en el tratamiento primario de la litiasis renal / Retrograde intrarenal surgery with holmium-YAG laser lithotripsy in the primary treatment of renal lithiasis

Introducción: La cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal (CRIR), en constante desarrollo y renovación, se presenta como una técnica eficaz y segura, y una buena alternativa terapéutica a la litotricia extracorpórea (LEOC) y la nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de 50 pacientes intervenidos entre noviembre del 2012 y abril del 2013. Se recogieron datos demográficos, operatorios y postoperatorios, así como complicaciones precoces y tardías. Los pacientes fueron seguidos durante un periodo mínimo de un año. La técnica quirúrgica empleada se realizó bajo anestesia general, empleando ureteroscopio flexible, con vaina de acceso ureteral y energía de fragmentación láser. El éxito de la cirugía se definió como la ausencia de carga litiásica (stone free rate) en la prueba de control postoperatoria y a los 3 meses de la intervención (radiografía simple, ecografía o TC abdominal sin contraste). Resultados: La media ± desviación estándar de edad fue 51,1 ± 15,5 años. La localización más frecuente fue grupo calicial inferior (26%), un 58% fueron únicas y un 42%, múltiples. En un 44% la carga litiásica fue baja (< 2 cm) y en un 22% alta (> 3 cm). La media de aclaramiento litiásico en esta serie fue 89,7 ± 17,5. El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue 96,6 ± 35,2 min. Se produjeron complicaciones en 4 pacientes (8%), todas precoces y de carácter menor. Conclusiones: La CRIR es una opción eficaz y segura, comparable a LEOC y NLP, que puede considerarse de primera línea. Numerosas series corroboran estos resultados, pero se necesitan estudios prospectivos centrados en calidad de vida, estancia media, complicaciones y coste-efectividad de los diferentes tratamientos que permitan afianzar estas conclusiones

Introduction: retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) appears as a safe and effective technique as well as a good therapeutic alternative to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Material and methods: descriptive study in 50 patients surgically treated between November 2012 and April 2013. Demographic, operative and postoperative data as well as early and late complications data were collected. The minimum follow-up of patients was one year. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia. Flexible ureteroscopy with ureteral access sheath and laser fragmentation were employed. Surgery success was defined as stone free rate in postoperative control test and at three months after surgery (simple radiography, abdominal ultrasound or CT without contrast). Results: mean age was 51.1±15.5 years old. The highest-frequency location was the lower calyceal group (26%), single stones were described in 58% of patients whilst multiple lithiasis were found in the 42%. Regarding the stone burden in 44% of the patients was low (<2 cm), and high (>3 cm) in 22% of the patients. The stone clearance rate was 89.7±17.5. Average surgery time was 96.6±35.2min. Complications were reported in 4 patients (8%), all of them early ones and minor in nature. Conclusions: RIRS is an effective and safe option whose results are comparable to ESWL and PCNL. RIRS can be considered as first-line treatment. These results are corroborated by numerous studies. To strengthen these findings, prospective studies focusing on quality of life, length of stay, complications and cost-effectiveness of different treatments are needed

Linfadenectomía retroperitoneal laparoendoscópica por puerto único en tumor germinal no seminomatoso / Laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in non-seminomatous germ cell malignancy

Introducción: La cirugía laparoendoscópica a través de puerto único (LESS) umbilical constituye una excelente alternativa a la cirugía laparoscópica o robótica multipuerto. Implica menos dolor postoperatorio, rápida recuperación y óptimo resultado cosmético. Prácticamente, resulta posible practicar cualquier cirugía urológica a través de este abordaje. Paciente y método: Presentamos a un varón de 38 años con BMI 31,2 y antecedentes de tumor germinal mixto no seminomatoso estadio i en vigilancia que presenta recidiva ganglionar interaortocava sin elevación de marcadores. Se practicó una linfadenectomía retroperitoneal LESS (LDRP-LESS) derecha mediante abordaje umbilical por puerto único multicanal KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittingen, Alemania). Resultados: Tras la colocación del dispositivo y la triangulación de las pinzas, se incidió el peritoneo parietal posterior y se movilizó el colon ascendente para acceder al retroperitoneo. Se llevó a cabo una disección ganglionar retroperitoneal completa del lado derecho desde los vasos ilíacos hasta los vasos renales, incluyendo el espacio paracava e interaortocava. El espécimen se introdujo en una bolsa laparoscópica, que se extrajo junto con el sistema multicanal. No se colocó drenaje abdominal. El tiempo operatorio fue 85 min y el sangrado estimado 50 cc. El paciente se mostró muy satisfecho, con una herida absolutamente invisible, y fue dado de alta tras un día de ingreso hospitalario sin necesidad alguna de analgesia. El informe anatomopatológico reveló seminoma metastásico en 5 de 11 ganglios linfáticos, por lo que recibió 4 ciclos de quimioterapia sistémica (VP16-CDDP), con buena tolerancia. Un año después se encuentra libre de enfermedad y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Es posible llevar a cabo LDRP-LESS primaria mediante abordaje exclusivamente umbilical con excelente resultado oncológico y cosmético en casos seleccionados. Este abordaje podría ser la opción quirúrgica menos invasiva económicamente ventajosa, gracias a la naturaleza reutilizable de los instrumentos empleados

Introduction: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. LESS is possible in virtually any urologic surgery. Patient and method: We present a 38-year-old male with BMI 31.2 and with history of stage I nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor showing interaortocaval lymph node recurrence without elevation of tumor markers. Patient was undergone to right laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LDRP-LESS) by umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany). Results: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum. Complete retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side from iliac vessels to renal vessels, including the paracaval and interaortocaval space, was performed. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag and was removed together with multichannel system. Abdominal drainage was not employed. Surgical time was 85 min and estimated bleeding 50 cc. The patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic results and was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. The pathology report revealed metastatic seminoma in 5 of 11 lymph nodes receiving systemic chemotherapy (VP16-CDDPs) for 4 cycles with good tolerance. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. Conclusions: Umbilical primary LDRP-LESS, with excellent oncologic and cosmetic results, is feasible in selected cases. This approach could be considered the least invasive surgical option economically advantageous due to the reusable nature of the instruments used

Reimplantación ureteral laparoendoscópica por puerto único transumbilical / Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteral reimplantation

Objetivo: Análisis de los resultados obtenidos mediante técnica de reimplantación ureteral laparoendoscópica por puerto único (LESS) transumbilical con plataforma de puerto único reutilizable. Material y método: Se presenta la casuística de 5 pacientes sometidos a reimplantación ureteral LESS. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica empleada con plataforma de puerto único KeyPort® de colocación umbilical y puerto accesorio de 3,5 mm en la fosa iliaca, a través del cual se emplea material de minilaparoscopia que facilita la disección, aspiración y sutura. Se presentan los resultados operatorios y postoperatorios obtenidos. La mediana de seguimiento en el momento del análisis fue de 11 ± 14 meses. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue 49 ± 34 años y la proporción hombre/mujer 1:1,5. En todos los casos la reimplantación fue izquierda. La etiología fue secundaria a estenosis en 4 casos (3 iatrogénica y una debida a endometriosis pélvica) y en el caso restante se realizó tras escisión de ureterocele tipo adulto sintomático. En todos los casos se dejó sonda vesical por un tiempo de 7 ± 3 d y catéter ureteral doble-J 30 ± 15 d. No hubo reconversión a cirugía laparoscópica convencional ni abierta en ningún caso, y la duración de la intervención fue 145 ± 60 min con un sangrado intraoperatorio de 100 ± 75 cc. No se precisó transfusión ni analgesia al alta. No hubo complicaciones postoperatorias menores ni mayores y el tiempo de hospitalización fue 2 ± 0,5 d. Ningún paciente presentó reestenosis ni empeoramiento de la función renal. Conclusiones: La técnica de ureteroneocistosotomía laparoendoscópica a través de puerto único transumbilical constituye una alternativa segura en centros con experiencia en este abordaje, con resultados equiparables a la laparoscopia convencional y excelente resultado cosmético a muy bajo coste debido al carácter reutilizable del dispositivo

Objective: To analyze the outcomes of umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ureteral reimplantation using a reusable single-port platform. Material and method: The casuistic of LESS ureteral reimplantation in 5 patients is presented. The surgical technique using KeyPort system (reusable umbilical single-site platform) is described. Dissection, suctioning and suturing by minilaparoscopy through 3.5mm accessory port in the iliac fossa are performed. Operative and postoperative outcomes are presented. The median follow-up at time of analysis was 11 ± 14 months. Results: The median age of patients was a 49 ± 34 year; male-female ratio was 1:1.15. Left surgery was carried out in all cases. In 4 patients, the etiology was secondary to stenosis (3 iatrogenic and 1 pelvic endometriosis). In the remaining case, the procedure was performed after excision of a symptomatic adult ureterocele. In all cases, bladder catheter and double-J ureteral catheter were inserted for 7 ± 3 and 30 ± 15 days and then removed. No conversion to convectional laparoscopic or open surgery occurred. The surgery time was 145 ± 60 min, and intraoperative bleeding was 100 ± 75 cc. Neither transfusion nor high analgesia was necessary. No postoperative complications, minor or major, have been reported. Hospital stay was 2±0.5 days. In any patient, restenosis or worsening of renal function occurred. Conclusions: In experimented centers, transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteroneocystostomy is a safe alternative with comparable results to conventional laparoscopy and an excellent cosmetic result at low cost thanks to device reuse

Laser transurethral resection of the prostate: Safety study of a novel system of photoselective vaporization with high power diode laser in prostates larger than 80mL.

OBJECTIVE: To present the feasibility of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with of a new diode laser-resection system. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is constantly evolving. Laser techniques are increasingly used in prostates of large size. METHODS: A prospective study was performed to evaluate operative data and patient outcomes with PVP using high-power diode laser (HPD) and a novel quartz-head fiber with shovel shape in patients with prostate>80mL. Demographic data, operative time, hemoglobin loss, operative results (IPSS, quality of life (QoL), Qmax, post void residue (PVR), IIEF-5 and micturition diary) and complications following Clavien-Dindo classification are described. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included in the study. Sixteen (51.6%) were on active antiplatelet treatment and 12 (38.7%) had received anticoagulants before surgery. All cases were followed at least 6mo. No intraoperative or postoperative major complications occurred. Three patients (9.7%) had minor complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Twenty-seven (87.1%) were discharged on postoperative day one without catheter. There were significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax and PVR, both at 3 and 6mo (P<.0001), but sexual function according to IIEF-5 showed no differences. Urgency (any grade) increased at 3mo (48.4%; P=.002) and considerably decreased at 6mo (9.7%; P<.0001). CONCLUSION: This pilot experience with shovel shape fiber and HPD is encouraging. It shows that laser-resection is a safe procedure, achieving excellent results in terms of IPSS, QoL and Qmax in large prostates even in high-risk patients. Longer follow-up, comparative and randomized controlled studies are needed to widespread these results.

Update of the results of the Spanish branch of the European Randomized Study on Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC).

OBJECTIVE: The role of prostate cancer (PC) screening is currently being questioned. The objective of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) was to demonstrate whether PC screening reduced mortality from this disease. The results from the Spanish branch of this study are presented: all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, the characteristics of the detected tumors, primary treatments and progression to advanced disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 18,612 men, between the ages of 45 and 70, were invited to participate in the study, excluding those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. The men were randomized to the screening arm (serum prostate-specific antigen [PSA] reading) or the control arm (no diagnostic tests). Randomized transrectal ultrasound-guided sextant prostate biopsies were indicated for the men in the screening arm with PSA levels ≥3ng/ml. The detected PCs were identified (stage and primary treatment), as well as the deaths that occurred (date and cause of death). RESULTS: The study was performed with 4276 men (2415 in the screening arm and 1861 in the control arm). The median age and serum PSA level were 57 years and 0.90ng/mL, respectively. The median follow-up time was 15.8 years. A total of 242 PCs were diagnosed, 162 (6.7%) in the screening arm and 80 (4.3%) in the control arm (P<.001). Of these, 214 (88.4%) had an organ-confined clinical stage at onset (91.4% in the screening arm vs. 82.5% in the control arm; P=.024). A total of 112 patients (46.3%) underwent radical prostatectomy, 53 (21.9%) underwent prostate radiation therapy, 24 (9.9%) underwent hormone therapy and 47 (19.4%) were kept under observation. A total of 18 PCs progressed to advanced disease (M+ or PSA levels >100ng/mL), with no differences between the study arms (P=.938). A total of 618 (14.5%) patients died during follow-up: 340 (14.1%) in the screening arm and 278 (14.9%) in the control arm, with no differences between the arms in terms of cancer-specific (P=.907) or all-cause (P=.399) mortality. The main causes of death were neoplasia (54.0%), cardiovascular (17.6%), respiratory (8.7%) and gastrointestinal (4.0%), with no difference between study arms. Of the 334 patients who died from neoplasia, only 12 (3.6%) died from PC. CONCLUSIONS: PC screening results in a shifting of the diagnosis towards earlier stages. Nevertheless, we have not demonstrated a benefit in terms of overall or cancer-specific survival after more than 15 years of follow-up. The low mortality from this disease in our community could be one of the main factors that explain these results.

Umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To present our center's experience in single-port umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomies, in both benign and malignant pathologies. Patient characteristics, perioperative aspects and the surgical techniques used are reviewed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Since May 2012, five patients have undergone a transumbilical single-port laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy with curved equipment through a reusable multichannel system and a 3.5mm accessory trocar. Patients were three males and two females aged between 28 and 78 (median: 44±42.5) years. The etiologies were endometriosis (in 2 cases), a tumor in the diverticulum, a congenital bladder diverticulum and ureterocele (1 case of each). RESULTS: Median surgery time was 273±163.4minutes, and intraoperative bleeding 250±175ml. None of the patients required transfusion. The postoperative period was uneventful, with good results and no complications. The hospital stay was 3±1 days. With monitoring of 20±17.5 months, morphological and functional recovery in the bladder and ureter was confirmed in all cases and the patient with neoplastic disease was disease-free more than 2 years after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: An umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy represents a viable surgical option and ensures that excellent surgical and cosmetic results are achieved.

La resonancia magnética multiparamétrica predice la presencia de cáncer de próstata en pacientes con biopsia prostática negativa / Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging predicts the presence of prostate cancer in patients with negative prostate biopsy

Objetivo: Evaluar el papel del estudio multiparamétrico mediante imagen por resonancia magnética (mpMRI) de próstata para detectar cáncer de próstata en pacientes con biopsia prostática transrectal (BPTR) negativa previa. Material y métodos: Se practicó una mpMRI (secuencias TSE-T2-w, DWI y DCE) de la próstata con equipo de 1.5 T (Magnetom Avanto; Siemens Healthcare Solutions) a 150 pacientes con sospecha previa de cáncer de próstata y BPTR negativa. Se aplicaron criterios de European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) (1: muy posiblemente benigno, 2: posiblemente benigno, 3: dudoso, 4: posiblemente maligno, y 5: muy posiblemente maligno). A todos los pacientes se les realizó PSA (total y libre), tacto rectal (TR), ecografía transrectal (ETR) y segunda BPTR de, al menos, 14 cilindros. Las variables fueron analizadas de forma ciega independiente. Se estudió la exactitud de cada prueba y se evaluó un modelo de selección de variables stepwise para predecir cáncer en la segunda BPTR. Resultados: La edad media ± desviación estándar fue 66,2 ± 5 (51-77) años, el PSA 11,3 ± 9,6 (0,9-75) ng/mL y el volumen prostático 82,2 ± 42 (20-250) cc. El TR fue sospechoso en 11(7,3%) pacientes. La segunda BPTR muestreó 17,6 ± 2,7 (14-22) cilindros por caso y resultó positiva en 28 (18,7%) pacientes. La mpMRI se consideró positiva (3-5) en 102 (68%), siendo la sensibilidad de la prueba del 92,9% y el VPN del 95,8%. Modifican riesgo de cáncer en segunda BPTR: velocidad de PSA > 0,75 (OR 1,04 [0,99-1,08]); p = 0,06), PSA libre/total < 15% (OR 0,37 [0,13-1,05]; p = 0,06), cada cc de volumen prostático (OR 0,98 [0,97-1]; p = 0,017) y mpMRI 3-5 (OR 7,87 [1,78-34,7]; p = 0,006). El análisis multivariante reveló que mpMRI (OR 7,41 [1,65-33,28]; p = 0,009) y volumen prostático (OR 0,31 [0,12-0,78]; p = 0,01) definen riesgo de cáncer de forma independiente. Conclusiones: La mpMRI según criterios ESUR es una herramienta de gran valor para predecir la presencia de cáncer en la segunda BPTR en pacientes con biopsia previa negativa y resulta más fiable en próstatas de menor volumen

Objective: To assess the ability of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to detect prostate cancer in patients with prior negative transrectal prostate biopsy (TPB). Material and methods: mpMRI (TSE-T2-w, DWI and DCE sequences) was performed on 1.5 T (Magnetom Avanto; Siemens Healthcare Solutions) in 150 patients suspicious of prostate cancer and with negative TPB. European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) criteria were used (score 1: clinically significant disease is highly unlikely to be present; score 2: clinically significant cancer is unlikely to be present; score 3: clinically significant cancer is equivocal; score 4: clinically significant cancer is likely to be present; score 5: clinically significant cancer is highly likely to be present). PSA measurement (total and free), digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRU) and a second TPB (at least 14 cylinders) were performed in all patients. Variables were submitted for independent blind analysis. The accuracy of each test was measured. Stepwise selection model for prediction of prostate cancer in second TPB was developed. Results: Mean age was 66.2± 5 years (51-77), mean PSA 11.3± 9.6 ng/mL (0.9-75) and mean prostatic volume 82.2 ± 42 (20-250) cc. DRE was suspicious in 11 (7.3%) patients. The mean number of cylinders per patient sampled in second TRB was 17.6 ± 2.7(14-22). Second TRB was positive in 28 patients (18.7%). mpMRI was positive (score 3-5) in 102 (68%), test sensibility was 92.9% and the NPV was 95.8%. The risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in second TPB is modified by: PSA velocity > 0.75 (OR 1.04 [0.99-1.08]; P=0.06), free/total ratio PSA <15% (OR 0.37 [0.13-1.05]; P=0.06), each cc. of prostate volume (OR 0.98 [0.97-1]; P=0.017) and mpMRI 3-5 (OR 7.87 [1.78-34.7]; P=0.006). Multivariate analysis reveals that mpMRI (OR 7.41 [1.65-33.28]; P=0.009) and prostatic volume (OR 0.31 [0.12-0.78]; P=0.01) are independent risk predictors of prostate cancer. Conclusions: According to ESUR guidelines and in patients with prior negative prostate biopsy, mpMRI is a valuable tool for the prediction of prostate cancer in second TPB. Lower prostate volume, the higher reliability

Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteral reimplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ureteral reimplantation using a reusable single-port platform. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The casuistic of LESS ureteral reimplantation in 5 patients is presented. The surgical technique using KeyPort system (reusable umbilical single-site platform) is described. Dissection, suctioning and suturing by minilaparoscopy through 3.5mm accessory port in the iliac fossa are performed. Operative and postoperative outcomes are presented. The median follow-up at time of analysis was 11 ± 14 months. RESULTS: The median age of patients was a 49 ± 34 year; male-female ratio was 1:1.15. Left surgery was carried out in all cases. In 4 patients, the etiology was secondary to stenosis (3 iatrogenic and 1 pelvic endometriosis). In the remaining case, the procedure was performed after excision of a symptomatic adult ureterocele. In all cases, bladder catheter and double-J ureteral catheter were inserted for 7 ± 3 and 30 ± 15 days and then removed. No conversion to convectional laparoscopic or open surgery occurred. The surgery time was 145 ± 60 min, and intraoperative bleeding was 100 ± 75 cc. Neither transfusion nor high analgesia was necessary. No postoperative complications, minor or major, have been reported. Hospital stay was 2 ± 0.5 days. In any patient, restenosis or worsening of renal function occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In experimented centers, transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteroneocystostomy is a safe alternative with comparable results to conventional laparoscopy and an excellent cosmetic result at low cost thanks to device reuse.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery with holmium-YAG laser lithotripsy in the primary treatment of renal lithiasis.

INTRODUCTION: retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) appears as a safe and effective technique as well as a good therapeutic alternative to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: descriptive study in 50 patients surgically treated between November 2012 and April 2013. Demographic, operative and postoperative data as well as early and late complications data were collected. The minimum follow-up of patients was one year. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia. Flexible ureteroscopy with ureteral access sheath and laser fragmentation were employed. Surgery success was defined as stone free rate in postoperative control test and at three months after surgery (simple radiography, abdominal ultrasound or CT without contrast). RESULTS: mean age was 51.1±15.5 years old. The highest-frequency location was the lower calyceal group (26%), single stones were described in 58% of patients whilst multiple lithiasis were found in the 42%. Regarding the stone burden in 44% of the patients was low (<2 cm), and high (>3 cm) in 22% of the patients. The stone clearance rate was 89.7±17.5. Average surgery time was 96.6±35.2min. Complications were reported in 4 patients (8%), all of them early ones and minor in nature. CONCLUSIONS: RIRS is an effective and safe option whose results are comparable to ESWL and PCNL. RIRS can be considered as first-line treatment. These results are corroborated by numerous studies. To strengthen these findings, prospective studies focusing on quality of life, length of stay, complications and cost-effectiveness of different treatments are needed.

Laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in non-seminomatous germ cell malignancy.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. LESS is possible in virtually any urologic surgery. PATIENT AND METHOD: We present a 38-year-old male with BMI 31.2 and with history of stage I nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor showing interaortocaval lymph node recurrence without elevation of tumor markers. Patient was undergone to right laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LDRP-LESS) by umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany). RESULTS: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum. Complete retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side from iliac vessels to renal vessels, including the paracaval and interaortocaval space, was performed. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag and was removed together with multichannel system. Abdominal drainage was not employed. Surgical time was 85 min and estimated bleeding 50 cc. The patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic results and was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. The pathology report revealed metastatic seminoma in 5 of 11 lymph nodes receiving systemic chemotherapy (VP16-CDDPs) for 4 cycles with good tolerance. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical primary LDRP-LESS, with excellent oncologic and cosmetic results, is feasible in selected cases. This approach could be considered the least invasive surgical option economically advantageous due to the reusable nature of the instruments used.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging predicts the presence of prostate cancer in patients with negative prostate biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to detect prostate cancer in patients with prior negative transrectal prostate biopsy (TPB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: mpMRI (TSE-T2-w, DWI and DCE sequences) was performed on 1.5T (Magnetom Avanto; Siemens Healthcare Solutions) in 150 patients suspicious of prostate cancer and with negative TPB. European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) criteria were used (score 1: clinically significant disease is highly unlikely to be present; score 2: clinically significant cancer is unlikely to be present; score 3: clinically significant cancer is equivocal; score 4: clinically significant cancer is likely to be present; score 5: clinically significant cancer is highly likely to be present). PSA measurement (total and free), digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRU) and a second TPB (at least 14 cylinders) were performed in all patients. Variables were submitted for independent blind analysis. The accuracy of each test was measured. Stepwise selection model for prediction of prostate cancer in second TPB was developed. RESULTS: Mean age was 66.2± 5 years (51-77), mean PSA 11.3± 9.6ng/mL (0.9-75) and mean prostatic volume 82.2±42 (20-250) cc. DRE was suspicious in 11 (7.3%) patients. The mean number of cylinders per patient sampled in second TRB was 17.6±2.7(14-22). Second TRB was positive in 28 patients (18.7%). mpMRI was positive (score 3-5) in 102 (68%), test sensibility was 92.9% and the NPV was 95.8%. The risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in second TPB is modified by: PSA velocity > 0.75 (OR 1.04 [0.99-1.08]; P=0.06), free/total ratio PSA <15% (OR 0.37 [0.13-1.05]; P=0.06), each cc. of prostate volume (OR 0.98 [0.97-1]; P=0.017) and mpMRI 3-5 (OR 7.87 [1.78-34.7]; P=0.006). Multivariate analysis reveals that mpMRI (OR 7.41 [1.65-33.28]; P=0.009) and prostatic volume (OR 0.31 [0.12-0.78]; P=0.01) are independent risk predictors of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: According to ESUR guidelines and in patients with prior negative prostate biopsy, mpMRI is a valuable tool for the prediction of prostate cancer in second TPB. Lower prostate volume, the higher reliability.

Betalactamasas de espectro extendido en las infecciones del tracto urinario causadas por enterobacterias: aproximación a su conocimiento y pautas de actuación / Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in urinary tract infections caused by Enterobacteria: Understanding and guidelines for action

Contexto: Las betalactamasas son enzimas bacterianas que protegen a los microorganismos de los efectos letales de los antibióticos β-lactámicos. Su producción es el mecanismo más importante de resistencia a estos antibióticos, especialmente en bacterias gramnegativas. Objetivo: Revisar la magnitud del problema de las betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en el ámbito urológico y presentar las pautas de actuación fundamentales al respecto, los principales factores de riesgo y las estrategias de prevención. Adquisición de evidencia: Se lleva a cabo una estrategia de búsqueda estructurada tipo paciente, problema, intervención, comparación y resultado en PubMed-Medline identificando los estudios más relevantes relacionados con el manejo de pacientes con infección urinaria por microorganismos productores de BLEE. Se presenta también análisis de la casuística de nuestro centro en esta misma problemática. íntesis de evidencia: Las BLEE se encuentran en enterobacterias, fundamentalmente Klebsiella sp. y Escherichia coli y se caracterizan por tener capacidad hidrolítica frente a los antibióticos betalactámicos, lo que implica resistencia frente a penicilinas, cefalosporinas y aztreonam. También se asocian a resistencia a otros antibióticos. Existe alto riesgo de infección o colonización por productores de BLEE en pacientes con estancia hospitalaria prolongada o que han precisado dispositivos invasivos. El uso previo de antibióticos y la estancia en residencia de cuidados son también elementos de riesgo. Los programas de prevención deben centrarse en evitar la infección nosocomial. Resulta fundamental implantar una política restrictiva en el uso de antibióticos. La terapia de elección en infecciones graves se centra en carbapenémicos, aunque debe evitarse su uso indiscriminado. En la infección de tracto urinario bajo no complicada fosfomicina y nitrofurantoína son las mejores alternativas terapéuticas. Conclusión: Las cepas productoras de BLEE constituyen un verdadero problema de salud a nivel mundial. Las estrategias de prevención deben centrarse en la infección nosocomial, pero no debe olvidarse que cada vez es más frecuente la aparición de estos patógenos en infecciones comunitarias. Las decisiones terapéuticas deben basarse en el conocimiento de la distribución local de los microorganismos y sus patrones de resistencia

Context: Beta-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that protect microorganisms from the lethal effects of β-lactam antibiotics. The production of beta-lactamases is the most important mechanism of resistance to these antibiotics, especially in Gram-negative bacteria. Objective: Review the magnitude of the problem of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in the urological setting and present the fundamental action guidelines on the issue, the main risk factors and the prevention strategies. Acquisition of evidence: A structured search strategy for patient, problem, intervention, comparison and result was conducted in the PubMed-Medline database to identify the most relevant studies related to the management of patients with urinary tract infection by ESBL-producing microorganisms. We also present a caseload analysis of our center on this issue. Summary of the evidence: ESBL are found in Enterobacteria, mainly Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli and are characterized by their hydrolytic ability compared with beta-lactam antibiotics, which entails resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin and aztreonam. They are also associated with resistance to other antibiotics. There is a high risk of infection and colonization by ESBL producers in patients with prolonged hospital stays or who required invasive devices. The prior use of antibiotics and stays in residential care are also risk factors. Prevention programs should focus on preventing nosocomial infection. It is essential that a restrictive policy on the use of antibiotics be implemented. The therapy of choice for severe infections is focused on carbapenems, although their indiscriminate use should be avoided. In uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin are the best treatment alternatives. Conclusion: ESBL-producing strains constitute a true global health problem. Prevention strategies should focus on nosocomial infection. We should not forget, however, that the appearance of these pathogens in community-acquired infections is increasingly frequent. Therapeutic decisions should be based on an understanding of the local distribution of microorganisms and their resistance patterns

Estudio comparativo entre cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal y micro-nefrolitotomía percutánea en el tratamiento de la litiasis renal de tamaño intermedio / Comparative study of retrograde intrarenal surgery and micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of intermediate-sized kidney stones

Objetivo: La cirugía retrógrada intrarrenal (CRIR) muestra eficacia contrastada con mínima morbilidad en el tratamiento de la litiasis renal de tamaño intermedio. Se pretende estudiar la viabilidad de micro-nefrolitotomía percutánea (microperc) en esta indicación y evaluar sus resultados de forma comparativa a CRIR. Material y métodos: Desde septiembre a diciembre de 2013 realizamos un estudio comparativo prospectivo entre CRIR y microperc, en 20 pacientes consecutivos con litiasis renal de tamaño intermedio (1-3 cm). Se empleó ureteroscopio flexible de doble canal (Cobra, Richard Wolf GmbH) y Microperc 4,85/8 Fr en posición supino con fibra óptica flexible de 0,9 mm y 120º, 10.000 píxeles (PolyDiagnost GmbH). Las variables analizadas fueron: datos demográficos, características del cálculo, porcentaje de eliminación de litiasis, complicaciones (Clavien-Dindo), tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y necesidad de procedimientos auxiliares. Resultados: Los pacientes recibieron CRIR (n = 12) o microperc (n = 8). No existieron diferencias demográficas ni en las características de la litiasis entre ambos grupos. El porcentaje de eliminación de litiasis con CRIR fue 91,7% y con microperc 87,5% (p = 1). Un paciente tratado con CRIR (8,3%) tuvo fiebre postoperatoria y otro con microperc (12,5%) dolor cólico postoperatorio (ambos Clavien I). Los tiempos operatorios fueron similares: CRIR 120 min (111,2-148,7) y microperc 120 min (88,7-167,5) (p = 0,8). Ningún paciente necesitó transfusión sanguínea. La estancia hospitalaria fue también equivalente: CRIR 1 día (1-2) y microperc 1,5 días (1-3,5) (p = 0,33). Dos pacientes tratados con microperc (25%) necesitaron procedimientos accesorios (CRIR simultánea y nefroscopia flexible tras dilatación del trayecto percutáneo para tratar en ambos casos un fragmento significativo migrado a un cáliz no accesible) y uno en el grupo CRIR (8,3%) precisó nefrolitotomía percutánea por anatomía infundíbulo-calicial desfavorable (p = 0,54). Conclusiones: Microperc es un método mínimamente invasivo emergente, eficaz y seguro para tratar litiasis renal de tamaño intermedio. Se precisan estudios que evalúen mejor coste-efectividad, la necesidad de tratamientos complementarios y su posible complementariedad con CRIR cuando se trabaja en posición supina

Objective: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has proven efficacy with minimal morbidity in the treatment of intermediate-sized kidney stones. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy (microperc) for this indication and evaluate its results compared with those of RIRS. Material and methods: From September to December 2013, we performed a comparative prospective study between RIRS and microperc, with 20 consecutive patients with intermediate-sized (1-3 cm) kidney stones. We employed a flexible dual-channel ureteroscope (Cobra, Richard Wolf GmbH) and a Microperc 4.85/8 Fr (with the patient supine) with flexible fiberoptics (0.9 mm, 120° and 10,000 pixels) (PolyDiagnost GmbH). The study variables were demographic data, stone characteristics, percentage of stone elimination, complications (Clavien-Dindo), surgical time, hospital stay and need for auxiliary procedures. Results: The patients underwent RIRS (n = 12) or microperc (n = 8). There were no differences in the demographics or stone characteristics between the 2 groups. The percentage of stone elimination with RIRS and microperc was 91.7% and 87.5% (P = 1), respectively. One of the patients who underwent RIRS (8.3%) experienced postoperative fever; one of the patients who underwent microperc (12.5%) experienced postoperative colic pain (both cases were classified as Clavien I). The operative times were similar: 120 min (111.2-148.7) and 120 (88.7-167.5) min for RIRS and microperc (P = .8), respectively. None of the patients required a blood transfusion. The hospital stays were also equivalent: 1 day (1-2) and 1.5 days (1-3.5) for RIRS and microperc (P = .33), respectively. Two patients treated with microperc (25%) required auxiliary procedures (simultaneous RIRS and flexible nephroscopy after percutaneous trajectory dilation to treat, in both cases, a significant fragment that had migrated to an inaccessible calyx), and 1 patient in the RIRS group (8.3%) required percutaneous nephrolithotomy due to unfavorable infundibular-calyceal anatomy (P = .54). Conclusions: Microperc is a minimally invasive method that is emerging as an effective and safe treatment for intermediate-sized kidney stones. Studies are needed to better evaluate its cost-effectiveness, the need for complementary treatments and its possible complementarity with RIRS when working with patients in the supine position