True community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) recently has been reported as an outpatient pathogen. We assessed this and found our institution's frequency quite low. Only 16 patients (4%) had true community-acquired MRSA bacteremia. Ten had no recorded previous hospitalization; twelve (75%) had significant underlying medical problems. Substance abuse and prior outpatient antibiotic use were not identified as major risks for community-acquired MRSA bacteremia.

Proposed antiretroviral therapy guidelines for prophylaxis of occupationally related HIV seroconversion: a practical approach.

Recent research indicates that antiretroviral prophylaxis significantly reduces occupationally related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. This article outlines principles on which guidelines were based for treating aggressively those healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to HIV occupationally at the Catholic Medical Center in Jamaica, New York. These recommendations attempt to provide HCWs with the best possible available antiretroviral therapy to treat occupational HIV seroconversion. New options must continue to be explored as new information becomes available.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

The enterococcus has emerged as one of the most important nosocomial pathogens: an organism with the ability to develop resistance to all available antibiotics. This article details the historic significance of the enterococcus and delineates the clinical presentations and therapeutic options for the clinician. In addition, recent guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are reviewed, and additional steps are suggested to prevent the spread of this scourge of the 1990s.

Thrombotic tendencies and correlation with clinical status in patients infected with HIV.

Previous publications have described thrombotic events with unclear causes in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We stratified the cases of 52 individuals infected with HIV by degree of immunosuppression and the presence of complicating illnesses. Plasma from these individuals was screened for abnormalities that might predispose to thromboses. We found statistically significant differences between patients with CD4 counts < 200/mm3 and those whose CD4 counts were > 400/mm3 in the following: d-dimers, functional protein C, antigenic protein C, total protein S antigen, free protein S antigen, C4b-binding protein (C4b-BP), and von Willebrand antigen (vWD). Free protein S correlated inversely with C4b-BP; vWD directly with total protein S; and protein C inversely with d-dimers. D-dimers were significantly elevated only in immunosuppressed patients with complicating neoplastic/inflammatory disease. We propose that low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in severely immunosuppressed individuals with HIV and infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic complications is responsible for depressed protein C, which, together with elevations in total protein S and vWD (markers of endothelial injury), indicates a thrombotic predisposition.

Thrombocytopenia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: treatment update.

Thrombocytopenia that is associated with infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important and common hematologic abnormality. Although this condition is often asymptomatic, it may manifest clinically as a spectrum of bleeding problems including petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis, or menorrhagia or as hemorrhage of the gingivae, gastrointestinal tract, or CNS. Thrombocytopenia may be present in patients at any stage of immunodeficiency, and spontaneous remission can occur. We review the natural history of HIV-related thrombocytopenia and discuss treatment options.

Salmonella osteomyelitis and arthritis in sickle cell disease.

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequent serious infections in sickle cell patients and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Capillary occlusion secondary to intravascular sickling may devitalize and infarct the gut, permitting Salmonella invasion. Reduced function of the liver and spleen, together with interference with reticuloendothelial system function due to erythrophagocytosis, suppresses clearing of these organisms from the blood stream. Abnormal opsonizing and complement function probably also play a role. The expanded bone marrow with sluggish flow leads to an ischemic focus for salmonella localization. The majority of Salmonella infections in sickle cell patients involve bones (especially long bones) and joints and occur most frequently in early childhood. Multiple sites, often symmetrical, are usually involved. It is imperative to distinguish Salmonella osteomyelitis from bone infarctions. While clinical and hematologic data may be suggestive, radionuclide bone imaging studies, particularly combined technetium and gallium scintigraphy and technetium sulphur colloid bone marrow scans, and magnetic resonance imaging appear more sensitive and specific. Salmonella osteomyelitis is best managed medically. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole have been used most frequently; however, newer beta lactams and quinolones are more active. Septic arthritis carries a poorer prognosis and often requires aggressive surgical intervention.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus anitratus outbreak in the intensive care unit traced to a peak flow meter.

BACKGROUND: A cluster of seven cases of Acinetobacter caleoaceticus anitratus in a community teaching hospital intensive care unit was discovered (the seventh case was located in a step-down unit next to an infected patient recently transferred from the intensive care unit.) METHODS: An outbreak investigation, including detailed epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory investigation, was performed. RESULTS: A single strain of A. calcoaceticus anitratus was responsible for infection in all seven patients. All patients had tracheostomies, were in respiratory failure, and were ventilator dependent. Patients ranged in age from 27 to 81 years. No common causative variable or explanatory findings were present except that the same peak flow meter (manual weaning criteria machine) was used to facilitate weaning all seven patients from mechanical ventilation. Culture of the mouthpiece isolated a A. calcoaceticus anitratus strain with the identical susceptibility pattern and biochemical profile as that from the infected patients. CONCLUSION: A. calcoaceticus anitratus was transmitted by a peak flow meter nosocomially to seven patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Disposable mouthpieces were introduced to prevent cross-contamination. A 2% glutaraldehyde solution was used to disinfect the machine between uses. No further outbreaks of A. calcoaceticus anitratus pneumonia were identified during 3 years of follow-up.

Antibiotic allergy: inaccurate history taking in a teaching hospital.

To evaluate the accuracy of allergy histories obtained by interns, residents, and ward attending physicians, we compared physician-charted allergy histories with our own concurrently performed histories over a 2-month span for all general medicine and surgery patients admitted to a 615-bed suburban teaching hospital. We found 100% agreement between investigator and charted histories for all 318 (88%) of 363 charts identifying no known allergy. We disagreed with 23 (50%) of 46 allergies documented in the charts of the remaining 45 patients. Concurrent review classified 18 (39%) of these 46 charted allergies as clinically unimportant, and 5 charts (11%) were deemed underclassified. A description of the allergy by the primary physician was documented in only 7 charts (16%). Inaccurate allergy histories are frequently documented in the medical record. Simple adjustments in history taking and supervision may have important implications for patient care and training.

The ten commandments of caring for HIV-infected patients.

No practitioner can hide from HIV. Patients infected with HIV are treated in every type of practice setting as the number of cases increases at an alarming rate. This article provides 10 basic guidelines for the care of HIV-infected patients.

Medical evaluation of the adult with HIV infection.

Early, prompt assessment and clinical management can extend the lifespan and improve the quality of life of people with HIV. The initial and subsequent medical examination should evaluate conditions most often associated with HIV infection. HIV causes multiple organ diseases, and the approach to its evaluation should be systematic and comprehensive.

Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: Clostridium difficile gastrointestinal disease is an important nosocomial infection and is associated with recent antibiotic use. This study evaluated C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) over a 2-yr period. METHODS: All 60 patients with C. difficile enterotoxin in their stools, and diarrhea, were retrospectively analyzed at a 615-bed teaching hospital. Institution antibiotic usage and discharge medical diagnoses were correlated with the study patients. RESULTS: Thirty-eight study patients (53%) had major or extreme admitting symptoms. Only four (7%) had no co-morbid illness. The incidence of CDAD increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 4 wk of hospitalization. No demographic or temporal clustering was discovered. Leukocytosis (60%), leftward polymorphonuclear shift (47%), dehydration (30%), weight loss (23%), and oliguria (12%) were the major clinical findings. Among these subject 51 (85%) had been on ceftriaxone and/or ceftazidime in the preceding 6 wk; ceftriaxone/ceftazidime was highly significantly associated (p < 0.01) with more cases than expected by usage alone. No patient on ticarcillin/clavulanate developed CDAD, although it was the most commonly used antibiotic (p < 0.00001). Higher mortality was associated with older debilitated nursing home residents. CONCLUSIONS: Third-generation cephalosporin use correlated with the development of CDAD; ticarcillin/clavulanate usage did not. Morbidity and mortality associated with CDAD is significant, is worse in debilitated older nursing home patients, and is more likely to occur in hospitalizations lasting longer than 4 wk.

Dilemmas in the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been the most common life-threatening opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. With a better understanding of the natural history of HIV infection, however, we have come to realize that prophylaxis against P carinii can prevent the majority of such pneumonias. In this article, I focus on the rationale behind such prophylaxis, as well as the choices and dilemmas the clinician faces in deciding on the most appropriate therapy and when it should be instituted.

Evaluation of recalcitrant pain in HIV-infected hospitalized patients.

Chronic refractory severe pain in HIV-infected patients is a common and often neglected problem. Little data exist evaluating its epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment. Our study assessed all HIV-infected inpatients referred to the pain control service over a 2-year span. All (24) inpatients with HIV infection with chronic refractory severe pain referred to the pain control service (PCS) over a 2-year period were prospectively followed daily by trained specialists who graded the pain, recommended appropriate therapy, and assessed outcome. Ten surviving patients had further long-term outpatient follow-up. The patients included 14 intravenous drug abusers, five of whom were on methadone maintenance. Localized lower-extremity pain was present in 58%. Pain had been present for > or = 1 month in 21 (88%) and for > or = 6 months in 12 (50%). No patient had been on pain control around the clock. After PCS consultation, all surviving patients (21 of 21, 100%) had partial or total pain relief within 2 weeks (eight within 1 week) using around-the-clock opioid analgesia adjusted daily as necessary. No differences were seen between substance abusing/methadone patients and others. No significant adverse reactions or new addiction problems were found. Our conclusion is that effective pain control can be achieved using around-the-clock opioid analgesia in terminal HIV-infected patients with severe, chronic, refractory pain, even if the patients are substance abusers.

Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in HIV infection: two cases of colonic pseudocancer and review of the literature.

Primary gastrointestinal infection is an uncommon manifestation of histoplasmosis. It is almost always associated with disseminated disease and/or an immunocompromised host. The ileum and cecum are the most common sites involved. We report two cases of primary gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in HIV-seropositive men who presented with annular constricting right colon lesions.

Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review.

Colitis and infection due to Clostridium difficile have been reported in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy for cancer without prior antibiotic treatment. Chemotherapeutic agents can alter the normal bowel flora and cause extensive intestinal inflammatory changes, potentiating both the growth of C. difficile and its production of toxin. This review includes all 23 known reported cases of C. difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy and examines the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of this condition. Chemotherapy-associated C. difficile colitis has been documented in association with a variety of neoplasms. Various classes of antineoplastic agents have been incriminated, methotrexate most commonly. A spectrum of illness ranging from mild to fulminant has been reported. Symptoms, management, and outcome have appeared to be no different than for antibiotic-associated cases, but the available data are limited. Chemotherapy-associated infection with C. difficile may be underreported because it is not suspected and/or because frequent concomitant use of antibiotics masks its true incidence. C. difficile infection should be kept in mind whenever a patient undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy develops diarrhea. Prompt, appropriate diagnostic testing and early treatment may avert morbidity and death.