Prehabilitation: how to prepare our patients for elective major abdominal surgeries? / Pré-habilitação: como preparar nossos pacientes para cirurgias abdominais eletivas de maior porte?

Surgical approach is the main form of treatment for several diseases of the abdominal cavity. However, surgical procedure itself is a stressor that may lead to adverse effects unrelated to the treatment goal. Prehabilitation has emerged as a multifactorial preoperative health conditioning program, which promotes improvement in functional capacity and postoperative evolution. The present study reviews literature using MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases in order to determine the concept of prehabilitation program and the indications and means of patient selection for it, as well as to suggest ways to implement this program in cases of major abdominal surgeries.

Várias doenças da cavidade abdominal têm, na abordagem cirúrgica, sua principal forma de tratamento. Entretanto, o próprio procedimento cirúrgico é um agente estressor que pode promover efeitos adversos não relacionados com o objetivo do tratamento. A pré-habilitação emergiu como um programa multifatorial de condicionamento de saúde pré-operatório, que promove melhora na capacidade funcional e na evolução pós-operatória. O presente estudo faz uma revisão da literatura usando os bancos de dado MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar e Cochrane para determinar o conceito, as indicações, os meios de seleção dos pacientes, e para sugerir as formas de implementação do programa de pré-habilitação em cirurgias abdominais de grande porte.

Safety check list in outpatient surgery teaching. / Checklist de segurança no ensino de cirurgia ambulatorial.

This article proposes the use of a safe surgical checklist in the teaching of the discipline of Ambulatory Surgery during medical graduation. It discusses its benefits and potential implementation and adherence difficulties. It underscores the importance of developing a patient safety culture and active learning methodologies to train students for greater commitment and accountability with the quality of care provided to the community in the academic outpatient clinic of the school hospital.

Este artigo propõe a utilização de um checklist de cirurgia segura no ensino da disciplina de Cirurgia Ambulatorial durante a graduação em Medicina. Discorre sobre seus benefícios e potenciais dificuldades de implantação e adesão. Ressalta a importância do desenvolvimento da cultura de segurança do paciente e das metodologias ativas de aprendizagem para treinar os estudantes para maior compromisso e responsabilidade com a qualidade da assistência prestada à comunidade no ambulatório acadêmico do hospital escola.

Checklist de segurança no ensino de cirurgia ambulatorial / Safety check list in outpatient surgery teaching

RESUMO Este artigo propõe a utilização de um checklist de cirurgia segura no ensino da disciplina de Cirurgia Ambulatorial durante a graduação em Medicina. Discorre sobre seus benefícios e potenciais dificuldades de implantação e adesão. Ressalta a importância do desenvolvimento da cultura de segurança do paciente e das metodologias ativas de aprendizagem para treinar os estudantes para maior compromisso e responsabilidade com a qualidade da assistência prestada à comunidade no ambulatório acadêmico do hospital escola.

ABSTRACT This article proposes the use of a safe surgical checklist in the teaching of the discipline of Ambulatory Surgery during medical graduation. It discusses its benefits and potential implementation and adherence difficulties. It underscores the importance of developing a patient safety culture and active learning methodologies to train students for greater commitment and accountability with the quality of care provided to the community in the academic outpatient clinic of the school hospital.

Pré-habilitação: como preparar nossos pacientes para cirurgias abdominais eletivas de maior porte? / Prehabilitation: how to prepare our patients for elective major abdominal surgeries?

RESUMO Várias doenças da cavidade abdominal têm, na abordagem cirúrgica, sua principal forma de tratamento. Entretanto, o próprio procedimento cirúrgico é um agente estressor que pode promover efeitos adversos não relacionados com o objetivo do tratamento. A pré-habilitação emergiu como um programa multifatorial de condicionamento de saúde pré-operatório, que promove melhora na capacidade funcional e na evolução pós-operatória. O presente estudo faz uma revisão da literatura usando os bancos de dado MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar e Cochrane para determinar o conceito, as indicações, os meios de seleção dos pacientes, e para sugerir as formas de implementação do programa de pré-habilitação em cirurgias abdominais de grande porte.

ABSTRACT Surgical approach is the main form of treatment for several diseases of the abdominal cavity. However, surgical procedure itself is a stressor that may lead to adverse effects unrelated to the treatment goal. Prehabilitation has emerged as a multifactorial preoperative health conditioning program, which promotes improvement in functional capacity and postoperative evolution. The present study reviews literature using MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases in order to determine the concept of prehabilitation program and the indications and means of patient selection for it, as well as to suggest ways to implement this program in cases of major abdominal surgeries.

Evaluation of the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score for patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

CONTEXT: Morbidly obese patients have an increased risk for nonalcoholic fat liver disease. Its severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may cause liver fibrosis. The diagnosis of advanced fibrosis has great value during the pre operative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score in morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in our population. METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight morbidly obese patients that had undergone bariatric surgery were included. Age, body mass index, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin and AST/ALT ratio were applied to the score formula. Scores above 0.676 were indicative of advanced liver fibrosis and scores under -1,455 absence of advanced liver fibrosis. These scores were compared to liver biopsy findings. RESULTS: The presence of advanced fibrosis could be diagnosed with good accuracy, with a positive predictive value of 83.7%. The score had a higher accuracy to exclude advanced fibrosis with a negative predictive value of 97%. Twenty-five patients (16%) had scores between the cutoffs points and were identified as indeterminate. The score sensibility and specificity was 83% and 97% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score has high accuracy to identify and exclude advanced liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

Evaluation of the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score for patients undergoing bariatric surgery / Avaliação do escore de fibrose hepática para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica

CONTEXT: Morbidly obese patients have an increased risk for nonalcoholic fat liver disease. Its severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may cause liver fibrosis. The diagnosis of advanced fibrosis has great value during the pre operative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score in morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in our population. METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight morbidly obese patients that had undergone bariatric surgery were included. Age, body mass index, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin and AST/ALT ratio were applied to the score formula. Scores above 0.676 were indicative of advanced liver fibrosis and scores under -1,455 absence of advanced liver fibrosis. These scores were compared to liver biopsy findings. RESULTS: The presence of advanced fibrosis could be diagnosed with good accuracy, with a positive predictive value of 83.7 percent. The score had a higher accuracy to exclude advanced fibrosis with a negative predictive value of 97 percent. Twenty-five patients (16 percent) had scores between the cutoffs points and were identified as indeterminate. The score sensibility and specificity was 83 percent and 97 percent respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score has high accuracy to identify and exclude advanced liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

CONTEXTO: Pacientes com obesidade mórbida apresentam risco significativo para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica e para suas formas mais graves, a esteatohepatite e a cirrose hepática. O diagnóstico de tais alterações é importante, principalmente na avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgia bariátrica. Até o momento, a biopsia hepática é o procedimento com maior precisão para tal diagnóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o escore de fibrose hepática em doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica em pacientes com obesidade mórbida na população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 158 pacientes com obesidade mórbida submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica. Idade, índice de massa corporal, hiperglicemia, albumina, contagem de plaquetas e razão AST/ALT foram aplicados à fórmula do escore de fibrose. Valores acima de 0,676 indicavam fibrose avançada e abaixo de - 1,455 indicavam ausência de fibrose. Estes valores foram comparados com os achados de biopsia hepática realizados no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: A presença de fibrose avançada foi diagnosticada com boa precisão, valor preditivo positivo de 83,7 por cento. O escore teve melhor precisão para excluir fibrose avançada, com valor preditivo negativo de 97,2 por cento. Em 25 pacientes (16 por cento) o escore resultou indeterminado entre os pontos de corte. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do escore foram de 83 por cento e 97 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O escore de fibrose para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica apresenta elevada precisão para reconhecer e excluir fibrose avançada em pacientes com obesidade mórbida submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica.

Influence of preoperative feeding on the healing of colonic anastomoses in malnourished rats.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition influences healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses. The authors hypothesize that colonic anastomotic healing is decreased by malnutrition and might be improved by preoperative feeding. METHODS: Eighty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) control rats 1 (C1), fed regular chow ad libitum for 21 days; (2) malnourished pair-fed rats (M), fed 50% of the food ingested by the control rats for 21 days; (3) preoperative nutrition rats (PRE), fed 50% of the average of the controls for 21 days and then fed preoperative nutrition with regular chow ad libitum for 1 week before the operation; and (4) control rats 2 (C2), fed regular chow ad libitum for 28 days. On days 21 (C1 and M) and 28 (PRE and C2), rats underwent 2 colonic transections and, subsequently, 2 end-to-end anastomoses. Rats were killed on postoperative day 5. The anastomoses were resected for tensile strength and histological analysis. RESULTS: PRE rats showed increased maximal tensile strength vs the M group (0.09+/-0.01 vs 0.15+/-0.01; P<.05) and similar values of maximal tensile strength as the controls (0.15+/-0.01 vs 0.15+/-0.02; P=.91). Collagen type I was higher in controls vs the PRE group (6.13+/-0.39 vs 4.90+/-1.53; P<.05); nevertheless, the PRE group showed higher collagen type I than M rats (4.90+/-0.36 vs 3.83+/-0.35; P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative feeding for 7 days increases the maximal tensile strength, as well as the percentage area of mature collagen, approaching similar values as the control group.

Effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap / Efeitos da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap in rats. METHODS: 20 Wistar rats were randomized in 2 groups: control group (C), all had flaps raised based on the deep inferior epigastric perforator vessels (DIEP), and experimental group (E), which was identical to group C, except that the contralateral superficial inferior epigastric vein was also kept with the flap. Flow studies using laser Doppler flowmetry where performed daily in the four zones of the flap. On the 7th postoperative day rats were killed and flap survival was determined using digital planimetry. RESULTS: Flow values were presented as a percentage of the baseline flow after incision of the flap edges. The surviving flap area was demonstrated as a percentage of the total flap area. Evaluation by digital planimetry showed that flap survival in group E was higher than in group C (97,38 percent±1,32 percentvs.44,13 percent±4,83 percent, p=0,0006). CONCLUSION: This study shows that venous supercharging of the rat DIEP flap results in greater flap survival(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda em ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle(C), no qual se realizou o retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda e experimento(E), no qual se realizou o mesmo retalho e se manteve a veia epigástrica superficial inferior contralateral ao pedículo. Foi realizada determinação diária do fluxo sanguíneo por fluxometria por laser-doppler em quatro quadrantes do retalho previamente estabelecidos e a viabilidade foi determinada, no 7º pós-operatório, através de planimetria. RESULTADOS: A análise do fluxo sangüíneo demonstrou não haver diferença entre o grupo C e E nas médias de fluxo entre as zonas do retalho (Zona I:103,44±8,09vs.84,70±7,98, p=0,114)(Zona II: 109,18±6,99 vs. 113,67±26,89, p=0,401)(Zona III: 89,15±11,11 vs. 106,79±15,93, p=0,599)(Zona IV: 104,43±11,50 vs. 124,90±23,17, p=1,00). A viabilidade do grupo E foi superior do que no grupo C quando determinada por planimetria digital (97,38 por cento±1,32 por cento vs. 44,13 por cento±4,83 por cento, p=0,0006). CONCLUSÃO: Há aumento da viabilidade do retalho DIEP submetidos à supercharging(AU)

Effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap in rats. METHODS: 20 Wistar rats were randomized in 2 groups: control group (C), all had flaps raised based on the deep inferior epigastric perforator vessels (DIEP), and experimental group (E), which was identical to group C, except that the contralateral superficial inferior epigastric vein was also kept with the flap. Flow studies using laser Doppler flowmetry where performed daily in the four zones of the flap. On the 7th postoperative day rats were killed and flap survival was determined using digital planimetry. RESULTS: Flow values were presented as a percentage of the baseline flow after incision of the flap edges. The surviving flap area was demonstrated as a percentage of the total flap area. Evaluation by digital planimetry showed that flap survival in group E was higher than in group C (97,38 percent±1,32 percentvs.44,13 percent±4,83 percent, p=0,0006). CONCLUSION: This study shows that venous supercharging of the rat DIEP flap results in greater flap survival.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda em ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle(C), no qual se realizou o retalho perfurante da artéria epigástrica profunda e experimento(E), no qual se realizou o mesmo retalho e se manteve a veia epigástrica superficial inferior contralateral ao pedículo. Foi realizada determinação diária do fluxo sanguíneo por fluxometria por laser-doppler em quatro quadrantes do retalho previamente estabelecidos e a viabilidade foi determinada, no 7º pós-operatório, através de planimetria. RESULTADOS: A análise do fluxo sangüíneo demonstrou não haver diferença entre o grupo C e E nas médias de fluxo entre as zonas do retalho (Zona I:103,44±8,09vs.84,70±7,98, p=0,114)(Zona II: 109,18±6,99 vs. 113,67±26,89, p=0,401)(Zona III: 89,15±11,11 vs. 106,79±15,93, p=0,599)(Zona IV: 104,43±11,50 vs. 124,90±23,17, p=1,00). A viabilidade do grupo E foi superior do que no grupo C quando determinada por planimetria digital (97,38 por cento±1,32 por cento vs. 44,13 por cento±4,83 por cento, p=0,0006). CONCLUSÃO: Há aumento da viabilidade do retalho DIEP submetidos à supercharging.

Effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of venous supercharging in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap in rats. METHODS: 20 Wistar rats were randomized in 2 groups: control group (C), all had flaps raised based on the deep inferior epigastric perforator vessels (DIEP), and experimental group (E), which was identical to group C, except that the contralateral superficial inferior epigastric vein was also kept with the flap. Flow studies using laser Doppler flowmetry where performed daily in the four zones of the flap. On the 7th postoperative day rats were killed and flap survival was determined using digital planimetry. RESULTS: Flow values were presented as a percentage of the baseline flow after incision of the flap edges. The surviving flap area was demonstrated as a percentage of the total flap area. Evaluation by digital planimetry showed that flap survival in group E was higher than in group C (97,38%+/-1,32%vs.44,13%+/-4,83%, p=0,0006). CONCLUSION: This study shows that venous supercharging of the rat DIEP flap results in greater flap survival.

Obstrução intestinal após uso de infliximab no tratamento de fístula êntero-cutânea na doença de Crohn / Intestinal obstruction following the use of infliximab in the treatment of enterocutaneous fistula in Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is often complicated by the development of fistulas. Infliximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds tumor necrosis factor a have shown to be successful in the treatment of fistulizing Crohn's disease. It's possible complications and side effects have not been completely elucidated. Our objective is to report a case of a patient who developed intestinal obstruction after treatment of fistulizing Crohn's disease with infliximab. A 50 years-old female with Crohn's disease presented with spontaneous enterocutaneous fistula. She was successfully treated with the infusion of 5mg/kg infliximab at weeks 0, 2, and 6, with complete closure of the fistula after the first infusion. Eight weeks after treatment she developed small bowel obstruction secondary to stenosis of the ileum. She was subjected to exploratory laparotomy and resection of the stenotic ileum. The patient had good recovery, with no complications, and was discharged on the 5th postoperative day. Although a faster and complete healing of enterocutaneous fistula was induced by infliximab, this treatment may have caused intestinal obstruction in this case.

Liver resection: 10-year experience from a single Institution

RACIONAL: A ressecção hepática constitui o principal tratamento da maioria das neoplasias primárias do fígado e de casos selecionados de tumores metastáticos. Entretanto, este procedimento está associado a taxas expressivas de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência com hepatectomia em um período de 10 anos para determinar os fatores de risco, a morbidade e a mortalidade das ressecções hepáticas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários médicos dos pacientes que foram submetidos a hepatectomia no período de janeiro de 1994 a março de 2003. RESULTADOS: Foi realizada hepatectomia em 83 pacientes (41 mulheres e 42 homens) durante o período do estudo. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 52,7 anos, com variação de 13 a 82 anos. As principais indicações de ressecção hepática foram carcinoma do intestino grosso metastático (36 pacientes) e carcinoma hepatocelular (19 pacientes). Hepatectomias ampliadas e maiores foram realizadas em 20,4% e 40,9% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Transfusão sangüínea foi necessária em 38,5% das operações. A morbidade total foi 44,5%. Complicações com risco de vida ocorreram em 22,8% dos casos e as mais comuns foram pneumonia, insuficiência hepática, coleção intra-abdominal e sangramento intra-abdominal. Entre as complicações menores (30%), as mais comuns foram extravasamento biliar e derrame pleural. O tamanho do tumor e transfusão sangüínea foram associadas com complicações maiores (P = 0,0185 e P = 0,0141, respectivamente). A mortalidade operatória foi de 8,4% e os fatores de risco relacionados com a mortalidade foram idade avançada e realização de exclusão vascular (P = 0,0395 e P = 0,0404, respectivamente). O período de internação médio foi de 6,7 dias. CONCLUSÃO: As hepatectomias podem ser realizadas com baixa mortalidade e aceitável morbidade. Transfusão sangüínea pode ser reduzida com o emprego de técnica meticulosa e quando indicada, a exclusão vascular.

Liver resection: 10-year experience from a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Liver resection constitutes the main treatment of most liver primary neoplasms and selected cases of metastatic tumors. However, this procedure is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. AIM: To analyze our experience with liver resections over a period of 10 years to determine the morbidity, mortality and risk factors of hepatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent liver resection from January 1994 to March 2003. RESULTS: Eighty-three (41 women and 42 men) patients underwent liver resection during the study period, with a mean age of 52.7 years (range 13-82 years). Metastatic colorectal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma were the main indications for hepatic resection, with 36 and 19 patients, respectively. Extended and major resections were performed in 20.4% and 40.9% of the patients, respectively. Blood transfusion was needed in 38.5% of the operations. Overall morbidity was 44.5%. Life-threatening complications occurred in 22.8% of cases and the most common were pneumonia, hepatic failure, intraabdominal collection and intraabdominal bleeding. Among minor complications (30%), the most common were biliary leakage and pleural effusion. Size of the tumor and blood transfusion were associated with major complications (P = 0.0185 and P = 0.0141, respectively). Operative mortality was 8.4% and risk factors related to mortality were increased age and use of vascular exclusion (P = 0.0395 and P = 0.0404, respectively). Median hospital stay was 6.7 days. CONCLUSION: Liver resections can be performed with low mortality and acceptable morbidity rates. Blood transfusion may be reduced by employing meticulous technique and, whenever indicated, vascular exclusion.

Colecistectomia laparoscópica em um paciente com ducto cístico duplo / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with duplicated cystic duct

Our objective is to report a case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with duplicated cystic duct. A 34 year old male presented with episodic pain in the upper rigth quadrant of the abdomen. Murphy' s sign was not present. Ultrassonography showed gallbladder with multiple calculi and a thickened wall. At laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a duplicated cystic duct was found. Careful dissection and intraoperative cholangiography were performed to rule out common bile duct injury.

[Laparoscopic treatment of peri-appendicitis caused by intrauterine contraceptive device]. / Tratamento laparoscópico de periapendicite causada por dispositivo intra-uterino.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine device may perforate the uterus and cause several complications. AIM: To report a case of laparoscopic treatment of peri-appendicitis caused by intrauterine device. PATIENT AND METHOD: A young female presented with pain in the right lower abdomen of 4 days of duration. On the physical examination, she had localized abdominal pain in the right lower abdomen with discrete guarding and pain on percussion and rebound tenderness. Ultrasonography showed an intrauterine device outside of the uterus, in the right lower of the abdomen. RESULTS: At laparoscopy, an inflammatory mass that consisted of the intrauterine device blocked by the mesoappendix and the appendix was observed. Appendectomy and removal of the intrauterine device were performed. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy allows adequate treatment of peri-appendicitis caused by intrauterine device, inclusive with complete evaluation of the entire pelvic region to rule out associated complications

Tratamento laparoscópico de periapendicite causada por dispositivo intra-uterino / Laparoscopic treatment of peri-appendicitis caused by intrauterine contraceptive device

RACIONAL: Dispositivo intra-uterino pode perfurar o útero e causar várias complicações. OBJETIVO: Descrever um caso de tratamento laparoscópico de periapendicite causada por dispositivo intra-uterino. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Jovem do sexo feminino apresentou dor em fossa ilíaca direita de 4 dias de duraçäo. No exame físico, apresentava dor abdominal localizada em fossa ilíaca direita, com discreta renitência de parede e dor à percussäo e descompressäo brusca na regiäo. A ultra-sonografia evidenciou dispositivo intra-uterino fora do útero, na fossa ilíaca direita. RESULTADOS: A laparoscopia, observou-se massa inflamatória que consistia do dispositivo intra-uterino totalmente bloqueado pelo mesoapêndice e apêndice. Apendicectomia e retirada do dispositivo foram realizadas. CONCLUSÄO: A laparoscopia permite o tratamento adequado da periapendicite causada por dispositivo intra-uterino, inclusive com avaliaçäo adequada de toda a regiäo pélvica para excluir lesöes associadas.

Resultados do transplante de fígado na doença hepática alcoólica / Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic liver disease

RACIONAL: O transplante de fígado é aceito como modalidade terapêutica efetiva nas doenças hepáticas avançadas, incluindo a cirrose alcoólica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do transplante hepático em pacientes com cirrose alcoólica no Programa de Transplante Hepático do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes com cirrose alcoólica submetidos a transplante hepático no Serviço de Transplante Hepático do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná entre setembro de 1991 e janeiro de 2001. Todos os candidatos apresentavam período de abstinência de álcool > 6 meses antes do transplante. A identificaçäo do consumo de álcool no período pós-transplante hepático baseou-se em: (1) informaçöes fornecidas pelo paciente e/ou familiares, e/ou (2) anormalidades bioquímicas sugestivas de consumo abusivo de álcool associadas a anormalidades histológicas compatíveis com lesäo pelo etanol. RESULTADOS: Vinte adultos com cirrose alcoólica (19 homens e 1 mulher) com mediana de idade de 50 anos (29-61 anos) foram submetidos a transplante hepático, correspondendo a 13,8 por cento das indicaçöes de transplante hepático em adultos. Em 30 por cento dos pacientes (6/20) houve associaçäo com hepatite viral crônica, e em 1 caso (5 por cento) presença de hepatocarcinoma. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava disfunçäo hepática grave no pré-transplante (75 por cento Child C). A mediana do tempo de abstinência pré-transplante foi de 24 meses (9 a 120 meses). A mediana do tempo de seguimento pós-transplante foi de 14 meses (1 a 66 meses). A sobrevida do paciente em 1 e 3 anos após o transplante hepático foi de 75 por cento e 50 por cento, respectivamente. As principais complicaçöes observadas foram: rejeiçäo aguda (n = 8; 40 por cento), rejeiçäo crônica (n = 1; 5 por cento), trombose da artéria hepática (n = 3; 15 por cento), complicaçöes biliares (n = 3; 15 por cento) infecçäo por citomegalovírus (n = 4; 20 por cento), infecçöes bacterianas e fúngicas (n = 9; 45 por cento). A incidência detectada de recidiva do consumo de álcool foi de 15...

[Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic liver disease]. / Resultados do transplante de fígado na doença hepática alcoólica.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is accepted as effective therapeutic option for end-stage liver disease, including alcoholic liver disease AIM: To evaluate the outcome of liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in the Liver Transplantation Program at "Hospital de Clínicas" of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was performed a retrospective study of the patients who underwent liver transplantation for alcoholic end-stage liver disease between September 1991 and January 2001. The minimum abstinence period required was 6 months before liver transplantation. Identification of alcohol consumption after liver transplantation was determinated by information provided by patient or family and biochemical or histological anormalities. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in the study period, 95% (19/20) were men and the median age was 50 years (29-61 years). Seventy-five percent of the patients (15/20) had severe liver disfunction (Child C class) in the pre-transplant period. In six of them (30%) there was association with viral hepatitis and in one, with hepatocarcinoma. Median abstinence period before liver transplantation was 24 months, varying from 9 to 120 months. One-year and 3-year survival rate were 75% and 50%, respectively. The main complications were: acute cellular rejection (40%), chronic rejection (5%), hepatic artery thrombosis (15%), biliary complications (15%), bacterial or fungal infections (45%), cytomegalovirus infection (20%). Three patients returned to alcohol use after liver transplantation CONCLUSION: The survival of patients who received liver transplant for alcoholic cirrhosis are satisfactory. In the present study there was a small index of alcohol use after liver transplantation.

Fatores de risco e conduta nas complicações do trato biliar no transplante hepático / Risk factors and management of biliary tract complications in liver transplantation

A reconstrução biliar é um dos pontos vulneráveis do transplante hepático apresentando incidência de complicações biliares, variando de 10 a 35%, nos diversos estudos da literatura. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência do nosso serviço em relação à incidência e ao manejo das complicações biliares notransplante de fígado. Foram incluídos no estudo 147 transplantes hepáticos ortotópicos, com idade média de 37,3 anos, correspondendo a 88 procedimentos em pacientes do sexo masculino e 59 do sexo feminino. Complicações biliares ocorreram em 27 transplantes (18,36%) em 25 pacientes (dois retransplantes). A presença derejeição celular e de complicações vasculares foi identificada como fator de risco para as complicações biliares.A idade, o sexo, a etiologia da cirrose e a técnica utilizada na reconstrução biliar não foram fatores de risco. No total, foram empregados 52 cursos terapêuticos: tratamento cirúrgico em 23 vezes; tratamento endoscópico em15 vezes; retransplante em sete vezes; drenagem biliar transparieto-hepática em seis vezes e um paciente está emlista de espera para retransplante. Conclui-se deste estudo que as complicações biliares são freqüentes após o transplante hepático e que as vasculares e a rejeição celular são fatores de risco.

Biliary reconstruction is a vulnerable step of liver transplantation, presenting an incidence of biliary complicationsbetween 10 to 35% in many studies. Our aim is to present our incidence and treatment of biliary complications, in atotal of 147 orthotopic liver transplantations, 88 males and 59 females, with an mean age of 37 years. Biliary complications occurred in 27 transplants (18,36%) performed in 25 patients (two retransplants). Cellular rejection and vascular complications were identified as risk factors for biliary complications. Age, sex, etiology of cirrhosis and biliary reconstruction technique were not risk factors. Fifty-two therapeutic courses were performed: 23 surgical treatments, 15 endoscopic treatments, seven retransplants, six external biliary drainage and one patient is waitingretransplantation. In conclusion, biliary complications are frequent after liver transplantation and vascular complications and cellular rejection are risk factors for them.

Complicações vasculares pós-transplante hepático / Vascular complications after liver transplantation

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo é apresentar as complicações vasculares arteriais e venosas observadas em um serviço de transplante hepático universitário brasileiro. Métodos: Os prontuários de todos os pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático no período de setembro de 1991 a janeiro de 2000 foram analisados para determinar as complicações vasculares e correlacioná-las a dados clínicos e do procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados:Foram realizados 169 transplantes, sendo quatro inter vivos e nove retransplantes. Um total de 24 complicações vasculares (14,3%) foi identificado em 22 pacientes (13,0%). A complicação vascular mais comum foi atrombose da artéria hepática (15 casos), seguido da trombose da veia porta (quatro casos). Complicações da veia cava inferior infra ou supra-hepática foram incomuns, ocorrendo em um total de três casos (1,8%). As complicações vasculares foram mais freqüentes nas crianças (26,06%) do que em adultos (13,14%) (p<0,05). Dos pacientes com trombose da artéria hepática, um foi submetido à angioplastia, um a trombectomia, oito a retransplante e cinco evoluíram para o óbito enquanto aguardavam retransplante. Dos quatro casos de trombose da veia porta, dois foram a óbito, um foi submetido à colocação percutânea de prótese e um a tratamento conservador. Os pacientescom estenose da veia porta e da veia cava inferior infra e supra-hepática foram submetidos a tratamento conservador, com boa evolução clínica. Conclusões: que as complicações vasculares são freqüentes após o transplante hepático, principalmente em crianças, e são associadas à elevada morbidade, mortalidade e retransplante.

Background: The authors present the vascular complications observed in an academic Brazilian hepatic transplantation division. Methods: Hospital charts of all patients who were submitted to a liver transplantation between of September 1991 and January 2000, were evaluated to determine vascular complications and to correlated them to clinical data and surgical procedures. Results: Of a total of 169 tranplantations performed, four were from living related donors and 9 retransplantations. Twenty-four vascular complications (14,3%) were identified in 22 patients (13,0%), the most common being hepatic artery thrombosis (15 cases) and portal vein thrombosis (4 cases). Complications of the infra and suprahepatic vena cava were observed in three cases (1,8%). Vascular complications were more common in children (26,06%) than in adults (13,14%) (p<0,05). From the patients with hepatic artery thrombosis, one was submitted to an angioplasty, one to a thrombectomy, while eight underwent retransplantation and five died waiting for retransplantation. Of the patients with portal vein thrombosis, two died, one submitted to an endovascular stent placement, and one to conservative treatment. Patients with stenosis of the portal vein and of the infra and suprahepatic inferior vena cava received a conservative treatment, with good clinical recovery. Conclusion: Vascular complications are frequent after liver transplantation, mainly withchildren. They are associated with an elevated rate of morbidity, mortality and retransplantation.