The Role of Circular RNA in the Pathogenesis of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients: Focus on the Pathogenesis and Future Perspective.

Cardiotoxicity is a serious challenge cancer patients face today. Various factors are involved in cardiotoxicity. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are one of the effective factors in the occurrence and prevention of cardiotoxicity. circRNAs can lead to increased proliferation, apoptosis, and regeneration of cardiomyocytes by regulating the molecular pathways, as well as increasing or decreasing gene expression; some circRNAs have a dual role in cardiomyocyte regeneration or death. Identifying each of the pathways related to these processes can be effective on managing patients and preventing cardiotoxicity. In this study, an overview of the molecular pathways involved in cardiotoxicity by circRNAs and their effects on the downstream factors have been discussed.

Evaluation of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) in the Pathogenesis of Chemotherapy Resistance in Cervical Cancer: Diagnostic and Prognostic Approach.

Cervical cancer (CC), caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is a leading cause of female malignancies worldwide. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of CC development and identifying novel therapeutic targets are significantly important. Cisplatin resistance is a significant challenge in the management of CC. Recent studies highlighted the critical role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulation of cisplatin resistance. This comprehensive review aims to collect the current understanding roles of lncRNAs and their involvement in cisplatin resistance in CC by highlighting key processes of cancer progression, including apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We discussed the role of lncRNA in CC resistance to cisplatin through molecular pathways and examined gene expression changes. We also discussed treatment strategies and factors that reduce CC resistance to cisplatin by targeting them.

Long non coding RNAs reveal important pathways in childhood asthma: a future perspective.

Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs refers changes that occur in conjunction with, or as a result of, chronic airway inflammation. Airway remodeling the subsequent of inflammation constitutes cellular and extracellular matrix changes in the wall airways, epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition and airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Diseases often begin in childhood and despite extensive research, causative pathogenic mechanisms still remain unclear. Transcriptome analysis of childhood asthma reveals distinct gene expression profiles of Long noncoding RNAs which have been reported to play a central regulatory role in various aspects of pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment of asthma. We briefly review current understanding of lnc-RNA dysregulation in children with asthma, focusing on their complex role in the inflammation, cell proliferation and remodeling of airway to guide future researches. We found that the lnc-RNAs increases activity of several oncogenes such c-Myc, Akt, and ERK and various signaling pathways such as MAPK (PI3K, Ras, JNK and p38), NF-κB and Wnt and crosstalk between these pathways by TGFß, ß-catenin, ERK and SKP2. Moreover, two different signal transduction pathways, Wnt and Notch1, can be activated by two lnc-RNAs through sponging the same miRNA for exacerbation cell proliferation.

Evaluation of the gut microbiome associated with COVID-19.

Introduction: In 2019, a new virus from the coronavirus family called SARS-CoV-2, infected populations throughout the world. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an illness induced by this virus, attacks vital organs in the body, such as the respiratory system and the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have confirmed changes in the gut microbiome caused by the COVID-19 disease. We examined the alteration of the gut microbiome in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy individuals. Materials and methods: in this study, the 16s metagenomics dataset, publicly available in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database, was used for analysis (accession number PRJNA636824). The analysis processes were performed using the CLC Microbial Genomics Module 20.1.1 (Qiagen). At first, the sequence reads of samples were trimmed and classified into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% similarity and then assigned to the Greengenes reference database (v138). Differential abundance analysis was used to determine statistically significant differences in OTUs between COVID-19 and healthy groups. Next, biodiversity analyses including the alpha diversity (intragroup diversity) and beta diversity (intergroup diversity) using defined indexes were estimated. Then, the co-occurrence network at the species level was constructed using the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation between pairs of OTUs in R software and visualized using Cytoscape software. Ultimately, the hub OTUs at the species level were identified using the cytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape based on Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) algorithm. Results: The results of the metagenomic analysis revealed that the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals has a higher biodiversity compared to COVID-19 patients. Indeed, healthy people also have a higher percentage of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria adolescentis compared to COVID-19 patients; in contrast, COVID-19 patients have higher levels of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus anginosus than healthy people. Also, by constructing a co-occurrence network at the species level, Bifidobacterium longum in the healthy group and Veillonella parvulain the COVID-19 group were found as hub species. Conclusion: The results of this study shed light on the relationship between the gut microbiome and COVID-19. These results could be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of COVID-9.

Evaluation of antioxidant potential and reduction capacity of some plant extracts in silver nanoparticles' synthesis.

The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an active research area in nanotechnology. In the present study, antioxidant potential, total reducing capacity and silver nanoparticles' (Ag NPs) synthetic potential of methanolic leaf extracts of seven plant species were evaluated and compared. Antioxidant capacity, expressed as µmol Trolox equivalents g-1 DW (µmol TE g-1 DW), ranged from 116.0 to 1.80. The plants Rosmarinus sp. and Zataria Multiflora showed highest antioxidant capacities with IC50 of 1.07 and 1.22 mg ml-1, respectively. Total reducing capacity ranged from 7.6 to 0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent to g-1 DW (mg GAE g-1 DW). Plants with high antioxidant potentials also showed higher total reducing capacity. In fact, the order of the plants' reducing capacity was similar to that of their antioxidant potential. The same two plant species, i.e., Zataria Multiflora and Rosmarinus sp, with high reducing capacities, showed higher potentials for Ag NPs synthesis. It is concluded that reducing substances in the extracts contribute significantly to the antioxidant potential of the tested plant species, and plants with a high reducing capacity are excellent sources for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. In addition, synthetic antioxidants have adverse effects on human health; therefore, to benefit more from the health promoting properties of plant species, evaluating their novel natural antioxidants is recommended.

Comparison of fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine on attenuation of hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation in controlled hypertensive patients undergoing general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation often creates a period of hemodynamic instability in hypertensive patients. Endotracheal intubation of the trachea stimulates laryngeal and tracheal sensory receptors, resulting in a marked increase in the elaboration of sympathetic amines. OBJECTIVES: This trial aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine in attenuating the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in hypertensive patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial in 37 patients with hypertension in the Rasoul-Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March to December 2011. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (fentanyl group and fentanyl plus lidocaine group). The fentanyl group received 2 mcg/kg and the fentanyl plus lidocaine group received 1.5mg lidocaine and 2mcg/kg fentanyl. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at baseline, after giving inductive anesthetic agents, and 1, 3 and 5 minutes after performing endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: We evaluated 37 patients including 15 males (40.54%) and 22 females (59.46%), with a mean age of 56.08 ± 10.85 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding; heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before induction, 3 minutes before intubation and 1, 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl and fentanyl plus lidocaine effectively decreased the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation, however, neither fentanyl nor fentanyl plus lidocaine, could inhibit all hemodynamic responses, moreover fentanyl plus lidocaine was not more effective than fentanyl alone.

Comparison Between the Effects of Ringer`s Lactate and Hydroxyethyl Starch on Hemodynamic Parameters After Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypotension during spinal anesthesia is common and can lead to severe injuries and even death. Administration of crystalloid fluids is advised to prevent occurrence of hypotension; however its effectiveness is still the matter of arguments. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare the effects of Ringer`s lactate and hydroxyethyl starch 6% on hemodynamic parameters after spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries on lower limbs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was performed in Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. 60 patients undergoing elective femoral fracture surgeries with spinal anesthesia were included in this study. Fitted patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. After entrance to the operation room and before spinal anesthesia, patients' hemodynamic parameters including systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac output (CO), and cardiac index (CI) were evaluated using monitoring electro-velocimetry set. In both groups, spinal anesthesia was performed using needle no. 25 and 3 mL of marcaine 0.5% in the sterile situation. None of the treatment group was aware of investigated group during the study. RESULTS: The baseline values of mentioned variables did not show a significant difference between two groups using t-test (P > 0.05). Also SBP, CI, and CO after intervention was not significantly different between two groups using t-test (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The result of present study on patients undergoing femoral fracture surgeries who received Hetastarch or Ringer`s lactate solutions showed that Hetastarch was not significantly more effective in compensation of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia.