A phase I study of TAK-659 and paclitaxel in patients with taxane-refractory advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel resistance limits durability of response in patients with initial clinical benefit. Overexpression of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has been proposed as a possible resistance mechanism. This phase I trial evaluated the safety and preliminary activity of the SYK inhibitor TAK-659 combined with paclitaxel in patients with advanced taxane-refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid tumors and prior progression on taxane-based therapy received intravenous infusion of paclitaxel on days 1, 8, and 15 plus oral TAK-659 daily in 28-day cycles. The dose-escalation phase included six cohorts treated at different dose levels; the dose-expansion phase included patients with ovarian cancer treated at the highest dose level. Toxicity was graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. Efficacy was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. RESULTS: Our study included 49 patients. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached, but higher rates of adverse events were observed at higher dose levels. There were no treatment-related deaths. The most common treatment-related adverse events of any grade were increased aspartate aminotransferase (n = 31; 63%), increased alanine aminotransferase (n = 26; 53%), decreased neutrophil count (n = 26; 53%), and decreased white blood cell count (n = 26; 53%). Most adverse events were either grade 1 or 2. In the 44 patients with evaluable disease, 12 (27%) had stable disease as the best overall response, including three patients with prolonged stable disease, and 4 patients (9%) achieved a partial response. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of paclitaxel and TAK-659 showed preliminary activity possibly overcoming resistance to taxane-based therapy as well as a tolerable safety profile in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Liquid Biopsy Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (LB-RECIST).

Current evaluation of treatment response in solid tumors depends on dynamic changes in tumor diameters as measured by imaging. However, these changes can only be detected when there are enough macroscopic changes in tumor volume, which limits the usability of radiological response criteria in evaluating earlier stages of disease response and necessitates much time to lapse for gross changes to be notable. One promising approach is to incorporate dynamic changes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), which occur early in the course of therapy and can predict tumor responses weeks before gross size changes manifest. However, several issues need to be addressed before recommending the implementation of ctDNA response criteria in daily clinical practice such as clinical, biological, and regulatory challenges and, most importantly, the need to standardize/harmonize detection methods and ways to define ctDNA response and/or progression for precision oncology. Herein, we review the use of liquid biopsy (LB) to evaluate response in solid tumors and propose a plan toward standardization of LB-RECIST.

Everolimus in combination with vandetanib in children, adolescents, and young adults: a phase I study.

BACKGROUND: Combined use of inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-2) receptors is a potential strategy to overcome resistance to either class of drugs when used alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We designed a phase 1 trial to test the drug combination of a multikinase VEGF receptor 2 inhibitor, vandetanib, and an mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, in a pediatric and young adult patient cohort with advanced cancers. Exceptional responders were probed for tumor mutational profile to explore possible molecular mechanisms of response. RESULTS: Among 21 enrolled patients, clinical benefit was observed in 38% (one patient with partial response and eight patients with stable disease) with a median progression-free survival of 3.3 months. The most common treatment-related adverse event was rash (n = 13). Other treatment-related toxicities included diarrhea, fatigue, hypertension, QT prolongation, hypertriglyceridemia/hypercholesterolemia, transaminitis, thrombocytopenia, and weight loss. None of the patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities. Three exceptional responders were analyzed and were found to harbor genetic alterations including kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) Q472H mutation, EWSR1-CREB3L1, CDKN2A/B loss, and ASPL/ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of vandetanib and everolimus showed early activity and tolerable toxicity profile in pediatric patients with advanced cancers.

Sodium fluoride (Na18F) PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (NAFCIST): a framework for response assessment in bone tumors.

The current Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors for measuring tumor response in osteosarcoma may be sub-optimal, as even responsive bone tumors may show limited change in tumor diameters. This limits the use of traditional imaging assessment tools. Therefore, discerning osteosarcoma response to therapy on magnetic resonance imaging before surgery is often difficult, and it is typically evaluated after surgery by assessing the amount of necrosis in resected surgical specimens. To address these challenges, sodium fluoride (Na18F) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans can be utilized to better image bone response to therapy, as, fluoride is avidly taken up by bone. Na18F Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (NAFCIST) has been developed as a novel method to evaluate treatment response using Na18F PET/CT. Current evidence supporting NAFCIST comes from a pilot study that evaluated alpha particle radium-223 in patients with osteosarcoma. In this review, practical guidance for utilizing NAFCIST in the context of bone tumors is illustrated to aid future studies.

Precision oncology for BRAF-mutant cancers with BRAF and MEK inhibitors: from melanoma to tissue-agnostic therapy.

BRAF activation occurs as part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cellular signaling pathway which leads to increased cellular proliferation and survival. Mutations in BRAF can result in unbridled activation of downstream kinases with subsequent uncontrolled cellular growth that formulate the basis for oncogenesis in multiple tumor types. Targeting BRAF by selective inhibitors has been one of the early successes in precision oncology. Agents have been explored either as monotherapy or in combination with MEK inhibition in BRAF V600-mutant pan-cancers and with EGFR inhibition in colorectal cancer. Spectrum of BRAF inhibition has evolved from being melanoma-specific to being a pan-cancer target. In this article, we review BRAF and MEK inhibitor drug development journey from tissue-specific melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer to tissue-agnostic approvals.

Ultrasensitive detection of BRAF mutations in circulating tumor DNA of non-metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of adjuvant therapies in non-metastatic melanoma improved treatment outcomes in some patients; however, adjuvant therapy can be associated with significant cost and risk of toxicity. Therefore, there is an unmet need to better identify patients at high risk of recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out an ultrasensitive droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-based detection of BRAFV600E-mutated circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from blood samples prospectively collected before surgery, 1 hour after surgery, and then serially during follow-up. RESULTS: In 80 patients (stages ≤III), BRAFV600E mutations were detected in 47.2% of tissue, in 37.7% of ctDNA samples collected before surgery, and in 25.9% of ctDNA samples collected 1 hour after surgery. Patients with detected ctDNA in blood collected 1 hour after surgery compared to patients without detected ctDNA had higher likelihood of melanoma recurrence (P < 0.001) and shorter median disease-free survival (P = 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasensitive ddPCR can detect ctDNA in pre- and post-surgical blood samples from patients with resectable melanoma. Detection of ctDNA in post-surgical samples is associated with inferior treatment outcomes.

Medical undergraduates' contributions to publication output of world's top universities in 2013.

BACKGROUND: Medical undergraduates' (UGs) involvement in research activities is thought to be mutually beneficial to students, their mentors and the scholarly productivity of their universities. However, most evidence in favor of such assumption relies on subjective measures such as the self-reported gains in skills or knowledge rather than robust objective estimates for assessing impact. AIM: We aimed to objectively track and describe publications with UG co-authors-their proportion to the total publication output of world's top universities, their characteristics and their potential impact on biomedical literature. METHODS: We contacted the corresponding authors of the 2013's Medline-indexed publications affiliated to world's top 10 universities to investigate if any of their co-authors was an UG. Articles with UG co-authors were further assessed to determine, along with other variables: the type of study design, field of the article, publishing journal and its impact factor (IF), and number of received citations. RESULTS: Out of 25 152 publications, 2537 articles (10.1%) contained at least one UG co-author who was the first author in 635 papers (25%). Articles with UG co-authors were published in 1114 journals with a median IF of 3.661. Most UGs' co-authored publications (82.7%, n = 2098) were cited at least once within 1 year, for a median of three citations per article. CONCLUSION: UGs contributed to one in every 10 publications affiliated to top universities. Their papers were published in journals with good IFs and received a fair number of citations, which would reflect the relatively good quality and impact of these articles.

Design, synthesis, characterization, quantum-chemical calculations and anti-inflammatory activity of novel series of thiophene derivatives.

Interaction of 1-(4-morpholinophenyl)ethanone 1 with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate 2 afforded Knoevenagel-Cope product 3. In subsequent treatment of 3 with sulfur, the 2-aminothiophene derivatives (4a, 4b) are formed under basic conditions. The solvent-free reaction of thiophene derivative 4a with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded thieno[2,3-d][1,3]oxazine derivative 6. The base catalyzed condensation of 2-aminothiophene derivative (4a) with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded N-(thieno-2-yl) cyanoacetamide derivative 7. The latter was used to synthesize different heterocyclic derivatives comprising, pyridine and coumarin rings. Also, several substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines have been prepared from reaction of 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile 4b with some electrophilic reagents. The structure of the newly compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The molecular modeling of the synthesized compounds has been drawn and their molecular parameters were calculated. Also, valuable information is obtained from calculation of the molecular parameters including electronegativity, net dipole moment of the compounds, total energy, electronic energy, binding energy, HOMO and LUMO energy. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the tested compounds was performed in albino rats by producing carrageenan induced paw oedema and measuring the zone of inflammation at different time intervals i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4h after carrageenan injection. Results indicated that most of the tested compounds showed moderate to good activity comparable to indomethacin. Also, compound 16 with additional morpholine ring beside the thiophene ring inhibits carrageenan induced paw oedema more than the standard indomethacin drug at all the time scales studied. Thus, compound 16 is considered as a promising compound for further modification to obtain clinically useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Synthesis, antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidant evaluation of some new pyrazolotriazines attached to antipyrine moiety.

Iminopropanehydrazonoyl cyanide 4 was achieved upon reaction of antipyrine diazonium salt 2 with 3-iminobutanenitrile (3) in EtOH/AcONa. 3-Aminopyrazole derivative 5 was obtained upon reaction of 4 with hydrazine hydrate. Diazodization of 5 afforded the diazonium salt 6 which coupled with active methylene compounds 7-10, 19, 20, 25, 29 and 32 in pyridine to give aryl hydrazone derivatives 11-14, 21, 22, 26, 30 and 33, respectively. Refluxing of compounds 11-14, 21, 22, 26 and 33 in acetic acid afforded the pyrazolotriazines 15-18, 23, 24, 28 and 35, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The results showed clearly that compounds 4, 5, 13, 22, and 24 displayed promising in vitro anticancer activity against four different cell lines (HepG2, WI 38, VERO and MCF-7). Compounds 4 and 22 are the more potent antioxidant and anticancer agents. On the other hand, most of the compounds exhibited good cytotoxic activity toward (EAC).

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of certain new 3a,4,9,9a-tetrahydro-4,9-benzenobenz[f]isoindole-1,3-diones.

In an effort to establish new candidates with improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, we reported here the synthesis and in-vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory evaluation of various series of 2-substituted-3a,4,9,9a-tetrahydro-4,9-benzeno-benz[f]isoindole-1,3-diones: [4-Bromobutoxy] 6, 5-bromopentoxy 7, [4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)butoxy] 9, [5-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)pentoxy] 10, 2-(2(4)-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl/4-oxobutyl 17, 19, [2(4)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl/4-oxobutyl 20, 22, [2(4)-morpholino-2-oxoethyl/4-oxobutyl] 23, 25, and 2(4)-(piperidin-1-yl)2-oxoethyl/4-oxobutyl) 26 and 28. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by (IR, (1)H-, (13)C-NMR, and mass spectra). The representative compounds were evaluated as analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 9, 19, 22, 25, and 28 exhibited activities higher than the reference drug.

Synthesis and study of some new 1,3-isoindoledione derivatives as potential antibacterial agents.

In an effort to establish new candidates with improved antibacterial activities, we reported here the synthesis and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of various series of 2-substituted-3a,4,9,9a-tetrahydro-4,9-benzeno-benz[f]isoindole-1,3-diones: 4-acetyl-phenyl 2, 2,2-dibromoacetylphenyl 3, benzimidazole 4, acetylbenzimidazole 5, aminophenyl 6, acetamide 7, naphthalene 8, disulfide 9, mercaptophenyl 10, hydroxyphenyl 11, phenyl ester 12, triazole 13, benzothiophene 14, benzothiazole 15 phenylazo 16a, b and aminomethane 17 derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by (IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectrum studies). Representative compounds of the synthesized products were established and evaluated as antibacterial agents.

Synthesis and antimicrobial of new anthraquinone derivatives incorporating pyrazole moiety.

Treatment of 2-cyano-N-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracen-2-yl)-acetamide (1) with phenyl isothiocyanate/dimethylsulphate afforded the corresponding ketene N,S-acetal 2 which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate and 4-aminoantipyrine afforded the pyrazolo derivatives 3 and 4, respectively. 3-aminopyrazole derivative 3 was utilized as key intermediate for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 5, pentaaza-as-indacene 6, triaza-cyclopenta[c]phenanthrene 7, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 8, 9 and (dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl)pyrazole 10 derivatives. Furthermore, treatment of 1 with DMF/DMA gave the corresponding acrylamide derivative 11 which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding 3-aminopyrazole derivative 12. Moreover, coupling of 1 with 4,6-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-diazonium chloride gave the hydrazone derivative 13 which upon cyclization with acetic acid afforded the corresponding pentaaza-fluorene derivative 14. Representative compounds of the synthesized products were evaluated as antimicrobial agents. Some of these compounds exhibited promising activities.

Synthesis of some new pyrimido[2',1':2,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline derivatives as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

Treatment of 6-aminothiouracil (1) with 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline (2) in ethanol/TEA afforded 6-amino-2-(3-chloroquinoxalin-2-ylthio)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (3), which was refluxed in DMF to give 2-aminopyrimido[2',1':2,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline-4-one (4). Compound 4 was utilized as a key intermediate for the synthesis of a new pyrimido[2',1':2,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline derivatives 5-14via the reaction with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorocyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, 2-chloro-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile, alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and isonicotinaldehyde, respectively. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. These compounds were also screened for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of these compounds (3, 4, 9, 10 and 12-14) exhibited promising activities.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some new thiazole and pyrazole derivatives based on 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiophene moiety.

2-(5-oxothiazolidinone)-cyanoacetamido derivative 3 was prepared in two steps by reaction of 2-(2-cyano-acetylamino)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (1) with phenyl isothiocyanate and chloroacetyl chloride, which diazocoupled with p-tolyldiazonium chloride in pyridine to afford the corresponding hydrazono derivative 4. Also, condensation of 3 with p-anisaldehyde gave the corresponding arylidine derivative 5. Treatment of 2 with dimethyl sulfate afforded the ketene N,S-acetal 9 which give 5-amino pyrazole derivative 10 upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate. Compound 10 was used as key intermediate for synthesis of pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine 13a, b, pyrazolo[5,1-a]pyrimidine 14-17 and pyrolo pyrazole 18 derivatives. Finally, condensation of 1 with DMF-DMA afforded the corresponding acryloamide derivative 19, which afforded the corresponding pyrazole derivative 20 upon heating with hydrazine hydrate. All new synthesized compounds were evaluated as antimicrobial agents; some of them exhibited promising activities.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some new thiazole and thiophene derivatives.

Dibenzobarrelene 1 was reacted with cyanoacetic acid hydrazide and thiosemicarbazide to give the corresponding 3-oxo-propiononitrile and thioamide derivatives 2 and 16, respectively. The base-catalyzed reaction 3-oxo-propiononitrile derivative 2 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded the non-isolable intermediate 3. Treatment of 3 with dilute HCl afforded the corresponding thiocarbamoyl derivative 4. The intermediate 3, thiocarbamoyl 4 and thioamide derivatives 16 were utilized as key intermediates for the synthesis of some new thiazole 5, 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 10a, 10b, 12, 14a, 15, 17a, 17b, and 18; and thiophene 13a-d derivatives, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral studies. Representative compounds of the synthesized product were tested and evaluated as antibacterial agent.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some new heterocycles incorporating phthalazine.

3-(1,4-Dioxo-3,4,4e,5,10,10a-hexahydro-1H-5,10-benzeno-benzo[g]phthalazin-2-yl)-3-oxo-propiononitrile (1) was utilized as key intermediate for the synthesis of some new iminocoumarin 2, chromenone 3, aminothiazole 4, triazepine 5a, b and 6, hydrazono-propiononitrile 7, pyridopyrazotriazine 8, monobromo 9, dibromo 10 quinoxaline 11, ketene N,S-acetal 13, ketene S,S-diacetal 17 and 18a, b and methyl dithioate 20 derivatives, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral studies. Representative compounds of the synthesized product were tested and evaluated as antibacterial agent.