An experimental and theoretical investigation of the chemical shielding tensors of (13)C(alpha) of alanine, valine, and leucine residues in solid peptides and in proteins in solution.

We have carried out a solid-state magic-angle sample-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic investigation of the (13)C(alpha) chemical shielding tensors of alanine, valine, and leucine residues in a series of crystalline peptides of known structure. For alanine and leucine, which are not branched at the beta-carbon, the experimental chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) spans (Omega) are large, about 30 ppm, independent of whether the residues adopt helical or sheet geometries, and are in generally good accord with Omega values calculated by using ab initio Hartree-Fock quantum chemical methods. The experimental Omegas for valine C(alpha) in two peptides (in sheet geometries) are also large and in good agreement with theoretical predictions. In contrast, the "CSAs" (Deltasigma) obtained from solution NMR data for alanine, valine, and leucine residues in proteins show major differences, with helical residues having Deltasigma values of approximately 6 ppm while sheet residues have Deltasigma approximately 27 ppm. The origins of these differences are shown to be due to the different definitions of the CSA. When defined in terms of the solution NMR CSA, the solid-state results also show small helical but large sheet CSA values. These results are of interest since they lead to the idea that only the beta-branched amino acids threonine, valine, and isoleucine can have small (static) tensor spans, Omega (in helical geometries), and that the small helical "CSAs" seen in solution NMR are overwhelmingly dominated by changes in tensor orientation, from sheet to helix. These results have important implications for solid-state NMR structural studies which utilize the CSA span, Omega, to differentiate between helical and sheet residues. Specifically, there will be only a small degree of spectral editing possible in solid proteins since the spans, Omega, for the dominant nonbranched amino acids are quite similar. Editing on the basis of Omega will, however, be very effective for many Thr, Val, and Ileu residues, which frequently have small ( approximately 15-20 ppm) helical CSA (Omega) spans.

Bisphosphonates inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum: a potential route to chemotherapy.

We have investigated the effects in vitro of a series of bisphosphonates on the proliferation of Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondii, and Plasmodium falciparum. The results show that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates of the type used in bone resorption therapy have significant activity against parasites, with the aromatic species having in some cases nanomolar or low-micromolar IC(50) activity values against parasite replication (e.g. o-risedronate, IC(50) = 220 nM for T. brucei rhodesiense; risedronate, IC(50) = 490 nM for T. gondii). In T. cruzi, the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate risedronate is shown to inhibit sterol biosynthesis at a pre-squalene level, most likely by inhibiting farnesylpyrophosphate synthase. Bisphosphonates therefore appear to have potential in treating parasitic protozoan diseases.