[The Study Of Biomedical Waste Management In Sanitary District Of Goudry In Senegal]. / Etude De La Gestion Des Dechets Biomedicaux Dans Le District Sanitaire De Goudiry Au Senegal.

AIM: Of this study was to explore, in the sanitary district of Goudiry, the practice of biomedical waste management and to analyze its impact. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of seven health posts, among a total of 11, drawn by simple random sampling and a health centre (district hospital). Data were collected through structured interviews with all staff, participant observation and from secondary data. RESULTS: The district facilities surveyed produced 111.9 kg (or 16.0 kg/d) over seven days. Waste management is inadequate at all levels. CONCLUSION: Actions needed to improve waste management are sensitization and training of actors, the involvement of all the stakeholders (local authorities, population, health workers), and advocacy with policy makers.

BUT: Il s'agissait d'explorer, au niveau du district sanitaire de Goudiry, la pratique de la gestion des déchets biomédicaux et d'en analyser les conséquences. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: L'échantillon était constitué de sept Postes de Santé tirés sur 11postes par un sondage aléatoire simple et d'un Centre de Santé dont toutes les unités fonctionnelles ont été incluses dans l'étude. Les données ont été recueillies au travers des entretiens structurés avec l'ensemble du personnel, des observations participantes et de la recherche documentaire. RÉSULTATS: Le District, en sept jours, avait produit 111,9 Kg (soit 16,0 kg/j). La gestion des déchets était inadéquate à tous les niveaux. CONCLUSION: A cet effet, pour améliorer la gestion des déchets, les actions à mener étaient la sensibilisation et la formation des acteurs, l'implication de toutes les parties prenantes (collectivités locales, population, personnel sanitaire), et le plaidoyer auprès des décideurs.

[Contribution of supplementation by spirulina to the performance of school children in an introductory course in Dakar (Senegal)]. / Apport de la supplémentation en spiruline sur les performances scolaires des enfants en cours d'initiation a Dakar (Sénégal).

Senegal initiated a program to improve the nutritional status of school-age children with the use of spirulina. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spirulina on academic performance of school children in the municipality of Dakar, Senegal. The evaluation was conducted as a prospective study, comparing school performance of schoolchildren from public elementary schools located in three National Education Departments of Dakar (before supplements, during and after). The study population consisted of students from six schools randomly selected among the 100 who were in the program. We included all children with agreement of their parent or guardian, and those who rejected the spirulina were not included. Supplemental feeding with spirulina was given to young children during two months (from mid-April to mid June 2005). Over these 60 days, the students took a daily dose of 2 grams of spirulina mixed with 10g of honey to make the taste acceptable. The data on age, gender and monitoring of school performance (i.e. the average compositions of the second and third quarters) were collected. Mean differences in grades between second quarter and third quarter (after two months of supplementation) were analyzed and compared by the paired student test. The sample size was a total of 549 schoolchildren: 273 (49.72%) were girls, and 276 (50.28%) boys. The mean age was 91 months [90.29-91.71]. The average of 2rd quarter marks before supplementation was 5.17 out of 10 IC = [4.99-5.35] and the same for the 3rd quarter after two months of supplementation was 5.78 out of 10 IC = [5.59-5.97]. The mean difference between pupils' marks at the 3rd and the 2nd trimester was 0.59 (p <-- 0.0001). After two months of supplemental feeding, the academic performance of the children was improved.

[Congenital absence of the patella: two cases reported]. / Absence congenitale de rotules: à propos de deux cas.

OBJECTIVES: To remind a rare disease, To emphasize the importance of patellar agenesis because it's a calling sign, To insist on the necessity to know child bony growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reported observations of two negro-african children's, one female and one male, who were both 7-years-old. They were referred for troubles of the walk, knee pains for the male, and for the female frequent falls and hypotonia. We have noted previous history of second degree familial consanguinity and paternal grandfather's ungueal anomalies for the female. RESULTS: For the female, examination showed ligamentary hyperlaxity, anterior flattening and lateral dimple of the knee, so varied skeletal defects. Skeletal radiographies displayed absence of the patella, "console like" aspect of the superior tibial metaphysis. At the male, examination is normal. Standard radiographies showed semilunar opacities and tomodensitometry showed presence of a tissular formation who looks like the patella. Aplasia of the patellar apparatus is evocated for the female, even though for the male, the diagnosis of hypoplasia seems more probable. CONCLUSION: Absence of patella is rare. It can be transient and patellar nucleus appears lately. It can be permanent and in this case, it is isolated whether associated with other osseous malformations. Interest of such observations is in its rarity and its functional impact related to the biomechanical importance of the patella.

[Spiral CT in aortic dissection]. / Place de l'angioscanner dans le diagnostic de la dissection aortique.

Patients with suspected dissection of the thoracic aorta require immediate diagnostic evaluation so that urgent therapeutic interventions can begin. Two women with suspected aortic dissection and one man with abdominal aortic aneurysm underwent color-flow Doppler echocardiography and CT angiography with multiplanar reconstructions. Spiral CT showed ascending aortic dissection (type A Stanford) in two cases and descending aortic dissection (type B Stanford) in one case. It also access the visualization of the intimal flap, the extent of dissection, the size of the aorta, and the presence of pericardial fluid. CT angiography is an accurate diagnostic procedure for patients with suspected aortic dissection and possesses several advantages over other modalities such as transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography and aortography.

Place de l'angioscanner dans le diagnostic de la dissection aortique

La dissection aigue de l'aorte thoracique est une urgence thérapeutique. L'imagerie doit rapidement poser le diagnostic et faire le bilan d'extension. Le but de ce travail est de montrer l'intérêt de l'angioscanner dans le diagnostic de DA à parti de 3 observations. Deux femmes de 40, 43 ans adressées pour dissection aortique thoracique et 1 homme de 60 ans pour anévrysme aorte abdominale ont bénéficié d'une échographie cardiaque et d'un angio-scanner de l'aorte thoraco-abdominale suivi de reconstructions multiplans. La TMD a permis de montrer une dissection de l'aorte ascendante dans 2 cas (stade A de Stanford) et de l'aorte abdominale dans 1 cas (stade B de Stanford) L'angioscanner a visualisé la membrane intimale décollée, précisé l'extension de la dissection, chiffré l'ectasie aortique dans les 3 cas et a monté des signes de gravité à type d'épanchement péricardique. L'angioscanner constitut une alternative fiable dans le diagnostic de DA. Elle est plus sensible que l'échographie transthoracique, moins opérateur dépendant que l'échographie transoesophagienne et plus facile à réaliser qu'une aortographie

[Commissural agenesis associated with inter hemispheric cyst]. / Agénesie commisurale associée a un kyste inter hemisphérique.

The Objectives of this study were to Report a rare malformation and to try to understand the embryological origin of such lesion. We reported the case of an eight-month-old female infant, without any particular past medical history, who was refered for seizures and vomiting. The examination revealed normal anthropometric constants, a soft painless and renitent tumefaction of the vertex and a psychomotor delay. Skull x-ray showed a parietal lacuna opposite to an opacity. Ultrasound scan showed an encephalocystocele communicating with dilated ventricles. CT x-ray revealed a single ventricle with an important back and upper extension, which evokes a cystic formation of the centre line. The existence of this cystic formation suppose an agenesis of diencephalic and telencephalic structures notably commissural. Interest of such observation is in its rarity, its complexity, the possibility of its antenatal diagnosis and in the etiopathogenic discussions that she gives rise to.

Dopamine receptors in human brain: autoradiographic distribution of D1 and D2 sites in Parkinson syndrome of different etiology.

The distribution and density of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were examined by autoradiography in postmortem brain tissue from patients with pathological diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, status lacunaris, clinical parkinsonism without neuropathological lesions and in age-matched controls. The D1 antagonist [3H]SCH 23390 and the D2 agonist [3H]CV 205-502 were used as ligands. No significant differences in the distribution or density of D1 or D2 receptors were found in Parkinson's disease in the areas examined, including the nucleus caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra. In contrast, cases presenting lacunar lesions in the striatum showed marked decreases in D1 and D2 receptor densities in this region. Patients clinically diagnosed as parkinsonians but without Parkinson's disease lesions or striatal lacunar softenings showed reduced densities of D2 receptors in the nucleus caudatus and putamen, while in the substantia nigra the densities were comparable to controls. In the basal ganglia of these cases D1 receptors were slightly decreased.

Dopamine receptors in human brain: autoradiographic distribution of D2 sites.

We have studied the detailed anatomical distribution of D2 receptors in human post mortem brain tissue using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. D2 receptors were labeled using the specific D2 agonist [3H]CV 205-502 and the antagonist [3H]spiroperidol. The pattern of D2 receptor distribution observed with the two ligands was very similar. The highest densities were found in the nucleus caudatus, putamen, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle followed by the substantia nigra, where D2 receptors were mainly concentrated in the pars compacta. Lower but still significant densities were associated with the lateral part of the globus pallidus and CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. The medial part of the globus pallidus, the dentate gyrus and the amygdala showed low to very low densities of D2 receptors. Almost negligible amounts of binding were observed in the olfactory bulb, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum and most parts of the neocortex. Our results are comparable with previously reported localizations of D2 receptors in the human and rat brain. We also report the lack of the so-called spirodecanone binding sites in the human brain. The localization of D2 receptors is compared with the distribution of D1 receptors.

Dopamine receptors in human brain: autoradiographic distribution of D1 sites.

The distribution of dopamine D1 receptors has been determined in post mortem human brain tissues using in vitro receptor autoradiography, with ([3H]N-methyl) SCH 23390 as ligand. The highest densities of dopamine D1 sites were seen in the nucleus caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus pars medialis and substantia nigra. Intermediate densities were associated with the amygdala, mammillary bodies, cerebral cortex and CA1. The remaining part of the hippocampus as well as the diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum contained low levels of [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites. The distribution of D1 receptors in the human brain closely resembles that reported for the rat brain. In addition, there was a good correlation between the anatomical localization of D1 sites and the distribution of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system. The densities of D1 receptors in the human brain were observed to markedly decrease with age during the first decades of life. However, no further modifications were found beyond the age of 40 years. We did not observe any significant influence of other parameters such as gender and post mortem delay in our samples.