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The current study is focused on the use of the Caryota mitis Lour. (Fishtail palm) flower extract as a reducing agent for the preparation of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), four-phase infrared analysis (FT-IR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used to characterize the MnO2 nanoparticles. The nature of MnO2 nanoparticles was revealed by an absorption peak at 590 nm in a spectrophotometer (A1000). Then, these MnO2 nanoparticles were applied to decolorize the crystal violet dye. At 0.004% dye concentration, pH 4, and concentration of MnO2 nanoparticles of 0.005 g/L at temperatures of 50 °C, the target dye was decolorized by 91.3%. Percent reductions in COD and TOC were found to be 92.1% and 90.6%, respectively. Finally, the dye decolorization pathway was proposed based on the experimental findings.
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Nanopartículas , Óxidos , Óxidos/química , Violeta de Genciana , Compuestos de Manganeso/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
The awareness of sustainability and widespread utilization of green technologies in textile dye houses are revolutionizing not only textile industries but related fields. The current study is concerned with ultrasonic (US)-assisted utilization of extracts of Alkanna tinctoria (a source of natural alkanin dye) for wool dyeing. The extracts are obtained in various media, and both extracts and wool fabrics have been US treated for 15-60 min. Dyeing is performed by applying variable parameters and utilizing herbal-based extracts as a source of bio-mordant, hence improving the fastness rating and enhancing color strength. Good color strength and fastness ratings are obtained using irradiated extract at 4 pH when the US-treated wool fabric is dyed at 65 °C for 60 min before and after chemical and bio-mordanting. For comparative studies, chemical mordants are also employed. In contrast to chemical mordants, the bio-mordants have made the dyeing process more sustainable with good to excellent fastness rating.
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Colorantes , Lana , Animales , Textiles , Fibra de Lana , UltrasonidoRESUMEN
Gas sensing materials have been widely explored recently owing to their versatile environmental and agriculture monitoring applications. The present study advocates the electronic response of Zn-decorated inorganic B12P12 nanoclusters to CO2 gas. Herein, a series of systems CO2-Zn-B12P12 (E1-E4) are designed by adsorption of CO2 on Zn-decorated B12P12 nanoclusters, and their electronic properties are explored by density functional theory. Initially, placement of Zn on B12P12 delivers four geometries named as D1-D4, with adsorption energy values of -57.12, -22.94, -21.03, and -14.07 kJ/mol, respectively, and CO2 adsorption on a pure B12P12 nanocage delivers one geometry with an adsorption energy of -4.88 kJ/mol. However, the interaction of CO2 with D1-D4 systems confers four geometries named as E1 (E ad = -75.12 kJ/mol), E2 (E ad = -25.89 kJ/mol), E3 (E ad = -42.43 kJ/mol), and E4 (E ad = -28.73 kJ/mol). Various electronic parameters such as dipole moment, molecular electrostatic potential analysis, frontier molecular orbital analysis, Q NBO, global descriptor of reactivity, and density of states are also estimated in order to understand the unique interaction mechanism. The results of these analyses suggested that Zn decoration on B12P12 significantly favors CO2 gas adsorption, and a maximum charge separation is also noted when CO2 is adsorbed on the Zn-B12P12 nanocages. Therefore, the Zn-decorated B12P12 nanocages are considered as potential candidates for application in CO2 sensors.
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Priming is a valuable, facile and well-established technique used to enhance seed quality to achieve rapid germination, establishment of stress resistance and improvement of crop yields. Different natural and synthetic priming agents have been used for better crop performance and abiotic stress management. In this study, four different benzimidazoles were selected as priming agents and their comparative effects were evaluated on different biochemical attributes including total soluble protein, total oxidant status, MDA contents, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD) and hydrolytic enzymes (protease, estrases) compared to control. Treatments with 2-thio-1-H-benzimidazole reduced total soluble proteins and increased total oxidant status significantly but no considerable effect was observed on other parameters. Priming with 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-H-benzimidazole considerably increased the total oxidant status and a little improvement was observed in total soluble proteins. Seeds primed with 1-H-benzimidazole showed a noticeable decrease in the protease activity while all other priming treatments were unable to induce any detectable change compared to control. The treatment with 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-H-benzimidazole induced maximum reduction in MDA contents and POD activity. Moreover, all benzimidazole priming treatments reduced mean germination time, increased germination percentage and germination rate of wheat seeds.
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Amino acid derivative Schiff base was synthesized by reaction of leucine with salicyldehyde in basic medium. The Schiff base was used as a ligand which was reacted with Co, Mn, Cu and Cd metals in order to form the stable complexes. The synthesized ligand and metals complexes were characterized by using different spectroscopic tools i.e. FT-IR, Mass spectrometry and NMR. The percentages of different elements present in ligand molecule and complexes was confirmed by Elemental analyzer. All compounds including ligand and complexes were also engaged with different bacterial (Escheria coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subbtilis) and fungal strains (Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) in order to check the inhibitory action of titled compounds. The results showed that the metal complexes have greater antimicrobial activities than ligand.
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Aminoácidos/química , Antibacterianos/química , Metales Pesados/química , Bases de Schiff/química , Aldehídos , Aminoácidos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucina , Metales Pesados/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Bases de Schiff/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Reactive dye molecules are commonly employed to dye or modify colour characteristics of wool fibres. Yellowness of wool fibres poses a challenge and here, we report synthesis of a reactive fluorescent molecule and its application to wool fibres to reduce yellowness of the wool fibre and improve its colour features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The new molecule was based upon 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) and 2,4,6- trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TZT). The synthesis involved a two-step chemical reaction, initiated by the nucleophilic substitution of a chloro group on the triazine ring with the hydroxyl group of 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. The substitution of 2nd chloro group at triazine ring with the amino group of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin resulted in a novel molecule with a monofunctional reactive chloro group (AMC-MCT molecule). RESULTS: The new molecule was applied to the wool fibres using exhaust dyeing method. This exhibited a high exhaustion value; however low fixation and total efficiency values were observed for the new molecule. The resultant wool fibres exhibited fluorescence which shows that aminocoumarin fluorophore retained its fluorescence when incorporated in the new molecule. An assessment of the molecule for yellowness index in a controlled exposure to UV radiation suggested an improvement in whiteness of wool fibre. CONCLUSION: A novel aminocoumarin based fluorescent whitening molecule 2 has been synthesised and applied to the wool fibres. The new molecule continued to exhibit fluorescence after its application to the wool fibres. These results will encourage researchers to explore further possibilities for reactive whitening agent for wool fibres.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents a serious global health threat. Initially, the health-care community mainly focused on interferon (IFN)-based therapeutic options to eradicate HCV, but with the passage of time, these applications became unsuitable due to some serious side effects related to the use of IFN. In recent years, research conducted on different phases of HCV's life cycle has opened a new gateway for the use of a direct-acting new generation of anti-HCV agents. Their safer and ultrarapid response has made possible the introduction of triple therapy and use of IFN-free therapeutic treatment strategies. However, the high cost of these successful therapies has raised serious concerns, particularly in low-income countries, and this has forced pharmaceutical scientists to explore more cost-effective IFN-free alternatives for the treatment of HCV. In this article, we have briefly summarized the latest data regarding the research and development of non-IFN-based antiviral agents. The studies mentioned in this article highlight the significance of non-IFN-based direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents. Economical alternative anti-HCV agents are expected to become available in the near future for better and more cost-effective treatments of HCV.
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Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Interferones/farmacología , Interferones/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antivirales/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/economía , Genotipo , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C Crónica/virología , Humanos , Interferones/economíaRESUMEN
The present study aimed to assess and compare the ability to remediate synthetic textile and industrial wastewaters by Fenton treatment, a biological system and sequential treatments using Aspergillus niger (A. niger). All studied treatments were found to be effective in decolorization of the effluents under study. Fenton treatment followed by A. niger showed excellent potential for the maximum decolorization of the synthetic and industrial effluents under study. The effectiveness of sequential treatment was evaluated by water quality parameters such as total organic carbon (TOC), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) before and after each treatment. The results indicated that A. niger is an effective candidate for detoxification of textile wastewaters.
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Aspergillus niger/crecimiento & desarrollo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Microbiología del Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
Single-nitrogen containing saturated cyclic amines are an important part of both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. A number of methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes and azocanes. This review highlights some facile and green synthetic routes for the synthesis of unsubstituted, multisubstituted and highly functionalized saturated cyclic amines including one-pot, microwave assisted, metal-free, solvent-free and in aqueous media.
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Aminas/síntesis química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Tecnología Química Verde , Aziridinas/síntesis química , Ciclización , Microondas , Nitrógeno/química , Piperidinas/síntesis química , Pirrolidinas/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
Wheat is a vital dietary component for human health and widely consumed in the world. Wheat rusts are dangerous pathogens and contribute serious threat to its production. In present study, PCR-Based DNA Markers were employed to check the rust resistance genes among 20 wheat genotypes and 22 markers were amplified. NTSYS-pc 2.2 was used to calculate genetic diversity and Nei and Li's coefficients ranged from 0.55 to 0.95. Cluster analysis was obtained using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Average) algorithm. Maximum no. of genes (23) was amplified from TW-760010 genotype whereas minimum no of genes (14) were amplified from TW-76005 genotype. The data gained from present study open up new ways to produce new varieties by breeding rust resistant germplasm to avoid the economic and food loss and varieties with improved characteristics.
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The phytochemical screening and protein profiling of Allamanda cathartica was performed. Biochemical analysis revealed that peroxidase (8730 ± 307 units/g), superoxide dismutase (181 ± 3.79 units/g), catalase (529 ± 28.9 units/g), protease (3598 ± 79.8 units/g), total phenolic contents (19,344 ± 657 µM/g), ß-esterases (342 ± 46.5 units/g) and the total oxidant status were highest in the roots as compared to other plant parts. However, total soluble proteins (128 ± 1.54 mg/g), lycopene (5.70 ± 0.61 mg/g), chlorophyll a (161 ± 24.9 µg/g), total chlorophyll content (267 ± 34.3 µg/g) and total carotenoid content (12.4 ± 1.71 mg/g) were found to be highest in leaves. Moreover, total antioxidant capacity (5.43 ± 0.29 µM/g) detected by using ABTS method and α-esterase (714.580 ± 23.6 units/g) were highest in shoots. The protein profiling was performed using SDS-PAGE. In leaves, 13 peptides with molecular weight (M.wt.) from 27 to 168 kDa were detected while in shoots 10 peptides with M.wt. from 30 to 95 kDa were resolved. Similarly, in roots, 10 peptides of 30-880 kDa and in flower seven peptides of 30-88 kDa were detected.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apocynaceae/química , Clorofila/análisis , Péptidos/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Catalasa/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Flores/enzimología , Peso Molecular , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/enzimología , Raíces de Plantas/enzimología , Tallos de la Planta/enzimología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The prediction of RNA structure is useful for understanding evolution for both in silico and in vitro studies. Physical methods like NMR studies to predict RNA secondary structure are expensive and difficult. Computational RNA secondary structure prediction is easier. Comparative sequence analysis provides the best solution. But secondary structure prediction of a single RNA sequence is challenging. RNA-SSPT is a tool that computationally predicts secondary structure of a single RNA sequence. Most of the RNA secondary structure prediction tools do not allow pseudoknots in the structure or are unable to locate them. Nussinov dynamic programming algorithm has been implemented in RNA-SSPT. The current studies shows only energetically most favorable secondary structure is required and the algorithm modification is also available that produces base pairs to lower the total free energy of the secondary structure. For visualization of RNA secondary structure, NAVIEW in C language is used and modified in C# for tool requirement. RNA-SSPT is built in C# using Dot Net 2.0 in Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Professional edition. The accuracy of RNA-SSPT is tested in terms of Sensitivity and Positive Predicted Value. It is a tool which serves both secondary structure prediction and secondary structure visualization purposes.
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BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive memory loss that leads to a profound emotional disturbance in later stages. As no safe and effective drug is yet available for the treatment of AD, secondary metabolites from plants may be instrumental in meeting this challenge. Keeping in view this point we evaluated sesquiterpenes of medicinal plant Amberboa ramosa for their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. RESULTS: Four sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Amberboa ramosa. In which one compound Amberbin C (1) was found to be new while other three Amberin (2), Amberbin A (3), and Amberbin B (4) were previously reported ones. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic techniques. Isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory potential against acetyl cholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase enzymes. All compounds showed excellent inhibitory activities against acetyl cholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase. CONCLUSIONS: A new sesquiterpene lactone has been isolated and fully characterized, the sesquiterpene lactones from Amberboa ramosa showed good inhibitory activities against acetyl cholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase enzymes, this study indicated that sesquiterpene lactone can become interesting lead molecules in drug development against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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The present article describes the analysis of an n-hexane soluble fraction of fresh flowers of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem), possessing larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi Liston, a vector of malarial parasite. Forty-one compounds were identified in non-polar to less-polar fraction as well as in essential oil. These identifications were basically made through GC-EIMS. Thus 5 sesquiterpenes, 3 aromatics, 17 fatty acids, 5 fatty acid esters, three steroids and 8 hydrocarbons were identified. The compounds 1-5, 10, 14-17, 21a and 36-38 were reported previously from different parts of the tree including flowers. The rest of the compounds are reported for the first time from flowers.
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Azadirachta/química , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Flores/química , Insecticidas/química , Ácidos Grasos/química , Hidrocarburos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Esteroides/química , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
Studies on the petroleum ether soluble and insoluble fraction of ethanol extract of dried ground seeds of Piper nigrum resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of 1 new and 11 known compounds which include 3 hitherto unreported constituents, namely, cinnamylideneacetone, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropiophenone and 2-hydroxy-4,5-methylenedioxypropiophenone from this plant.
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Amidas/farmacología , Insecticidas/farmacología , Piper nigrum/química , Semillas/química , Amidas/química , Amidas/aislamiento & purificación , Etanol/química , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Studies on the chemical constituents of the stems of Morinda citrifolia, Linn. have led to the isolation of two new compounds, morindicone (9-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,10-anthracenedione, 1) and morinthone (4-methoxy-3-heptadecylxanthone, 2), as well as two known constituents, 1-hydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone (3) and 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis including 2D NMR techniques.
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Antraquinonas/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antihipertensivos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Morinda/química , Xantonas/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antraquinonas/farmacología , Antraquinonas/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Antihipertensivos/administración & dosificación , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Tallos de la Planta/química , Xantonas/farmacología , Xantonas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A new tetracyclic triterpenoid zeeshanol [25,26,27-trinor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha-, 21-dihydroxy, 7alpha-acetoxy, 1,14,22-tri-en-3, 16-dione] (1) along with a known constituent desfurano-6alpha-hydroxyazadiradione (2) have been isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica. The structure and the relative configurations of 1 were determined by the spectroscopic method (1H- and 13C-NMR, IR, and MS) and 2D-NMR experiments.
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Azadirachta/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Triterpenos/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular , Pakistán , Extractos Vegetales/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Studies on the chemical constituents of the stem of Morinda citrifolia, Linn. have led to the isolation of two new compounds, morindicinone (=2-hydroxy-1,8-dimethoxy-7-methoxymethylanthraquinone, 1) and morindicininone (=4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dimethoxyanthraquinone, 2), as well as two known constituents, 2-hydroxyanthraquinone (3) and 2-methoxyanthraquinone (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis including 2D-NMR techniques.
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Antraquinonas/química , Morinda/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Acetilación , Antraquinonas/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Metanol , Estructura Molecular , Pakistán , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
The petroleum ether extract of dried ground seeds of Piper nigrum Linn. and some column fractions of this extract were subjected to GC and GC-MS analysis, resulting in the identification of fourteen compounds (1-14) by using NIST Mass spectral search program 1998 and the Kovat's retention indices. Ten of the compounds (1, 2, 4-12) are reported for the first time from this plant. All the fractions showed insecticidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and against the fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi Liston, determined by the WHO method.
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Piper/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Culicidae , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Larva , Control de Mosquitos , Semillas/químicaRESUMEN
The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of dried ground seeds of Piper nigrum Linn. afforded sixteen compounds (1-16) including one new insecticidal amide, pipwaqarine (1) and six constituents (3,4,6,7,11,15) previously unreported from this plant. The structure of (1) has been elucidated through extensive 1D-, 2D-NMR spectral studies as, 1-[13-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,12E-tridecatrienoyl]-N-isopentylamide, while those of known constituents through comparison of spectral data. 1 exhibited toxicity of 30ppm against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti Liston determined by WHO method. A portion of petroleum ether fraction was also subjected to GC and GC-MS analysis resulting in the identification of three compounds (17-19) using the NIST Mass spectral search program 1998 and Kovat's retention indices. Two of these compounds, 17 and 18, are reported for the first time from this plant.