[Health consequences in overexposed persons after the Chernobyl accident: basic resume and unsolved problems].

Data of researches of consequences for health after the Chernobyl accident in 1986 are generalized. Consequences for health of these groups and principles of the further supervision over them are estimated. The increasing of leukemia among the reasons attracts attention.

[Early medical consequences of the radiation accidents in the former USSR Territory].

The paper sums up the information on radiation incidents at the former USSR territory, which incidents are related to the human exposure of clinically significant effects. Within more than 60 years (since 1949), at least 356 radiation incidents accompanied by the clinically significant human exposure have happened at the former USSR territory, which has resulted to clinically significant health effects in 765 victims. This exposed cohort includes 348 acute radiation sickness (ARS) patients including cases aggravated by local radiation injuries (LRI). 407 victims were affected by local radiation injuries only. Totally, 71 radiation induced fatalities were observed within first 3-4 months after the irradiation. The maximum adverse effects as a result of accidental exposure of radiation incidents in the former USSR territory, had a place for professional workers whose work is associated with sources of ionizing

[Radiation medicine and its significance to scientific and practical internist's activity].

The author of the article analyzes the significance of radiation medicine in the system of medical sciences, and stresses that radiation medicine and other fields of medicine have a lot of common points in their interests and the ways of development. All these points concern patients and problems of the evaluation of their health status in connection with diverse forms of radiation contacts. The author discusses the reliability of the sources of information and the forms of data presentation in the main publications addressed to certain groups of medical practitioners, researchers, and healthcare managers. The most significant results of radiation medicine, which may be useful to clinical medicine in general, are summarized in the article. The author annotates and assesses the targeting of manuals of radiobiology and radiation medicine issued in the resent years.

[Occupational medicine in nuclear industry and power engineering]. / Meditsina truda v atomnoi promyshlennosti i énergetike.

The author analysed results of medical service in atomic industry and power engineering over 50 years. Those results are beneficial for management in occupational medicine for any new complicated and potentially dangerous technology and activity.

[Case of chronic radiation sickness with subsequent leukemia in track driver subjected to long-external gamma-irradiation (cesium-137)]. / Sluchai khronicheskoi luchevoi bolezni s perekhodom v leikoz u voditelia gruzovika vsledstvie dlitel'nogo vneshnego gamma-oblusheniia.

The article deals with consequences seen in track driver after prolonged exposure to radiation caused by "lost" gamma-source (cesium-137) that long remained in receptacle of the vehicle's left door. Radiation dose averaged 8 Gy. The authors presented clinical manifestations, changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow, cytogenetic data by progression of radiation hemopoiesis hypoplasy to myelodysplastic syndrome and to acute leukaemia.

[15 years after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]. / 15 let posle avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

Health effects as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred in 1986 are considered in the paper. Wrong prognosis of the health effects with respect to mortality and morbidity among the population exposed to low radiation doses is shown. Proven increase in thyroid cancer cases among people who were children aged from 0 to 18 at the time of the accident is shown. Linear relationship between thyroid cancer cases and dose to thyroid ranged from 0.2 to 4.0 Gy is considered. An additional absolute risk of thyroid cancer in children varies in the range 1.9-2.6 cases per 10(4) person-year Gy. During the fifteen years following the accident no cases of acute and chronic radiation sickness have been revealed because the population living in contaminated areas received low radiation doses. Also, exposures to low radiation doses did not result in excess of malignant tumors among population. In some cases the outcomes of acute radiation sickness were as follows: radiation damages to the skin, cancer cataracts, development of oncopathology.

[Analysis of stable chromosome aberrations using G-banding stain in lymphocyte of patients with high dose radiation injury]. / Issledovanie stabil'nykh aberratsii khromosom metodom g-differentsial'nogo okrashivaniia v limfotsitakh krovi cheloveka posle oblucheniia v vysokoi doze.

The analysis was performed on 514 blood lymphocytes from a person accidentally exposed to 137Cs. Blood samples were collected 1 year after exposure three times at intervals of one month. Terminal deletions and simple translocations were found to predominate in all cases. No differences between these cases were observed on analysing total frequency of stable chromosome aberrations. However, the frequency of terminal deletions decreased and frequencies of exchange-type aberration increased with time after exposure. Chromosome #4 was more involved in stable aberrations than it would be expected from the relative chromosome lengths. Clonal aberrations del-ter (5)(q31 or 32) were found.

[Current issues in clinical radiobiology and ways of resolving them experimentally]. / Aktual'nye voprosy klinicheskoi radiobiologii i puti ikh éksperimental'nogo razresheniia.

Information being collected for some tens year in frame of clinical study of radiation effects in man in broad range of dose and exposure variants has been summarised and systematized. It has been formulated the questions which could be answered under only clinical observation with many difficulties: diagnostical and prognostical criteria for evaluation of therapy efficiency in non-bone marrow syndrome of acute radiation disease choice and conformity of methods of bone marrow syndrome therapy in overlethal range of dose; improving of preclinical examination of means and methods of acute radiation syndrome prophylaxis and treatment; comparative analysis of the role of various radiation factors in development of oncological and severe somatic diseases and possibility of these effects modification. Some limitations in extrapolation of experimental data onto clinical practice has been discussed and optimal forms of cooperation are shown.

[Causes of death of persons exposed to health hazards in the area of the Chernobyl Accident]. / Prichiny smerti postradavshikh vo vremia avarii na Chernobyl'skoí 'elektrostantsii.

Causes of death were analysed for two groups of subjects exposed to radiation in 1986 because of the Chernobyl accident. 27 victims were exposed to external gamma-radiation (4.3-13.7 Gy) in the moment of or few hours after the accident. Most of these subjects had radiation sickness of different severity in combination with local radiation lesions. 2 victims had severe thermal burns. 405 victims worked as wreckers or emergency teams members in the contaminated area in different time after the accident. They died most frequently of traumas, accidents, cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Most of deaths in this group were attributed to general somatic causes unrelated to the hazards of the ionizing radiation.

[Current problems of clinical radiation medicine]. / Sovremennye problemy klinicheskoi radiatsionnoi meditsiny.

Results, prospects of studying the effects of ionizing radiation on human beings are considered with regard to the outcomes of the Chernobyl catastrophe and the results of a 5-year implementation of the All-Union Programme C-27. Present-day problems and approaches to investigation for the nearest 5-year period are formulated.

[Surgical treatment of radiation injuries of the hand]. / Taktika khirurgicheskogo lecheniia luchevykh povrezhdenii kisti.

An analysis is given to pilot experience with up-dated plastic surgery techniques in management of hand radiation injuries. Seven patients underwent surgery involving cross-over skin, scapular, radial and inguinal grafts, sliding Littler island graft. The results (both short- and lond-term) turned promising.

[Malignant neoformations of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in the personnel of the 1st plant of atomic industry]. / Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia krovetvornoi i limfaticheskoi tkanei u personala pervogo predpriiatiia atomnoi promyshlennosti.

Rates of mortality from hemopoietic and lymphoid malignancies for 1948-1987 were studied in male staff of industrial atomic reactors and radiochemical industry for irradiated uranium processing versus dose of external gamma radiation. An increase in mortality due to radiation--induced acute leukemia was registered in the radiochemical industry staff 5-10 years following the start of exposure and was associated with high dose of external radiation. The risk of acute leukemia for this period was 1.65 x 10(-3) x Sv-1 cases during 5 years whereas within the other 30-35 years of follow-up the risk of death from hemolymphoblastosis or acute leukemia was less than 1 x 10(-3) x Sv(-1) during 5 years.

[The relation of the times of onset of vomiting to the magnitude and power of the dose of ionizing radiation]. / Zavisimost' srokov vozniknoveniia rvoty ot velichiny i moshchnosti dozy ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia.

The paper is concerned with analysis of correlation of the time of appearance of vomit in a person and a mean dose rate of prolonged gamma-radiation in the persons affected at the Chernobyl accident. The data were approximated by power function. For irradiation with a constant dose rate (P) such correlation looks like Tp = 2.48p-0.5, where Tp is the time of the beginning of vomit, hours after the beginning of irradiation. A semiempirical model combining different conditions of irradiation was formed. Prognosis of a severity of lesion with relation to the time of vomit was given for different conditions of irradiation.