Nurses' health promotion practices in rural primary health care in Nigeria. A qualitative study.

Nurses play a vital role in providing high-quality primary healthcare and health promotion services. The state of research highlights their often complex operational realities and shows the need for an evidence-based understanding of nurses' perspectives on health promotion practices, especially in low-resource settings. This study focuses on how community health nurses in rural primary healthcare centers in Nigeria perceive their health promotion role and the opportunities and challenges of, and potential entry points for strengthening, their practice. A sample of 10 nurses from eight rural primary healthcare centers in eight local government areas of Anambra state, Nigeria, was purposively selected. Data were collected via semistructured telephone and written interviews and analyzed by qualitative content analysis using a deductive-inductive approach. Nurses emphasized their commitment to supporting patients and communities to develop skills and take control of their own lives. Nurses described their role as facilitators of behavioral and environmental change, individual and community empowerment facilitators as well as social activists. Factors that enhance the health promotion practice of nurses include adequate skills, sufficient human and material resources and community support and participation. Inhibiting factors included insufficient funding, poor working conditions, staff shortages, high workload, lack of training opportunities and low participation of community members. Overcoming challenges and facilitating health promotion activities in rural communities require bolstering nurses by providing further training opportunities for enhancing their health promotion competencies and creating supportive environments. Future research should focus on how to strengthen nurses' health promotion efforts through interprofessional and intersectoral collaboration.

Understandings of community participation and empowerment in primary health care in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: A qualitative interview study with practitioners and stakeholders.

Community participation (CP) and empowerment (CE) have long been viewed internationally as cornerstones of comprehensive primary health care (PHC). Accordingly, policies for new PHC models in Italy, such as the Community Health Centres called "Case della Salute" in 2006 and "Case della Comunità" in 2022, highlight the importance of implementing participatory processes with communities and creating opportunities for CE. This study's objective is to identify the understandings of CP and CE that emerge among practitioners and stakeholders who design participatory approaches in PHC practice and policy in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy. Nineteen semistructured interviews were conducted with practitioners working on CP and CE processes in these Community Health Centres and with stakeholders involved in research on or the coordination of such processes in the context of these health centres. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis in light of the following two questions, which emerged inductively from the data: (1) How to support CP and CE processes in practical doing (how do CP/CE)? (2) With which function or aim to support CP and CE (why do CP/CE)? This study shows that the participating practitioners and stakeholders exhibited various understandings of CP and CE in the context of PHC. Four main themes were identified: CP and CE as (a) a variety of forms of dialogue and cooperation, (b) tools for service development, (c) levers for empowerment, collectivism, and democracy and (d) stimuli for institutional change and a new level of professionalism. Moreover, the participants defined "the community" in different ways and often chose specific subgroups within the community to promote CP and CE processes. This study elucidates different perspectives on CP and CE and highlights the opportunities and obstacles for policymaking, research and practice that result from these understandings.

Inseparability between public health, planetary health and the nursing process: premise for sustainable development.

The aim is to conduct theoretical reflection on the inseparability among public health, planetary health and the nursing process in light of complexity thinking, with the aim of contributing to healthy and sustainable development. Study with a theoretical-reflexive approach that accessed bibliographical sources from contemporary authors who defend the inseparability between public health and planetary health and, at the same time, provide theoretical-systemic support to the nursing process, under an inductive critical bias. The nursing process is conceived as a complex phenomenon, which comprises interdependent dynamics, dialogical approaches, critical-reflective perception and prospective leadership. Theoretical reflection on the nursing process and sustainable development raises an expanded, contextualized and interdependent look at the role of nursing professionals in different health contexts, in order not to compromise well-being and environmental health.

[Academically educated nurses from third countries: Professional self-concept versus working life in Germany. A qualitative study using the example of migrant nurses from the Philippines]. / Akademisiertes Pflegefachpersonal aus Drittstaaten: Professionelles Selbstverständnis vs. berufliche Realität in Deutschland? Eine qualitative Studie am Beispiel migrierter philippinischer Pflegefachpersonen.

BACKGROUND: The recruitment of internationally educated nurses is gaining relevance in Germany in response to the growing shortage of nurses. Differences in nursing qualifications and practices between the country of origin and of destination can irritate the professional self-concept and hinder professional integration. PURPOSE: The study objective was to examine the development of the professional scope of action to unfold the professional self-concept of academically qualified nurses in Germany. METHODS: In accordance with the episodic interview, eight guided interviews were conducted with Filipino nurses who had migrated to Germany. Data was analyzed by thematic coding. RESULTS: The analysis shows two dimensions that impact the professional scope of action: perceived systemic constraints in the transition process and perspectives on professional development. The recruitment and recognition process is associated with high financial and time-related uncertainties and professional devaluation experiences. Migrant nurses experience both a loss of competence and a sense of foreignness in their nursing role in Germany. In order to regain professional scope of action, strategies of continuing education and focusing on more technology-intensive nursing care areas are pursued; only a minority can adapt their self-concept to the circumstances of nursing practice in Germany. DISCUSSION: The study results demonstrate the importance of paying attention to both the competence profile and the professional self-concept of academically educated nurses in order to offer migrant nurses professional career prospects in Germany. Especially in long-term care, this has proved to be a structural problem. CONCLUSION: To provide an attractive destination for international academically qualified nursing professionals in Germany, the ratification of international standards, the provision of transparent and independent information, utilization of existing nursing expertise as well as the establishment of career opportunities are recommended.

Challenges and opportunities in strengthening primary mental healthcare for older people in India: a qualitative stakeholder analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary mental healthcare (PMHC) allows for complex mental health issues in old age to be addressed. India has sought to improve PMHC through legislation, strategies and programmes. This study analyses the challenges and opportunities involved in strengthening PMHC for older persons in India from the perspectives of key stakeholders. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 stakeholders selected from the PMHC system in India and analysed using thematic analysis. First, the analysis was organizationally structured in accordance with the six WHO mental health system domains: (1) policy and legislative framework, (2) mental health services, (3) mental health in primary care, (4) human resources, (5) public information and links to other sectors, and (6) monitoring and research. Second, for each building block, challenges and opportunities were derived using inductive coding. RESULTS: This study highlights the numerous challenges that may be encountered when attempting to strengthen age-inclusive PMHC. Among these challenges are poor public governance, a lack of awareness and knowledge among policy-makers and other stakeholders, and existing policies that make unrealistic promises to weak primary healthcare (PHC) structures with an excessive focus on medicalizing mental health problems. Thus, the mental health system often fails to reach vulnerable older people through PHC. Established approaches to comprehensive, family- and community-oriented PHC support attempts to strengthen intersectoral approaches to PMHC that emphasize mental health promotion in old age. Targeting the PHC workforce through age-inclusive mental health education is considered particularly necessary. Experts further argue that adequate monitoring structures and public spending for mental health must be improved. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we aim to elaborate on the mental healthcare developments that may serve to achieve equity in access to mental healthcare in India. Coordinated and collaborative efforts by public and private stakeholders involved in the care of older persons, both with and without lived mental health experiences, as well as their families and communities, are necessary to bring the vision of those policies for PMHC to fruition. The findings presented in this study can also inform future research, policies and practice in other low- and middle-income countries.

[Interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and nurses in primary care: A qualitative study]. / Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit von Hausärzt_innen und Pflegefachpersonen in der Primärversorgung.

Interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and nurses in primary care: A qualitative study Abstract. Background: There is a need to strengthen interprofessional collaboration of general practitioners and home care nurses in the primary care of people with chronic diseases and long-term care needs. Aim: This study investigated a) how general practitioners and nurses in Germany perceive their collaboration in primary care and b) which development perspectives of collaboration exist from their point of view. Methods: Expert interviews were conducted with seven general practitioners and eight home care nurses. The data were analysed using thematic-structured qualitative content analysis. Results: The interviewees from both professional groups report that their collaboration is hindered by poor mutual accessibility. At the same time, they emphasise their appreciation of the professional exchange with the other professional group. Nevertheless, the perceptions of the professional competence of home care nurses differ. To improve their cooperation, the interviewees recommend the establishment of interprofessional meetings and cooperation in spatial proximity for regular professional exchange. They expect this to lead to a joint development of trust and competence and to an expansion of the area of responsibility of home care nurses in primary care. Conclusions: Binding communication structures, cooperation in spatial proximity and an expansion of the area of responsibility of home care nurses offer high potential for strengthening primary care in Germany.

Inseparability between public health, planetary health and the nursing process: premise for sustainable development / Inseparabilidad entre salud pública, salud planetaria y proceso de enfermería: premisa para el desarrollo sostenible / Indissociabilidade entre saúde pública, saúde planetária e processo de enfermagem: premissa para o desenvolvimento sustentável

ABSTRACT The aim is to conduct theoretical reflection on the inseparability among public health, planetary health and the nursing process in light of complexity thinking, with the aim of contributing to healthy and sustainable development. Study with a theoretical-reflexive approach that accessed bibliographical sources from contemporary authors who defend the inseparability between public health and planetary health and, at the same time, provide theoretical-systemic support to the nursing process, under an inductive critical bias. The nursing process is conceived as a complex phenomenon, which comprises interdependent dynamics, dialogical approaches, critical-reflective perception and prospective leadership. Theoretical reflection on the nursing process and sustainable development raises an expanded, contextualized and interdependent look at the role of nursing professionals in different health contexts, in order not to compromise well-being and environmental health.

RESUMEN El objetivo es realizar una reflexión teórica sobre la inseparabilidad entre la salud pública, la salud planetaria y el proceso de enfermería a la luz del pensamiento de la complejidad, para contribuir con el desarrollo saludable y sostenible. Se trata de un estudio con enfoque teórico-reflexivo que accedió a fuentes bibliográficas de autores contemporáneos que defienden la inseparabilidad entre la salud pública y la salud planetaria y, al mismo tiempo, otorgan apoyo teórico-sistémico al proceso de enfermería, bajo un sesgo inductivo crítico. El proceso de enfermería se concibe como un fenómeno complejo, compuesto por dinámicas interdependientes, enfoques dialógicos, percepción crítico-reflexiva y liderazgo prospectivo. La reflexión teórica sobre el proceso de enfermería y el desarrollo sostenible suscita una mirada ampliada, contextualizada e interdependiente sobre la actuación profesional de enfermería en los diversos contextos de salud, con el fin de no comprometer el bienestar y la salud ambiental.

RESUMO Objetiva-se conduzir reflexão teórica sobre a indissociabilidade entre saúde pública, saúde planetária e processo de enfermagem à luz do pensamento da complexidade, no intuito de contribuir para o desenvolvimento saudável e sustentável. Estudo de abordagem teórico-reflexiva que acessou fontes bibliográficas de autores contemporâneos que defendem a indissociabilidade entre saúde pública e saúde planetária e, paralelamente, conferem sustentação teórico-sistêmica ao processo de enfermagem, sob um viés crítico indutivo. Concebe-se o processo de enfermagem como fenômeno complexo, que compreende uma dinâmica interdependente, abordagens dialógicas, percepção crítico-reflexiva e liderança prospectiva. A reflexão teórica acerca do processo de enfermagem e o desenvolvimento sustentável suscita um olhar ampliado, contextualizado e interdependente sobre a atuação do profissional de enfermagem nos diversos contextos da saúde, a fim de não comprometer o bem-estar e a saúde ambiental.

Primary mental healthcare for older people in India: between stigmatization and community orientation.

BACKGROUND: Questions of equitable access to primary mental healthcare (PMHC) for older persons in India have been examined mostly in terms of the coverage of services, although perceptions of mental health and old age and social norms at the community level should be considered in the shaping of PMHC approaches. The present qualitative study, therefore, examined how social perceptions and norms of mental health in old age are and should be considered in the design and implementation of primary healthcare approaches in India. METHODS: A secondary thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (n = 14) of PMHC in India was conducted. RESULTS: Four key themes emerged from the analysis, in which social perceptions and norms were discussed: (1) family participation and low threshold access to mental healthcare, (2) the position of community health workers as an important pillar of old age and mental health-sensitive community-based care, (3) the role of social cohesion and traditional values in fostering a positive and supportive community environment for old age mental health, and (4) the empowerment of communities, families and older persons through mental health education. CONCLUSIONS: PMHC, with its focus on mental health promotion, could be an important anchor for combatting negative attitudes about mental health and old age. The findings presented in this study can inform age-sensitive policies and programmes for mental health in India and could inform future research on the subject.

Barriers to and enablers of the promotion of patient and family participation in primary healthcare nursing in Brazil, Germany and Spain: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Most health systems are insufficiently prepared to promote the participation of chronically ill patients in their care. Strong primary health care (PHC) strengthens patients' resources and thus promotes their participation. The tasks of providing continuous care to people with chronic diseases and promoting self-management are the responsibility of PHC nurses. Recent research assessing enablers of or barriers to nurses' efforts to support patients' participation has mostly not considered the special situation of patients with chronic diseases or focused on the PHC setting. OBJECTIVE: To investigate enablers of and barriers to PHC nurses' efforts to promote the participation of chronically ill patients in their care. METHODS: We interviewed 34 practicing PHC nurses and 23 key informants with advanced knowledge of PHC nursing practice in Brazil, Germany and Spain. The data was analyzed using thematic coding. RESULTS: We identified four categories of barriers and enablers. (1) Establishing bonds with patients: Interviewees emphasized that understanding patients' views and behaviours is important for PHC nurses. (2) Cooperation with relatives and families: Good relationships with families are fundamental, however conflicts within families could challenge PHC nurses efforts to strengthen participation. (3) Communication and cooperation within PHC teams: PHC nurses see Cooperative team structures as a potential enabler, while the dominance of a 'biomedical' approach to patient care is seen as a barrier. (4) Work environment: Interviewees agreed that increased workload is a barrier to patient participation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Supporting patient participation should be acknowledged as an important responsibility for nurses by general practitioners and PHC planners. PHC nurses should be trained in communicative competence when discussing participation with chronically ill patients. Interprofessional education could strengthen other professionals' understanding of patient participation as a nursing task. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study is part of a research project associated with the research network 'forges: User-oriented care: Promotion of health in the context of chronic diseases and care dependency'. The study's focus and provisional results were discussed continuously with partners in health and social care practice and presented to and discussed with the public at two conferences in which patient representatives, professionals and researchers participated.

Interprofessional qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care. / Qualificação interprofissional da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde.

This study aims to describe and analyze an interprofessional educational intervention for the qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care. METHOD: action-research comprising a prenatal care qualification course with 65 primary health care professionals. Collaborative learning activities were conducted in synchronous and asynchronous meetings. RESULTS: the reflexive thematic analysis of participants' experiences, views and perceptions on the meanings of the intervention revealed three categories: quality of prenatal care: conceptions and meanings; collaborative learning: strategy to overcome linear and isolated care; the need to evolve from acting locally to thinking globally. CONCLUSION: the analysis of the interprofessional educational intervention for the qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care showed that constructivist, participatory and interprofessional approaches are relevant and pertinent to broaden theoretical perceptions and give new meanings to the work process at different settings of the health network.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever e analisar intervenção educativa interprofissional para a qualificação da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação cujo processo de intervenção teve como cenário a qualificação pré-natal, a partir de um curso sistematizado em atividades síncronas e assíncronas, com a participação de 65 profissionais que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Da análise temática do tipo reflexive, que possibilitou o registro de ideias, insights e a significação da intervenção, resultaram três categorias: qualidade da atenção pré-natal - concepções e significados; aprendizagem colaborativa - estratégia para transcender a atenção linear e pontual; necessidade de evoluir do agir local ao pensar global. A análise da intervenção educativa interprofissional para a qualificação da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde demonstrou que percursos construtivistas, participativos e interprofissionais são relevantes e pertinentes para ampliar percepções teóricas e ressignificar o processo de trabalho nos diversos pontos da rede de saúde.

Longing for normalcy in couple relationships: How chronic illness and care dependency change the relationship of long-married couples.

Introduction: Coping with chronic illness and care dependency in a marital dyad challenges many older couples. In our qualitative research study, we are interested in how long-married spouses in Germany experience their couple relationship while dealing with long-term care and adapting everyday life to the care situation. Methods: We conducted problem-centered interviews with 17 spouses according to the interpretive-reconstructive documentary method. Results: We derived four thematic areas: (1) partner(ship) disappears behind the disease; (2) partners struggle with changing tasks and roles; (3) caring partners mourn the loss of intimacy; and (4) partners strive to rebalance the partnership. Discussion: When chronic illness and care dependency enter couples' lives, the self-image as husband or wife is affected. Primary health care professionals should be sensitive to the specific constellation of care in couple relationships and recognize the significance of this dyadic relationship as living in a satisfying couple relationship is essential for the health and wellbeing of both partners.

Qualificação interprofissional da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde / Interprofessional qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever e analisar intervenção educativa interprofissional para a qualificação da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação cujo processo de intervenção teve como cenário a qualificação pré-natal, a partir de um curso sistematizado em atividades síncronas e assíncronas, com a participação de 65 profissionais que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Da análise temática do tipo reflexive, que possibilitou o registro de ideias, insights e a significação da intervenção, resultaram três categorias: qualidade da atenção pré-natal - concepções e significados; aprendizagem colaborativa - estratégia para transcender a atenção linear e pontual; necessidade de evoluir do agir local ao pensar global. A análise da intervenção educativa interprofissional para a qualificação da atenção pré-natal no contexto da atenção primária à saúde demonstrou que percursos construtivistas, participativos e interprofissionais são relevantes e pertinentes para ampliar percepções teóricas e ressignificar o processo de trabalho nos diversos pontos da rede de saúde.

Abstract This study aims to describe and analyze an interprofessional educational intervention for the qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care. Method: action-research comprising a prenatal care qualification course with 65 primary health care professionals. Collaborative learning activities were conducted in synchronous and asynchronous meetings. Results: the reflexive thematic analysis of participants' experiences, views and perceptions on the meanings of the intervention revealed three categories: quality of prenatal care: conceptions and meanings; collaborative learning: strategy to overcome linear and isolated care; the need to evolve from acting locally to thinking globally. Conclusion: the analysis of the interprofessional educational intervention for the qualification of prenatal care in the context of primary health care showed that constructivist, participatory and interprofessional approaches are relevant and pertinent to broaden theoretical perceptions and give new meanings to the work process at different settings of the health network.

[Oral health in nursing homes as an interprofessional task : Results of qualitative interviews with nurses and dentists on their current and future collaboration]. / Mundgesundheit im Pflegeheim als interprofessionelle Aufgabe : Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Befragung von Pflegefachpersonen und Zahnärzt*innen zu ihrer aktuellen und zukünftigen Zusammenarbeit.

BACKGROUND: People with long-term care needs have significantly poorer oral health than their peers without care needs. Internationally, this is increasingly being addressed through interprofessional collaboration and expanded roles of nurses. This article investigates the perspectives of dentists and nurses in Germany on the current status and future of their collaboration in nursing homes. METHODS: A total of eight expert interviews were conducted with four practising dentists and nurses from the Westphalia-Lippe region via Zoom or by telephone. The fully transcribed interview material was analyzed by thematic coding on a case-specific and cross-case basis. RESULTS: From the perspective of the interviewees, collaboration of dentists and nurses is indispensable for promoting the oral health of nursing home residents. They describe a lack of time and competence in the oral and dental care of home residents, which should be countered with new roles of responsibility for specially qualified nurses in cooperation with dentists. At the same time, they advocate a stronger anchoring and embedding of (dental) medical care in the routines of nursing homes. CONCLUSION: New forms of cooperation between dentists and nurses in nursing homes should be piloted and further developed in Germany.

"Talking on the Phone Is Very Cold"-Primary Health Care Nurses' Approach to Enabling Patient Participation in the Context of Chronic Diseases during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Strengthening patient participation is considered a crucial element of primary health care (PHC) nurses' practice when working with chronically ill patients. The COVID-19 pandemic had extraordinary effects on PHC nursing routines and how chronically ill patients' could be involved in their own care. This study investigates the adaptation of Spanish PHC nurses' approaches to supporting the participation of patients living with chronic illness during the COVID-19 pandemic. To reach this goal, we interviewed 13 PHC nurses who practiced in PHC centers in Spain. The interviews were analyzed using thematic coding. Three themes emerged from the descriptions of the nurses: (1) High COVID-19-related workload, decreasing health promotion, and chronic care, (2) Emphasis on patients' and families' self-responsibility, (3) Expanded digital and telephone communication with fewer in-person consultations. Nurses felt especially challenged to uphold the support for vulnerable groups, such as older people or patients without family support. Future research should focus on how the participation of the most vulnerable chronic patients can be supported in the context of the growing relevance of remote care.

How do nurses support chronically ill clients' participation and self-management in primary care? A cross-country qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: In the context of the advancement of person-centered care models, the promotion of the participation of patients with chronic illness and complex care needs in the management of their care (self-management) is increasingly seen as a responsibility of primary care nurses. It is emphasized that nurses should consider the psychosocial dimensions of chronic illness and the client's lifeworld. Little is known about how nurses shape this task in practice. METHODS: The aim of this analysis is to examine how primary care nurses understand and shape the participation of patients with chronic illness and complex care needs regarding the promotion of self-management. Guided interviews were conducted with nurses practicing in primary care and key informants in Germany, Spain, and Brazil with a subsequent cross-case evaluation. Interpretive and practice patterns were identified based on Grounded Theory. RESULTS: Two interpretive and practice patterns were identified: (1) Giving clients orientation in dealing with chronic diseases and (2) supporting the integration of illness in clients' everyday lives. Nurses in the first pattern consider it their most important task to provide guidance toward health-promoting behavior and disease-related decision-making by giving patients comprehensive information. Interview partners emphasize client autonomy, but rarely consider the limitations chronic disease imposes on patients' everyday lives. Alternatively, nurses in the second pattern regard clients as cooperation partners. They seek to familiarize themselves with their clients' social environments and habits to give recommendations for dealing with the disease that are as close to the client's lifeworld as possible. Nurses' recommendations seek to enable patients and their families to lead a largely 'normal life' despite chronic illness. While interview partners in Brazil or Spain point predominantly to clients' socio-economic disadvantages as a challenge to promoting client participation in primary health care, interview partners in Germany maintain that clients' high disease burden represents the chief barrier to self-management. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses in practice should be sensitive to client's lifeworlds, as well as to challenges that arise as they attempt to strengthen clients' participation in care and self-management. Regular communication between clients, nurses, and further professionals should constitute a fundamental feature of person-centered primary care models.

Primary healthcare nurses' involvement in patient and community participation in the context of chronic diseases: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: Primary healthcare nurses' potential to enable patient and community participation has been increasingly acknowledged. A conceptual understanding of their contributions within a broad range of participation processes is still lacking. AIMS: The aims of this study were to develop a conceptual framework that provides information on the role of primary healthcare nurses in shaping participation processes with patients and communities in the context of chronic diseases and to identify conditions that enable or hinder the promotion of patient and community participation by nurses. DESIGN: An integrative review was conducted. DATA SOURCES: Twenty-three articles published from 2000 to 2019 were included in the analysis: 19 retrieved from PubMed and CHINAL and 4 added through other sources. REVIEW METHODS: An inductive data analysis and quality appraisal of studies were conducted. RESULTS: The analysis reveals four areas where nurses are involved in facilitating patient and community participation: (1) sharing understanding of health problems and needs, (2) developing resources and facilitating patient education for self-management, (3) raising patients' voices as an advocate in service development and (4) supporting individual and community networks. The conditions affecting nurses' engagement in fostering participation processes are as follows: (1) care priorities and overall workload, (2) nurses' attitudes towards participation and (3) users' acceptance of nurses as partners. CONCLUSIONS: Future research can use the framework as a basis for empirical studies investigating nurses' involvement in pursuing patient and community participation. Interventions should focus less on indirect forms of participation, like patient education or advocacy, but should also focus on active forms of participation. Research is needed on nurses' involvement in community participation processes. IMPACT: This framework can be used and adapted in future research on patient and community participation in primary healthcare. It describes areas of participation and the facilitators and barriers within the broad range of activities of primary healthcare nurses.

The architecture of the primary mental healthcare system for older people in India: what public policies tell us.

BACKGROUND: Old age mental healthcare is an issue that cuts across old age, general health, and mental healthcare policies. While strengthening the primary mental healthcare system in India is a common strategy across policy fields to improve the mental health of older persons, very little is known about the system's planned architecture. This study explores public policy strategies for and approaches to the mental health of older persons, focusing on the primary healthcare (PHC) level and the role of the family. METHODS: A document analysis of 39 key public national policy documents (2007 - 2019) from three thematically grouped policy fields (mental health, old age, and general health) was conducted. RESULTS: Comprehensive community-based primary mental healthcare - focusing on vulnerable population groups including older persons - has been strengthened significantly since 2007. The promulgated approaches and strategies build on traditional community-based approaches to mental healthcare in India. They focus on (a) integrating community health workers into primary mental healthcare, (b) empowering the community to participate in healthcare planning, implementation, and monitoring, (c) supporting the family through a family-led approach to mental healthcare, and (d) integrating traditional Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homeopathy (AYUSH) services into primary mental healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: While all policy fields address mental PHC, they do so in different ways, and approaches and strategies that promote an integrated perspective across policy fields are lacking. To realize the policies vision, strengthening PHC will be essential. Further research should evaluate strategies and approaches in light of social developments, such as eroding family norms and the poor state of the public health system in India, in order to assess their opportunities, challenges, and overall feasibility, with the benefits older people would experience taking centre stage in these inquiries.

Primary mental health care for older persons in India: how age-inclusive are public policies?

The need to improve the primary mental healthcare system in India has gained increasing public health attention. Concomitantly, efforts to frame and develop appropriate public mental health care through legislation and related strategies and programmes have been undertaken. Because older people in India are particularly prone to mental health problems, this study explores the inclusiveness of Indian public policies in addressing the primary mental health care needs of older people from a cross-policy perspective. The basis of this thematic document analysis is 41 key national strategic documents (1999-2018) from different thematically grouped policy fields. In the context of population ageing, socio-economic challenges for older people and changing family norms, the policies delineate a pronounced interest in old-age-inclusive primary mental health care, whereas international policies are regarded as important reference points. While some of the policies address older persons as a vulnerable group in general, others delineate a more differentiated picture of the older population. Moreover, as new rights with implications for old-age mental health care, including community-based access to mental health care, have emerged, an integrated old-age mental healthcare policy spanning across sectors remains absent. Although old-age-inclusive primary mental health care is an emerging trend in India, its development as a cross-cutting policy issue remains in its infancy. Accordingly, unambiguous integrated policy approaches are needed to address the complex mental healthcare needs of older persons, and further research should be undertaken to focus on mental healthcare strategies and approaches at the primary care level.

Implementación de la Estrategia Madre-Hijo São-Borjense: investigación-acción / Implementação da Estratégia Mãe-Bebê São-Borjense: pesquisa-ação / Implementation of the São-Borjense Mother-Baby Strategy: Action research

Objective: To describe the process of conception and implementation of the São-Borjense Mother- Baby Strategy. Materials and method: This is an action research study developed between March 2018 and October 2019, from a simple random sampling resulting in the participation of 5 managers, 27 health professionals, and 23 pregnant women from the maternal and child health care network in the municipality of São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The participants of the focus groups guided the identification and survey of data; thematic content analysis was used to categorize data. Results: Based on a systematic and collaborative plan of intervention the following path was defined: i) conception of the Strategy and agreements with local managers; ii) sensitization of the actors and identification of demands, through focus groups with managers, professionals and health care users; and iii) implementation of actions of the São-Borjense Mother-Baby Strategy. Conclusions: Based on the course taken from the conception to the implementation of the Strategy, we conclude that leading innovative processes and transposing traditional models of intervention is possible through interaction, sharing and translation of knowledge and practices among academy, agents, managers, professionals and health care users.

Objetivo: describir el proceso de concepción e implementación de la Estrategia Madre-Hijo São-Borjense. Materiales y método: estudio de investigación-acción, desarrollado entre marzo de 2018 y octubre de 2019, a partir de un muestreo aleatorio simple que contó con la participación de 5 gestores, 27 profesionales de la salud y 23 mujeres embarazadas de la red de atención de salud materno infantil en el municipio de São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La técnica de grupo focal fue empleada para la identificación y recolección de datos, mientras que el análisis de contenido temático permitió la categorización de estos. Resultados: a partir de un plan sistematizado y colaborativo de intervenciones, fue posible definir la siguiente ruta de trabajo: i) concepción de la Estrategia y acuerdos con gestores locales; ii) sensibilización de los actores e identificación de demandas a través de grupos focales con gestores, profesionales y usuarios de la salud; iii) implementación de acciones de la Estrategia Madre-Hijo São-Borjense. Conclusiones: con base en la ruta tomada desde la concepción hasta la implementación de la Estrategia, concluimos que liderar procesos innovadores y transponer modelos tradicionales de intervención es posible a través de la interacción, el intercambio y la traducción de conocimientos y prácticas entre agentes, academia, gestores, profesionales y usuarios de la salud.

Objetivo: descrever o processo de concepção e implementação da Estratégia Mãe-Bebê São-Borjense. Materiais e método: trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação, desenvolvida entre março de 2018 e outubro de 2019, a partir de uma amostragem aleatória simples que contou com a participação de 5 gestores, 27 profissionais da saúde e 23 gestantes da rede de atenção à saúde materno-infantil do município de São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O grupo focal guiou a identificação e o levantamento dos dados, e a análise de conteúdo temática permitiu a categorização dos dados. Resultados: a partir de um plano sistematizado e colaborativo de intervenções, foi possível o seguinte percurso: i) concepção da Estratégia e acordos com gestores locais; ii) sensibilização dos atores e identificação de demandas, por meio de grupos focais com gestores, profissionais e usuários da saúde; iii) implementação de ações da Estratégia Mãe-Bebê São-Borjense. Conclusões: com base no percurso transcorrido da concepção à implementação da Estratégia, conclui-se que protagonizar processos inovadores e transpor modelos tradicionais de intervenção é possível pela interação, pelo compartilhamento e pela tradução de conhecimentos e práticas entre agentes, academia, gestores, profissionais e usuários da saúde.