RESUMEN
Urban agriculture may help promote key indicators, such as improvement of environmental health and food security and reduction of social inequality. The present article aims to help understand the current situation of urban agriculture in the city of Rio de Janeiro by focusing on the Hortas Cariocas Program (HCP). To this end, two approaches were adopted. The first one was qualitative and based on a descriptive exploratory method that was used to survey and analyze the impacts caused by the program on the communities involved. The second one was quantitative and based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which was used to assess and understand the program's productive performance from 2007 to 2019. The program's performance showed two peaks, one in 2012 with 80.21% and the other one in 2016 with 100.00% of the productive performance score. The behavior of the annual performance scores can be explained by the increases in the number of people who got directly involved (number of producers) and in the occupied area (number of seedbeds), as they reflect the socio-environmental character of the HCP.
A agricultura urbana pode auxiliar na promoção de indicadores importantes, como melhoria da saúde ambiental e da segurança alimentar e redução da desigualdade social. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo ajudar na compreensão da situação atual da agricultura urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com enfoque no Programa Hortas Cariocas (PHC). Para tanto, foram realizadas duas abordagens. Uma qualitativa, em que o método exploratório descritivo foi aplicado para reconhecer e analisar os impactos causados pelo programa nas comunidades envolvidas. E outra quantitativa, por meio de análise envoltória de dados (DEA), para avaliar e entender o desempenho produtivo do programa entre os anos de 2007 e 2019. O desempenho do programa apresentou dois picos, em 2012 com 80,21% e em 2016 com 100,00% de índice eficiência produtiva. O comportamento do desempenho anual pôde ser explicado pelos acréscimos no número de pessoas envolvidas diretamente (nº de hortelões) e na área ocupada (nº de canteiros), por refletirem o caráter socioambiental do PHC.
Asunto(s)
Salud Ambiental , Humanos , Brasil , Ciudades , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Resumo A agricultura urbana pode auxiliar na promoção de indicadores importantes, como melhoria da saúde ambiental e da segurança alimentar e redução da desigualdade social. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo ajudar na compreensão da situação atual da agricultura urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com enfoque no Programa Hortas Cariocas (PHC). Para tanto, foram realizadas duas abordagens. Uma qualitativa, em que o método exploratório descritivo foi aplicado para reconhecer e analisar os impactos causados pelo programa nas comunidades envolvidas. E outra quantitativa, por meio de análise envoltória de dados (DEA), para avaliar e entender o desempenho produtivo do programa entre os anos de 2007 e 2019. O desempenho do programa apresentou dois picos, em 2012 com 80,21% e em 2016 com 100,00% de índice eficiência produtiva. O comportamento do desempenho anual pôde ser explicado pelos acréscimos no número de pessoas envolvidas diretamente (nº de hortelões) e na área ocupada (nº de canteiros), por refletirem o caráter socioambiental do PHC.
Abstract Urban agriculture may help promote key indicators, such as improvement of environmental health and food security and reduction of social inequality. The present article aims to help understand the current situation of urban agriculture in the city of Rio de Janeiro by focusing on the Hortas Cariocas Program (HCP). To this end, two approaches were adopted. The first one was qualitative and based on a descriptive exploratory method that was used to survey and analyze the impacts caused by the program on the communities involved. The second one was quantitative and based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which was used to assess and understand the program's productive performance from 2007 to 2019. The program's performance showed two peaks, one in 2012 with 80.21% and the other one in 2016 with 100.00% of the productive performance score. The behavior of the annual performance scores can be explained by the increases in the number of people who got directly involved (number of producers) and in the occupied area (number of seedbeds), as they reflect the socio-environmental character of the HCP.
RESUMEN
The objectives of the present study were to characterize and evaluate a pilot treatment unit (PTU) for dairy cattle wastewater (DCW) in relation to its efficiency in reducing the physicochemical and microbiological parameters and possible application of this fertilizer in organic production. A PTU was set up, composed of the following elements: a dung pit of 7.8 m3, already in place; a septic tank; a set of anaerobic biological filters comprising an upflow filter and a downward-flow filter filled with fragments PVC corrugated conduit; and two constructed wetland systems (CWSs) of horizontal subsurface flow in two parallel routes (Routes 1 and 2), controlled by means of a flow rate divider box. Route 1 passed through CWS 1 cultivated with cattail (Typha domingensis) and Route 2 passed through CWS 2 cultivated with vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). To evaluate the treatment stages, biweekly investigations were carried out to collect effluent samples. The results of monitoring, in absolute values, were evaluated by means of the medians and variation coefficients and compared by means of Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by the Student Newman Keuls test. The treatment efficiencies of Routes 1 and 2 were calculated. The influence of vetiver on the removal of nutrients from the DCW was analyzed and the productivity estimate (t.ha-1) was performed. CWS 1 was not able to reduce the organic load indices, but it was able to retain fatty material and sodium. CWS 2 showed a reduction in nitrogenous forms and also for other nutrients, achieving the greatest removal of sodium and greatest decay of fecal contamination indicators, thermotolerant coliforms (56.13%), and E. coli (46.82%).
Asunto(s)
Chrysopogon , Typhaceae , Animales , Bovinos , Aguas Residuales , Escherichia coli , Humedales , Nitrógeno , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodosRESUMEN
Studies of forest species under different environmental conditions are essential for enhancing our understanding of plant-environment relationships. Different light conditions interfere with the production of seedlings within forests, and this interference can be verified by assessing leaf area. However, several species have leaf compound that often contain numerous leaflets, which makes the direct measurement of leaf area difficult. This leads researchers to question whether these types of leaves should be separated for analysis or measured whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse specific leaf area in whole leaves and detached leaflets of six forest species subjected to different levels of shading. The forest species assessed all produced compound leaves and included Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacaranda-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) and Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático). Each species was subjected to six different degrees of shading: 0% (full sun); 20; 40; 60; 80 and 90%. Sombrite netting was used to shade plants. The analysis of the specific leaf area was performed using two different methods, which included the analysis of separate leaflets and whole leaves. To analyse leaflet area,50 leaflets per plant were assessed three times, and six plants per treatment were assessed. To assess whole leaves, data were obtained from the whole leaves of six plants per treatment. This process was repeated for all aforementioned species. Data obtained from both analysis methods indicated that all species assessed were similarly affected by shade, and leaf area varied according to the level of shading. This similarity of data demonstrates that, for these species, itis not necessary to use complex methods to obtain specific leaf area measurements. Thus, determining specific [...].
Estudos com espécies florestais, em diferentes condições ambientais são essenciais para o entendimento da relação planta-ambiente. Diferentes condições de luminosidade podem interferir na produção de mudas florestais e o reflexo dessa interferência pode ser verificado pela análise da área foliar. No entanto, muitas espécies apresentam folhas compostas, sendo muitas vezes com inúmeros folíolos, o que dificulta as análises com mensuração direta da área foliar, proporcionando dúvidas durante a análise, se devem ser separados para análise ou mensurados com a folha inteira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a área foliar específica em folhas inteiras e folíolos destacados de folhas compostas de seis espécies florestais submetidas à diferentes níveis de sombreamento. As espécies florestais utilizadas foram Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacarandá-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A.St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) e Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático), todas com folhas compostas. Cada espécie foi submetida a seis tratamentos de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol); 20;40; 60; 80 e 90%, com a utilização de "sombrites" para os tratamentos sombreados. A análise da área foliar específica foi realizada de duas maneiras: folíolos separados e folha inteira. Para a análise dos folíolos esses foram obtidos de três medidas (repetições) de 50 folíolos por planta, realizada em seis plantas por tratamento. Para a análise da folha inteira os dados foram obtidos de folhas inteiras de seis plantas por tratamento. Esse processo se repetiu em todas as espécies supramencionadas. Para todas as espécies, os dados indicaram um padrão de resposta semelhante em ambos os métodos de análise, [...].
Asunto(s)
Anacardiaceae/fisiología , Caesalpinia/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Studies of forest species under different environmental conditions are essential for enhancing our understanding of plant-environment relationships. Different light conditions interfere with the production of seedlings within forests, and this interference can be verified by assessing leaf area. However, several species have leaf compound that often contain numerous leaflets, which makes the direct measurement of leaf area difficult. This leads researchers to question whether these types of leaves should be separated for analysis or measured whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse specific leaf area in whole leaves and detached leaflets of six forest species subjected to different levels of shading. The forest species assessed all produced compound leaves and included Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacaranda-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) and Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático). Each species was subjected to six different degrees of shading: 0% (full sun); 20; 40; 60; 80 and 90%. Sombrite netting was used to shade plants. The analysis of the specific leaf area was performed using two different methods, which included the analysis of separate leaflets and whole leaves. To analyse leaflet area,50 leaflets per plant were assessed three times, and six plants per treatment were assessed. To assess whole leaves, data were obtained from the whole leaves of six plants per treatment. This process was repeated for all aforementioned species. Data obtained from both analysis methods indicated that all species assessed were similarly affected by shade, and leaf area varied according to the level of shading. This similarity of data demonstrates that, for these species, itis not necessary to use complex methods to obtain specific leaf area measurements. Thus, determining specific [...].(AU)
Estudos com espécies florestais, em diferentes condições ambientais são essenciais para o entendimento da relação planta-ambiente. Diferentes condições de luminosidade podem interferir na produção de mudas florestais e o reflexo dessa interferência pode ser verificado pela análise da área foliar. No entanto, muitas espécies apresentam folhas compostas, sendo muitas vezes com inúmeros folíolos, o que dificulta as análises com mensuração direta da área foliar, proporcionando dúvidas durante a análise, se devem ser separados para análise ou mensurados com a folha inteira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a área foliar específica em folhas inteiras e folíolos destacados de folhas compostas de seis espécies florestais submetidas à diferentes níveis de sombreamento. As espécies florestais utilizadas foram Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacarandá-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A.St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) e Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático), todas com folhas compostas. Cada espécie foi submetida a seis tratamentos de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol); 20;40; 60; 80 e 90%, com a utilização de "sombrites" para os tratamentos sombreados. A análise da área foliar específica foi realizada de duas maneiras: folíolos separados e folha inteira. Para a análise dos folíolos esses foram obtidos de três medidas (repetições) de 50 folíolos por planta, realizada em seis plantas por tratamento. Para a análise da folha inteira os dados foram obtidos de folhas inteiras de seis plantas por tratamento. Esse processo se repetiu em todas as espécies supramencionadas. Para todas as espécies, os dados indicaram um padrão de resposta semelhante em ambos os métodos de análise, [...].(AU)
Asunto(s)
Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Anacardiaceae/fisiología , Caesalpinia/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Vivienda para Animales , Bienestar del Animal , Conducta Animal , Pisos y Cubiertas de Piso , Porcinos , Temperatura , Corrientes de AguaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos , Vivienda para Animales , Conducta Animal , Pisos y Cubiertas de Piso , Temperatura , Bienestar del Animal , Corrientes de AguaRESUMEN
Soil flooding is a stress condition that causes changes in hydric relationships and in the metabolism of crops, thereby affecting their productivity. To evaluate the effects of soil flooding on the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, as well as gas exchange and Ricinus communis growth, young plants of the AL Guarany 2002 and IAC Guarani cultivars, grown in a greenhouse, were subjected to flood conditions by maintaining a layer of water 2-3 cm above the soil. The stressed plants showed drastic reduction in net CO2 assimilation and growth variables. There was, however, an increase in performance index (PIABS e PITOTAL) at different moments of stress between the two cultivars. In general, R. communis plants possess mechanisms to protect the electron transport chain during a period of stress, without causing damage and reducing functionality. However, this is not enough to maintain photosynthetic activity owing to the decrease in stomatal conductance and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency, which affects biomass accumulation in stressed plants. In summary, this study found that the AL Guarany 2002 was found to be more sensitive to stress than the IAC Guarani was.(AU)
O alagamento do solo é uma condição de estresse que provoca alteração nas relações hídricas e no metabolismo vegetal das culturas, afetando sua produtividade. Para avaliar como esse estresse afeta a fluorescência transiente da clorofila a, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de Ricinus communis, plantas jovens das cultivares AL Guarany 2002 e IAC Guarani, cultivadas em casa de vegetação, foram submetidas ao alagamento, com manutenção de uma lâmina de água de 2-3 cm acima do solo. As plantas estressadas apresentaram redução drástica da assimilação líquida de CO2 e das variáveis de crescimento, enquanto houve aumento dos índices de performance (PIABS e PITOTAL), porém, em momentos distintos do período de estresse entre as duas cultivares avaliadas. De forma geral, é percebido que as plantas de R. communis possuem mecanismos de proteção à cadeia transportadora de elétrons durante o período de estresse, sem causar danos e redução de sua funcionalidade, mas que isto não é o suficiente para manutenção da atividade fotossintética, em função da diminuição da condutância estomática e da eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação, afetando o acúmulo de biomassa nas plantas estressadas, sendo a cultivar AL Guarany 2002 mais sensível ao estresse quando comparada à IAC Guarani.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Ricinus/química , Ricinus/citología , Fotosíntesis , HumedalesRESUMEN
Soil flooding is a stress condition that causes changes in hydric relationships and in the metabolism of crops, thereby affecting their productivity. To evaluate the effects of soil flooding on the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, as well as gas exchange and Ricinus communis growth, young plants of the AL Guarany 2002 and IAC Guarani cultivars, grown in a greenhouse, were subjected to flood conditions by maintaining a layer of water 2-3 cm above the soil. The stressed plants showed drastic reduction in net CO2 assimilation and growth variables. There was, however, an increase in performance index (PIABS e PITOTAL) at different moments of stress between the two cultivars. In general, R. communis plants possess mechanisms to protect the electron transport chain during a period of stress, without causing damage and reducing functionality. However, this is not enough to maintain photosynthetic activity owing to the decrease in stomatal conductance and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency, which affects biomass accumulation in stressed plants. In summary, this study found that the AL Guarany 2002 was found to be more sensitive to stress than the IAC Guarani was.
O alagamento do solo é uma condição de estresse que provoca alteração nas relações hídricas e no metabolismo vegetal das culturas, afetando sua produtividade. Para avaliar como esse estresse afeta a fluorescência transiente da clorofila a, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de Ricinus communis, plantas jovens das cultivares AL Guarany 2002 e IAC Guarani, cultivadas em casa de vegetação, foram submetidas ao alagamento, com manutenção de uma lâmina de água de 2-3 cm acima do solo. As plantas estressadas apresentaram redução drástica da assimilação líquida de CO2 e das variáveis de crescimento, enquanto houve aumento dos índices de performance (PIABS e PITOTAL), porém, em momentos distintos do período de estresse entre as duas cultivares avaliadas. De forma geral, é percebido que as plantas de R. communis possuem mecanismos de proteção à cadeia transportadora de elétrons durante o período de estresse, sem causar danos e redução de sua funcionalidade, mas que isto não é o suficiente para manutenção da atividade fotossintética, em função da diminuição da condutância estomática e da eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação, afetando o acúmulo de biomassa nas plantas estressadas, sendo a cultivar AL Guarany 2002 mais sensível ao estresse quando comparada à IAC Guarani.
RESUMEN
Soil flooding is a stress condition that causes changes in hydric relationships and in the metabolism of crops, thereby affecting their productivity. To evaluate the effects of soil flooding on the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, as well as gas exchange and Ricinus communis growth, young plants of the AL Guarany 2002 and IAC Guarani cultivars, grown in a greenhouse, were subjected to flood conditions by maintaining a layer of water 2-3 cm above the soil. The stressed plants showed drastic reduction in net CO2 assimilation and growth variables. There was, however, an increase in performance index (PIABS e PITOTAL) at different moments of stress between the two cultivars. In general, R. communis plants possess mechanisms to protect the electron transport chain during a period of stress, without causing damage and reducing functionality. However, this is not enough to maintain photosynthetic activity owing to the decrease in stomatal conductance and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency, which affects biomass accumulation in stressed plants. In summary, this study found that the AL Guarany 2002 was found to be more sensitive to stress than the IAC Guarani was.
O alagamento do solo é uma condição de estresse que provoca alteração nas relações hídricas e no metabolismo vegetal das culturas, afetando sua produtividade. Para avaliar como esse estresse afeta a fluorescência transiente da clorofila a, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de Ricinus communis, plantas jovens das cultivares AL Guarany 2002 e IAC Guarani, cultivadas em casa de vegetação, foram submetidas ao alagamento, com manutenção de uma lâmina de água de 2-3 cm acima do solo. As plantas estressadas apresentaram redução drástica da assimilação líquida de CO2 e das variáveis de crescimento, enquanto houve aumento dos índices de performance (PIABS e PITOTAL), porém, em momentos distintos do período de estresse entre as duas cultivares avaliadas. De forma geral, é percebido que as plantas de R. communis possuem mecanismos de proteção à cadeia transportadora de elétrons durante o período de estresse, sem causar danos e redução de sua funcionalidade, mas que isto não é o suficiente para manutenção da atividade fotossintética, em função da diminuição da condutância estomática e da eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação, afetando o acúmulo de biomassa nas plantas estressadas, sendo a cultivar AL Guarany 2002 mais sensível ao estresse quando comparada à IAC Guarani.