Nanoscopy and an extended lateral approach can improve the management of latero-central segments in tibial plateau fractures: a cadaveric study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this investigation was to compare different techniques to improve visualization and reduction in tibial plateau fractures involving the central lateral segments. METHODS: Matched pairs of pre-fractured cadaveric tibial plateau fractures that include the central lateral segments were treated by either an anterolateral approach (supine) or PL approach (prone). Reduction was stepwise extended by additional fracturoscopy (FS), nanoscopy (NS) and lastly by epicondyle osteotomy (ECO). Reduction was analyzed by 3D scan and visualization of the lateral plateau was quantified. RESULTS: Ten specimens (3 pairs 41B3.1, 2 pairs 41C3.3) were analyzed. Fracture steps involving the antero-latero-central (ALC) segment were insufficiently reduced after fluoroscopy using both approaches (AL 2.2 ± 1.2 mm vs PL 2.2 ± 1.0 mm, p 0.95). Additional NS and ECO achieved optimized fracture reduction in the ALC segment (NS AL 1.6 ± 1.3 mm vs PL 0.8 ± 0.9 mm, p 0.32). NS provided visualization of the entire lateral plateau (PL 102.9% ± 7.4, AL 108.8 ± 19.2%), while fracturoscopy only allowed visualization of the ALL segment and partially of PLL and ALC segments (PL 22.0 ± 23.4%, AL 29.7 ± 18.3%). CONCLUSION: Optimized reduction of tibial head fractures with involvement of latero-central segments requires additional video-assisted reduction or extended approaches. Nanoscopy helps visualizing of the entire lateral plateau, when compared to fracturoscopy and may become a valuable reduction aid.

Assessment of bone quality at the lumbar and sacral spine using CT scans: a retrospective feasibility study in 50 comparing CT and DXA data.

PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) is a standard diagnostic tool for preoperative screening for many indications in spinal and pelvic surgery. The gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis is standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements not only at the lower lumbar, but also at the sacral spine using standard CT scans. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Main inclusion criterion for this retrospective analysis in 50 patients was the availability of both a CT scan of the lumbar and sacral spines and a DXA scan. HUs were measured in intact vertebral bodies L4, L5 and S1. Results of the HU in CT scan were compared to the T-score and bone mineral density in DXA. A group with normal bone density (T-score higher - 1, n = 26) was compared with a group with impaired bone density (T-score lower - 1, n = 24). RESULTS: A multivariant binary logistic regression analysis showed significant results for HU measurement in L4 (p = 0.009), L5 (p = 0.005) and S1 (p = 0.046) with respect to differentiation between normal and impaired bone quality. Cutoffs between normal and impaired bone density values for trabecular region of interest attenuation for L4, L5 and S1 are presented. In L4 100% sensitivity to detect normal bone was reached when HU was higher than 161, HU higher than 157 in L5 and HU higher than 207 in S1. CONCLUSIONS: HU measurements in CT scans have proven to be a feasible tool to additionally assess bone quality at the lumbar and sacral spine with good sensitivity, when compared with the gold standard DXA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Implementation of a multidisciplinary infections conference affects the treatment plan in prosthetic joint infections of the hip: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Establishing a systematic multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of prosthetic joint infections (PJI) of the hip and analyzing its effect on clinical decision-making. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients diagnosed with PJI of the hip were included in the retrospective study. The treatment plan was either established by a single-discipline approach (n = 20) or by a weekly multidisciplinary infections conference (n = 26) consisting of at least an orthopedic surgeon, microbiologist and pathologist. Recorded data included the length of hospital stay, number and type of surgeries, medical complications, recovered organisms as well as the number of applied antibiotics. RESULTS: Patients discussed in the multidisciplinary infections conference showed a significantly shorter in-hospital stay (29 vs 62 days; p < 0.05), a significant reduction in surgeries (1.8 vs 5.1; p < 0.05) and a smaller number of antibiotics required (2.8 vs 4.2; p < 0.05). No significant difference could be found comparing inpatient complications between the two groups. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently recovered organisms in both patient groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the successful implementation of a weekly infections conference as an instrument to introduce a multidisciplinary approach to PJI of the hip. Implementation of these conferences significantly improves the treatment plan compared to a single-discipline approach, which we therefore highly recommend for other institutions. Multidiscipline may even affect clinical outcome which needs to be further investigated.

Accuracy of Latarjet graft and screw position after using novel drill guide.

PURPOSE: For the success of Latarjet procedure a correct graft positioning is mandatory. Furthermore, the correct screw placement is important to avoid cartilage damage and soft tissue irritation. Due to a cadaveric experimental study, the accuracy of graft and screw positioning utilizing a novel drill guide for a minimal-invasive Latarjet procedure was analyzed. METHODS: Five human fresh-frozen shoulder specimens have been treated in accordance with the Congruent-Arc Latarjet technique using the glenoid bone loss set (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) with 3.75 mm cannulated screws throughout a 5 cm skin incision without detachment of the scapularis tendon. All procedures were performed by one single, experienced shoulder surgeon. The accuracy of graft and screw positioning was assessed due to a CT scan. RESULTS: A noticeable learning curve was noted during the study period as the first surgery took 45 min and the last 33 min. All grafts were correctly positioned with regard to the articular line of the glenoid surface. Impingement with the maximum head circumference was not encountered. The screw positions did not affect the suprascapular nerve. A damage of the graft was not noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The authors can recommend the usage of the new drill guide tested in this study. It seems to be beneficial in the Latarjet procedure and may ease correct graft positioning and prevent screw misplacement. Compared to fully arthroscopically performed Latarjet procedures it provides much steeper learning curve and seems technically easier and quicker to handle.

Significance of clinical examination, CT and MRI scan in the diagnosis of posterior pelvic ring fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with a fracture in the anterior pelvic ring often simultaneously demonstrate pain in the posterior pelvic ring. The aim of the present prospective study was to assess the sensitivity of CT, MRI and clinical examination in the detection of fractures in the posterior pelvic ring in patients with fractures of the anterior pelvic ring diagnosed in conventional radiographs. METHODS: Sixty patients with radiographic signs of an anterior pelvic ring injury were included in this prospective analysis. Following a focused clinical examination of the posterior pelvis, all patients underwent both a CT and then a MRI scan of their pelvis. Two board certified radiologists evaluated the CT and MRI scans independently. To estimate the presence of osteoporosis the Hounsfield units of the vertebral body of L5 were measured in each case. RESULTS: Fifty-three women and seven men, with a mean age of 74.7+/-15.6 years were included into the study. A fracture of the posterior pelvic ring was found in fourty-eight patients (80%) patients using MRI. Fractures of the posterior pelvic ring would have been missed in eight cases (17%), if only CT had been used. Eighty-five percent of the patients with a posterior fracture had an osteoporosis. The majority of the cases suffered from a low energy trauma. Thirty-eight patients (83%) with positive clinical signs at the posterior pelvic ring actually had a fracture of the posterior pelvic ring in the MRI. The clinical examination proved to be equally effective to CT in detecting posterior pelvic ring fractures. CONCLUSION: The significance of both, clinical examination and CT was confirmed in the detection of fractures in the posterior pelvic ring. MRI examination of the pelvis however, was found to be superior in detecting undislocated fractures in a cohort of patients with a high incidence of osteoporosis. Using MRI may be beneficial in select cases, especially when reduced bone density is suspected.

Dynamic intraligamentary stabilization: novel technique for preserving the ruptured ACL.

PURPOSE: Replacement of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a transplant is today`s gold standard. A new technique for preserving and healing the torn ACL is presented. HYPOTHESIS: a dynamic intraligamentary stabilization (DIS) that provides continuous postinjury stability of the knee and ACL in combination with biological improvement of the healing environment [leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and microfracturing] should enable biomechanically stable ACL self-healing. METHODS: Ten sportive patients were treated by DIS employing an internal stabilizer to keep the unstable knee in a posterior translation, combined with microfracturing and platelet-rich fibrin induction at the rupture site to promote self-healing. Postoperative clinical [Tegner, Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), visual analogue scale patient satisfaction score] and radiological evaluation, as well as assessment of knee laxity was performed at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: One patient had a re-rupture 5 months postoperative and was hence excluded from further follow-ups. The other nine patients presented the following outcomes at 24 months: median Lysholm score of 100; IKDC score of 98 (97-100); median Tegner score of 6 (range 9-5); anterior translation difference of 1.4 mm (-1 to 3 mm); median satisfaction score of 9.8 (9-10). MRI showed scarring and continuity of the ligament in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: DIS combined with microfracturing and L-PRF resulted in stable clinical and radiological healing of the torn ACL in all but one patient of this first series. They attained normal knee scores, reported excellent satisfaction and could return to their previous levels of sporting activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series with no comparison group, Level IV.

[Fractures of the distal radius]. / Frakturen des distalen Radius.

The most prevalent fractures managed by trauma surgeons are those involving the distal radius. The injury occurs in two peaks of prevalence: the first peak around the age of 10 years and the second peak around the age of 60 years. Distal radius fracture management requires sensitive diagnostics and classification. The objectives of treatment are the reconstruction of a pain-free unlimited durable functioning of the wrist and avoidance of typical fracture complications. Non-operative conservative management is generally employed for stable non-displaced fractures of the distal radius with the expectation of a good functional outcome. Unstable comminuted fractures with intra-articular and extra-articular fragment zones are initially set in a closed operation and finally by osteosynthesis. An armament of surgical implants is available for instable fractures requiring fixation. Palmar locked plate osteosynthesis has been established in recent years as the gold standard for operative management of distal radius fractures. Complex Working Group on Osteosynthesis (AO) classification type 3 fractures require extensive preoperative diagnostics to identify and treat typical associated injuries around the wrist.

Influence of melatonin supplementation on serum antioxidative properties and impact of the quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients.

The relationship between the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and sunlight's ultraviolet radiation was proved. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenic traits of MS. Melatonin possesses antioxidative properties and regulates circadian rhythms. Several studies have reported that the quality of life is worse in patients with MS than in healthy controls, with a higher prevalence of sleep disturbances, depression and fatigue. The aim of study was to evaluate 5 mg daily melatonin supplementation over 90 days on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and its' influence on impact of the quality of life of MS patients. A case-control prospective study was performed on 102 MS patients and 20 controls matched for age and sex. The EDSS, MRI examinations and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) questionnaire was completed. Marked increase in serum MDA concentration in all MS patients groups was observed and after melatonin treatment decreased significantly in interferons-beta and glatiramer acetate-treated groups, but not in mitoxantrone-treated group. A significant increase in SOD activity compared to controls only in glatiramer acetate-treated group was observed. After 3 months melatonin supplementation the SOD activity increased compared to initial values in interferons beta-treated groups. A significant increase in both MSIS-29-PHYS and MSIS-29-PSYCH items mean scores only in the MX group as compared to other groups was observed. There were no significant differences in mean MSIS-29-PHYS was observed before and after melatonin therapy. Melatonin supplementation caused a decrease in mean MSIS-29-PSYCH scores compared to initial values in interferons beta-treated groups. Finding from our study suggest that melatonin can act as an antioxidant and improves reduced quality in MS patients.

Primary prosthetic replacement in per- and intertrochanteric fractures.

PURPOSE: Hip arthroplasty is rarely indicated in the treatment of per- and intertrochanteric femur fractures. Although the majority of fractures are amenable to closed- or open reduction and internal fixation (CRIF/ORIF), in some patients the complexity of the fracture or other patient-related factors may cause the orthopaedic surgeon to consider arthroplasty as the treatment of choice. Decision-making is challenging, and a reliable score has not yet been established. RESULTS: Reviewing literature, several predictors of inferior outcome after CRIF/ORIF in per- and intertrochanteric fractures such as age, gender, poor bone quality, hip osteoarthritis, operation time and postoperative weight-bearing restrictions have been identified. Based on the literature review, a novel Hamburg Per- and Intertrochanteric Fracture Score (HPIFS) is proposed to support decision-making for per- and intertrochanteric fracture treatment. CONCLUSIONS: CRIF/ORIF remain the workhorses in per- and intertrochanteric fracture management. Arthroplasty offers an advantageous treatment option for a well-defined patient and fracture collective. The HPIFS might support the decision-making process.

[74-year-old patient with cystic pancreatic lesions. An endoscopy-based algorithm]. / 74-jähriger Patient mit zystischen Pankreasraumforderungen. Vorschlag für einen endoskopischen Diagnosealgorithmus.

Often, equivocal pancreatic cystic masses in a patient cannot be clearly identified. We report on a 74-year-old patient who consulted us with size-gaining multi-cystic lesions located at the pancreatic head and tail as well as with an increased CA 19-9 level. By using diagnostic methods as ultrasound, radiological images and innovative endoscopic techniques an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) was diagnosed. Evaluation of equivocal cystic lesions requires developing of further strategies as well as integration of new concepts: We present a diagnostic algorithm based on endoscopy that enables us to perform an adapted therapy by having a more accurate evaluation and the opportunity to gain samples where unclear lesions are given.

Endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: is the procedure safe?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this report is to assess the safety of endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Although balloon angioplasty and stenting seem to be safe procedures, there are currently no data on the treatment of a large group of patients with this vascular pathology. METHODS: A total of 564 endovascular procedures (balloon angioplasty or, if this procedure failed, stenting) were performed during 344 interventions in 331 CCSVI patients with associated multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: Balloon angioplasty alone was performed in 192 cases (55.8%), whereas the stenting of at least one vein was required in the remaining 152 cases (44.2%). There were no major complications (severe bleeding, venous thrombosis, stent migration or injury to the nerves) related to the procedure, except for thrombotic occlusion of the stent in two cases (1.2% of stenting procedures) and surgical opening of femoral vein to remove angioplastic balloon in one case (0.3% of procedures). Minor complications included occasional technical problems (2.4% of procedures): difficulty removing the angioplastic balloon or problems with proper placement of stent, and other medical events (2.1% of procedures): local bleeding from the groin, minor gastrointestinal bleeding or cardiac arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS: The procedures appeared to be safe and well tolerated by the patients, regardless of the actual impact of the endovascular treatments for venous pathology on the clinical course of multiple sclerosis, which warrants long-term follow-up.

[Life-threatening complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a systematic analysis of admissions to an ICU during 18 years]. / Lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen von Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa. Eine systematische Auswertung von Intensiv-Aufnahmen über 18 Jahre.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite numerous publications on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) there is a lack of systematic investigations on live-threatening complications of IBD and their causes. This study evaluates risk factors, course and outcome in intensive-care patients which were related to complications of IBD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 6071 admissions to the intensive-care unit (ICU) of a gastroenterological department (university hospital with IBD-outpatient unit) between 1.1.1991 and 31.1.2008 36 ICU admissions of 28 patients with IBD were documented and prospectively analysed from 1996 onwards, using a structured questionnaire on causes for ICU admission as well as risk factors regarding death, organ failure and length of ICU stay. RESULTS: ICU admissions of IBD patients mainly resulted from three causes: complications specific to IBD (44 %), including acute flare-up, perforation and electrolyte imbalance, septic complications (22 %) and thromboembolic complications (17 %). Five patients died, all from septic complications related to immunosuppression including candida sepsis, varicella pneumonia during treatment with infliximab, and pneumocystis pneumonia related to treatment with azathioprine. The most important risk factors according to uni- and multivariate analyses were old age on ICU-admission and first diagnosis of IBD, previous surgery related to IBD and Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of both IBD and immunosuppressive therapy may be live-threatening in patients with IBD. Better characterization of patients with a high probability of improved outcome by immunosuppressive and/or antibody-therapy seems to be preferable to noncritical early use of these drugs.

Extracranial Doppler sonographic criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in the patients with multiple sclerosis.

AIM: The aim of this open-label study was to assess extracranial Doppler criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS: Seventy patients were assessed: 49 with relapsing-remitting, 5 with primary progressive and 16 with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The patients were aged 15-58 years and they suffered from multiple sclerosis for 0.5-40 years. Sonographic signs of abnormal venous outflow were detected in 64 patients (91.4%). RESULTS: We found at least two of four extracranial criteria in 63 patients (90.0%), confirming that multiple sclerosis is stronghly associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Additional transcranial investigations may increase the rate of patients found positive in our survey. Reflux in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins was present in 31 cases (42.8%), stenosis of internal jugular veins in 61 cases (87.1%), not detectable flow in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins in 37 cases (52.9%) and negative difference in cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein assessed in the supine vs. sitting position in 28 cases (40.0%). Flow abnormalities in the vertebral veins were found in 8 patients (11.4%). Pathologic structures (membranaceous or netlike septa, or inverted valves) in the junction of internal jugular vein with brachiocephalic vein were found in 41 patients (58.6%), in 15 patients (21.4%) on one side only and in 26 patients (37.1%) bilaterally. CONCLUSION: Multiple sclerosis is highly correlated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. These abnormalities in the extracranial veins draining the central nervous system can exist in various combinations. The most common pathology in our patients was the presence of an inverted valve or another pathologic structure (like membranaceous or netlike septum) in the area of junction of the IJV with the brachiocephalic vein.

Detection of early vessel leakiness in acute ischemic stroke using computed tomography perfusion may indicate hemorrhagic transformation.

This short communication presents significantly increased permeability in two patients with acute stroke, indicating an early blood-brain barrier disruption. Neither of the patients had undergone any thrombolytic therapy and hemorrhaged later. Increased permeability was assessed in both patients using a distributed-parameter model of capillary-tissue exchange. Our findings indicate that early physiologic imaging in stroke may identify patients with a high risk of hemorrhagic transformation by revealing pathologic vascular changes and, thus, guide therapeutic options.

Prediction of subsequent hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke using permeability CT imaging and a distributed parameter tracer kinetic model.

PURPOSE: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common consequence of infarction independent of thrombolytic therapy. Our purpose was to examine if permeability imaging in admission perfusion CT data of patients with acute stroke might indicate a subsequent HT by imaging the disrupted permeability barriers between blood and brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A distributed parameter model analysis of the perfusion data were used to analyze the admission perfusion surveys of eight patients with HT of the initial infarct without thrombolysis. The perfusion findings of these patients were compared with those of eight age- and gender-matched patients from the initial group that did not present with HT. RESULTS: The applied statistics for comparing the ischemic voxels with the contralateral healthy tissue showed significantly higher permeability-surface product (PS), extraction ratio (E), and extracellular extravascular space volume (V(EES)) in the ischemic voxels (P range, 0.05-0.0001). In the patients without HT, the PS, E and V(EES) values in the ischemic voxels were not significantly different from those in the normal region. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that early perfusion CT physiological imaging in stroke is a promising tool for identifying patients with higher risk of HT and, thus, may serve to guide therapeutic options.

Randomized clinical trial of the influence of local water-filtered infrared A irradiation on wound healing after abdominal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative local water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation improves tissue oxygen partial pressure, tissue perfusion and tissue temperature, which are important in wound healing. METHODS: The effect of wIRA irradiation on abdominal wound healing following elective gastrointestinal surgery was evaluated. Some 111 patients undergoing moderate to major abdominal surgery were randomized into one of two groups: wIRA and visible light irradiation (wIRA group) or visible light irradiation alone (control group). Uncovered wounds were irradiated twice a day for 20 min from days 2-10 after operation. RESULTS: Irradiation with wIRA improved postoperative wound healing in comparison to visible light irradiation alone. Main variables of interest were: wound healing assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by the surgeon (median 88.6 versus 78.5 respectively; P < 0.001) or patient (median 85.8 versus 81.0; P = 0.040), postoperative pain (median decrease in VAS score during irradiation 13.4 versus 0; P < 0.001), subcutaneous oxygen tension after irradiation (median 41.6 versus 30.2 mmHg; P < 0.001) and subcutaneous temperature after irradiation (median 38.9 versus 36.4 degrees C; P < 0.001). The overall result, in terms of wound healing, pain and cosmesis, measured on a VAS by the surgeon (median 79.0 versus 46.8; P < 0.001) or patient (79.0 versus 50.2; P < 0.001) was better after wIRA irradiation. CONCLUSION: Postoperative irradiation with wIRA can improve normal postoperative wound healing and may reduce costs in gastrointestinal surgery.

[Structured quality report of urologic clinics according to section 137 SGB V. Useful information for the patient, marketing tool of the hospitals, leverage wielded by the health insurance companies, or junk data?]. / Strukturierte Qualitätsberichte urologischer Hauptabteilungen gemäss 137 SGB V. Entscheidungshilfe für den Patienten, Marketing-Instrument der Kliniken, Druckmittel der Krankenkassen oder Datenmüll?

In 2005, German hospitals were legally obliged to publish a structured quality report on their data of 2004 including the top 10 diagnosis-related groups, top 10 diagnoses, and top 10 procedures for every specialty. The aim was to increase the transparency for patients, doctors, and health insurance companies. Comparing the quality reports of 248 departments of urology revealed very uniform distributions of diagnoses and diagnosis-related groups. There was a large variety of top 10 procedures, resulting from different interpretations of the coding system, leading to diminished accuracy. The quality reports provide coding specialists with important data, but for patients and nonspecialized doctors, this system is not helpful in improving transparency.

Vanilloids in pancreatic cancer: potential for chemotherapy and pain management.

BACKGROUND: Success of chemotherapy and alleviation of pain are frequently less than optimal in pancreatic cancer patients, leading to increasing interest in new pharmacological substances, such as vanilloids. Our study addressed the question of whether vanilloids influence pancreatic cancer cell growth, and if vanilloids could be used for pain treatment via the vanilloid 1 receptor (VR1) in pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS: In vitro, the effect of resiniferatoxin (vanilloid analogue) on apoptosis and cell growth in pancreatic cancer cells--either alone, combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or combined with gemcitabine--was determined by annexin V staining, FACS analysis, and MTT assay, respectively. VR1 expression was evaluated on RNA and protein level by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in human pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Patient characteristics--especially pain levels--were registered in a prospective database and correlated with VR1 expression. RESULTS: Resiniferatoxin induced apoptosis by targeting mitochondrial respiration and decreased cell growth in pancreatic cancer cells without showing synergistic effects with 5-FU or gemcitabine. Expression of VR1 was significantly upregulated in human pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. VR1 expression was related to the intensity of pain reported by cancer patients but not to the intensity of pain reported by patients with chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Resiniferatoxin induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells indicates that vanilloids may be useful in the treatment of human pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, vanilloid might be a novel and effective treatment option for neurogenic pain in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Transferrin receptor is a marker of malignant phenotype in human pancreatic cancer and in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas.

Transferrin receptor (TFRC) is a membrane-bound protein expressed in larger amounts in proliferating, e.g., malignant, cells than in quiescent cells. The specific expression of TFRC can represent a diagnostic tool or a therapeutic target in solid tumours expressing this antigen. Whether TFRC is expressed in human pancreatic tumours is unknown. The aim of this study was the investigation of the expression of TFRC and transferrin in human pancreatic cancer and in neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Fifty one specimens of human pancreatic cancer and 14 samples of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours were obtained after surgery. The expression of TFRC, transferrin and cytokeratin was studied by standard immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used for the investigation of TFRC expression in nine cell lines of ductal pancreatic cancer in vitro. In contrast to normal tissue, 93% of pancreatic tumour cells showed positive (82%) or heterogeneous (11%) expression of TFRC. It was strongly expressed by malignant epithelial cells; normal stromal and endothelial cells were not stained by anti-TFRC antibodies. Primary tumours and metastases showed a similar frequency of TFRC expression. Three neuroendocrine carcinomas showed positive expression of TFRC by malignant tumour cells. The expression of TFRC was negative in benign neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. The cell lines of pancreatic cancer were characterised by a low expression of TFRC in vitro. In contrast to normal pancreatic tissue and benign neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas, pancreatic cancer and neuroendocrine carcinoma are therefore characterised frequently by high expression of TFRC. Hence, TFRC represents a marker of malignant transformation in the pancreas that could be applied as potential diagnostic and therapeutic target.