Medium-term outcomes from mitral valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease in young adults in Aotearoa New Zealand: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in New Zealand. Factors associated with the choice of surgical treatment for advanced RHD in young adults are poorly understood. We sought to review our local experience with the surgical management of young adults with rheumatic mitral valvular disease. METHODS: From 2003 to 2016, all patients aged 15-24 years undergoing mitral valve surgery for rheumatic disease at Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: During the 13-year study period, 73 young adults underwent mitral surgery; 85% were Maori or Pacific Islanders. Mitral repair was performed in 32 patients and replacement in 41 patients. Isolated mitral valve surgery was performed in 36%, double valve procedures in 47%, and triple valve procedures in 17% of patients. The 30-day mortality rate and stroke rate were 1.4% and 2.7% respectively. The medium-term mortality rate was 11.9% across a mean follow-up of 6 years (6.9% in the repair group, 15.8% in the replacement group, p = 0.25). There were increased bleeding complications (p = 0.04) in patients with mechanical mitral valve replacement. For patients on warfarin, across medium-term follow-up, the INR was in the therapeutic range only 23% of the time. CONCLUSION: Most young adults in New Zealand with severe RHD requiring surgery are of indigenous Maori or Pacific Island ethnicity. There is a trend towards improved survival with mitral repair. There is a significant tendency towards increased bleeding complications in patients on warfarin for mechanical mitral replacement. Warfarin compliance is poor.

Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery: The Auckland Experience 2011-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Isolated tricuspid valve surgery is an uncommon operation. Historical reports, including a previous review from our unit, demonstrated high morbidity and mortality associated with this operation. Many of these patients had severely impaired right ventricular function at the time of the surgery. Since our previous review, we have actively encouraged our local cardiologists to refer patients with severe isolated tricuspid disease for surgery before right ventricular remodelling occurs. This present study was performed to assess our current results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospectively-maintained hospital database was used to identify all adult non-congenital patients receiving standalone tricuspid valve repair or replacement at New Zealand's largest cardiothoracic surgical unit from July 2011 to July 2019. Additional demographic and clinical data were collected by review of patient electronic records. RESULTS: During the 8-year study period, a total of 50 patients underwent isolated tricuspid valve surgery. Most patients were operated on for functional (40%) or rheumatic (30%) tricuspid disease. The majority of patients underwent surgery when the right ventricular function preoperatively was normal (30%) or mildly/moderately impaired (60%). Over half the patient sample (56%) underwent valve replacement. The 30-day mortality rate and stroke rate were 6% and 2% respectively. The medium-term survival was 80% at 4 years mean follow-up. CONCLUSION: Isolated tricuspid surgery is no longer a high mortality operation when it is performed on patients who have preserved right ventricular function.

How to replace a bioprosthetic aortic valve within the Bentall graft.

The Bentall procedure using a bioprosthesis-containing conduit carries the risk of structural valve deterioration within the patients' lifetime. Failed aortic bioprosthesis replacement requires a redo aortic root replacement that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We describe an original "neo-annulus" technique of aortic valve replacement (AVR) within the Bentall graft. This technique involves an incision of the Bentall valve-containing aortic root conduit, cutting the stainless wireform stent and the inner plastic stent of the bioprosthetic valve at the tips of commissure posts with a wire cutter, removal of semilunar fragments of the remaining stainless wire, division of the fabric of the valve between the valve sewing cuff and the Elgiloy alloy base ring leaving the sewing cuff of the excised aortic valve bioprosthesis attached to the Bentall conduit as a "neo-annulus". Subsequently, this neo-annulus is stitched with interrupted 2/0 Ticrone sutures and another prosthetic aortic valve implanted inside of the old Bentall conduit. The graft incision is closed with a continuous 4/0 polypropylene suture.

Challenging corrective redo surgery in a patient presenting with severe aortic redilatation following an aortic root reduction aortoplasty with concomitant external wrapping.

We report a case of severe long-term failure of an aortic root reduction aortoplasty with external wrapping. The patient presented 13 years after the initial surgery with a large redilatation of the aortic root and major atrophy of the native aortic root wall inside the external wrap. This subsequently necessitated challenging corrective redo surgery with a Bentall procedure. This case highlights the potential long-term risk of redilatation posed by using reduction aortoplasty with concomitant aortic external wrapping as a technique to treat largely aneurysmal aortic roots.

Large Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Pseudoaneurysm Closed Percutaneously From a Novel Apical Approach.

An incidental finding of a large left ventricular outflow tract pseudoaneurysm in a 74-year-old man, with high surgical risk, was managed with a novel, fully percutaneous, left ventricular apical approach. The pseudoaneurysm defect and the apical puncture site were successfully closed with Amplatzer septal occluders with successful positioning, as demonstrated on cardiac computed tomography at 6 weeks follow-up. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Long-Term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Consecutive Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Worldwide, there is increased use of bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position. Part of this increase has been patient-driven for quality of life reasons. More recently, bioprosthetic valves have been chosen by progressively younger patients, with a strategy of performing a valve-in-valve TAVI if the prosthesis should wear out. Thus, a review was undertaken of the present authors' experience with patients whose first two aortic valve replacements (AVRs) were with bioprosthetic valves. METHODS: Patients receiving consecutive bioprosthetic AVRs at the Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit were identified from a departmental database. Data were retrieved from prospective databases, electronic and archived clinical records. Outcomes of interest were overall survival and freedom from a third or more AVR. RESULTS: A total of 267 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a mean follow up of 22.3 years. Concurrent procedures (e.g., coronary artery bypass grafting) were performed in 65.2% of patients that underwent two bioprosthetic AVRs, and in 79.8% of patients undergoing three or more bioprosthetic AVRs. Median survival of the cohort was 31.7 years. Age at operation was the best predictor of needing a third or more AVR. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified that age <45 years at the first operation and <56 years at the second operation were the optimal cut-off point for the likelihood of needing a third or more aortic valve intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival for consecutive bioprosthetic AVRs was remarkably good. Data relating to consecutive bioprosthetic AVRs is of particular interest in the context of TAVI and valve-in-valve TAVI, which will likely significantly increase the number of patients receiving consecutive bioprosthetic valves. However, it must be noted that the majority of patients in this cohort required concurrent cardiac surgical procedures. The study results provided encouraging data for consecutive bioprosthetic AVRs, as well as data that may be of interest in the setting of TAVI being performed in younger cohorts of patients.

Prolonged Survival of Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma After Aggressive Surgical Resection.

Pulmonary artery sarcomas are rare tumors with a poor prognosis. Presentation is usually with symptoms of cardiorespiratory dysfunction, and although preoperative diagnosis was unusual historically, modern imaging techniques allow a high degree of confidence, and transvenous catheter biopsy can give confirmation of the diagnosis. This patient survived 6 years after surgical resection of the tumor and left lung with pulmonary artery reconstruction followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. The prolonged survival supports an aggressive approach in suitable cases.

Does removing Mannitol and Voluven from the priming fluid of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit have clinical effects?

The Auckland Hospital cardiothoracic unit recently removed Mannitol and Voluven from its Plasma-lyte-based cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming fluid. Like with any change to practice, a comprehensive audit should be performed to identify positive or negative effects. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to investigate the effect of changing the CPB prime constituents on fluid balance and clinical outcome parameters. Clinical records were reviewed for 100 consecutive patients undergoing primary, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 50 patients before the prime change and 50 after. All data were collated into a central database for analysis. Mean arterial pressure while on bypass was higher in the new prime group (61.5 mmHg versus 57.5 mmHg, p = .002). There was no significant difference in hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum sodium, serum potassium, or creatinine postoperatively between groups. In regard to important outcomes such as postoperative weight and fluid balance, time on ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) or hospital, and mortality, there were no significant differences. Interestingly, new prime group spent a smaller proportion of their time in the ICU on mechanical ventilation (23% versus 36%, p = .022). Mannitol and Voluven, like with all drugs, carry their own potential adverse effects. This study demonstrates that removing Mannitol and Voluven from priming fluid did not have any detrimental effect on electrolytes, fluid status, and other important outcomes in this consecutive series of patients having primary isolated CABG surgery. The risk-benefit balance combined with the obvious economic benefit clearly favors removing Mannitol and Voluven from priming fluids.

Aortic valve replacement in over 70- and over 80-year olds: 5-year cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Demand for aortic valve intervention remains high, and together with the recent introduction of transcatheter aortic valve implantation, this motivates a review of surgical aortic valve replacement in elderly recipients. METHODS: Consecutive patients over 70 years of age having isolated aortic valve replacement during 2007-11 were retrospectively identified and divided into 70-79 and ≥ 80 years age groups for analyses. RESULTS: 62 octogenarians and 121 septuagenarians were eligible. Among octogenarians, a lower proportion were in Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class 3-4 (3.2% vs. 14.0%, p = 0.022) and fewer had diabetes (11.3% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.034), but a higher proportion had infective endocarditis (6.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.012), and EuroSCORE II was higher (4.9% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001). Despite this, operative mortality was lower in octogenarians (0% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.029), although hospital stay (11.7 vs. 8.9 days, p = 0.026) was longer. One-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 95.2%, 90.1%, and 75.3% for octogenarians and 89.2%, 81.7%, and 70.2% for septuagenarians (p = 0.398). Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class 3-4 and the presence of other valvular stenosis or regurgitation were independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: Octogenarians had lower operative mortality despite a higher predicted risk preoperatively. Other factors beyond age and EuroSCORE, such as frailty, may be important in deciding whether elderly patients should undergo aortic valve replacement.

Long-term survival after isolated tricuspid valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Isolated replacement of the tricuspid valve is rare, and the decision to operate is difficult. This study reviews the in-hospital mortality and long-term survival after tricuspid valve replacement in the absence of concomitant left sided valve surgery. It identifies predictors of poor outcome. METHODS: All patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement between January 1995 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients having concomitant mitral or aortic valve surgery were excluded. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of early and late death. RESULTS: Twenty-nine cases were identified. There were six in-hospital deaths (20.6%), and eight late deaths. Ascites was associated with in-hospital death (hazard ratio 16.96; p=0.0052). Higher dose of Frusemide was associated with late mortality (hazard ratio 1.157 per 20mg increase; p=0.0155). Frusemide dose and ascites were both significantly associated with death overall (p<0.01). Survival analysis estimated a 50% probability of surviving to 12.45 years. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated tricuspid valve replacement has a high peri-operative risk. Long-term survival in this study was consistent with other reports. Ascites and higher doses of Frusemide were associated with poor outcomes.

Isolated tricuspid valve surgery at a single centre: the 47-year Auckland experience, 1965-2011.

OBJECTIVES: Isolated tricuspid valve surgery is not commonly performed with few studies and limited numbers published. We reviewed the characteristics and outcomes, including survival, reoperation rates and their predictors of different types of isolated tricuspid surgery. METHODS: Patients coded for isolated tricuspid valve surgery were identified from the Green Lane Hospital database. Relevant clinical characteristics were collected from both clinical and written clinical records. Mortality was checked against the national 'Births, Deaths and Marriages' database from the Ministry of Health. RESULTS: Seventy-two consecutive patients (48 ± 16 years; 71% women, body mass index 25 ± 6) underwent isolated tricuspid valve surgery from 1965 to 2011. Valve repair was performed in 53 and 47% had a valve replacement. The majority of these operations were performed in the last two decades. Early mortality within 30 days of operation was 7.9% for repair and 17.6% for replacement (P = 0.29). The 1-, 5-, 10- and 25-year survival rates were 83.8, 74.5, 63.6 and 32.8% for tricuspid repair and 81.8, 68.2, 61.4 and 15.2% for tricuspid replacement, respectively. Preoperative loop diuretic dose (P = 0.0120) and preoperative haemoglobin level (P = 0.0377) were independent predictors of survival for all isolated tricuspid surgery, while preoperative creatinine level (P = 0.04) independently predicted reoperation during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both isolated tricuspid replacement and repair were associated with significant but acceptable early and late mortality with no statistically significant difference in cumulative survival. Preoperative loop diuretic dose, haemoglobin and creatinine are individually associated with survival and/or reoperation after isolated tricuspid valve surgery.

Aortic valve repair: 49 year follow-up.

This case report reveals an encouraging long-term follow-up of an aortic valve repair performed in 1962 by Sir Brian Barrett-Boyes. At last follow-up in 2011, 49 years after aortic valve repair, there was only trivial aortic regurgitation. This length of follow-up is considerably longer than that which currently exists in the literature for aortic valve repair.