Netarsudil monotherapy as the initial treatment for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Indian patients: A real-world evaluation of efficacy and safety.

Purpose: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting more than 64 million people aged 40-80. The best way to manage primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is by lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP). Netarsudil is a Rho kinase inhibitor, the only class of antiglaucoma medications that reorganizes the extracellular matrix to improve the aqueous outflow through the trabecular pathway. Methods: An open-label, real-world, multicentric, observation-based 3-month study was performed for assessing the safety and ocular hypotensive efficacy of netarsudil ophthalmic solution (0.02% w/v) in patients with elevated IOP. Patients were given netarsudil ophthalmic solution (0.02% w/v) as a first-line therapy. Diurnal IOP measurements, best-corrected visual acuity, and adverse event assessments were recorded at each of the five visits (Day-1: screening day and first dosing day; subsequent observations were taken at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months). Results: Four hundred and sixty-nine patients from 39 centers throughout India completed the study. The mean IOP at baseline of the affected eyes was 24.84 ± 6.39 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation). After the first dose, the IOP was measured after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, with the final measurement taken at 3 months. The percentage reduction in IOP in glaucoma patients after 3 months of once-daily netarsudil 0.02% w/v solution use was 33.34%. The adverse effects experienced by patients were not severe in the majority of cases. Some adverse effects observed were redness, irritation, itching, and others, but only a small number of patients experienced severe reactions, as reported in a decreasing order: redness > irritation > watering > itching > stinging > blurring. Conclusion: We found that netarsudil 0.02% w/v solution monotherapy when used as the first-line treatment in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension was both safe and effective.

Clinical, histological and immunohistochemistry characteristics of cornea in the sequelae stage of chronic vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical outcomes and histopathological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) features in eyes with the sequelae stage of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). METHODS: Investigative study of corneal samples obtained following surgical intervention for vision restoration in four eyes of three patients with VKC. Patient 1 (an 11-year-old boy) had deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in both eyes, Patient 2 (a 24-year-old male) underwent superficial keratectomy followed by penetrating keratoplasty, and Patient 3 (a 22-year-old male) underwent penetrating keratoplasty. The corneal samples retrieved after surgical intervention were assessed for histology features and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. RESULTS: The grafts were clear till the follow-up of 2-18 months. Histopathology of all four corneal samples showed epithelial hyperplasia, absent Bowman layer, thick hyalinized stromal lamellae, vascularization, and chronic inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells. IHC showed strong expression of CK 3 in both eyes of Patient 1 and no expression in Patients 2 and 3. The marker for limbal stem cells, ABCG2, was absent in all four samples; however, p63α was expressed strongly in Patients 2 and 3, moderately in the right eye of Patient 1, and marginally expressed in the left eye of Patient 1. CONCLUSION: The eyes in the sequelae stage of VKC (having corneal scarring and 360° hypertrophied limbus) can be managed favorably with keratoplasty and amniotic membrane transplantation without allogenic/cadaveric stem cell transplantation. The expression of transient progenitor cells in the scarred corneas of VKC patients in the sequelae stage suggests that the limbal stem cell dysfunction is more likely partial and self-renewal of limbal stem cells is a plausibility in these eyes.

Cataract surgery in uveitis.

PURPOSE: To study the visual outcome of cataract surgery in eyes with uveitis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients with uveitis operated for cataract. RESULTS: 106 eyes of 89 patients with uveitis were operated for cataract. In 62.3% eyes (66/106), post-operative follow-up was at least 6 months. There was significant improvement (P < 0.001) in visual acuity after cataract surgery. Provided the uveitis was well controlled for three months pre-operatively, additional pre-operative anti-inflammatory medications did not significantly affect (P = 0.842) post-operative inflammation. Patients who received extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) or phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL (PCIOL) obtained better visual acuity at 6 weeks (P = 0.009 and P = 0.032 respectively) than those with only ECCE without IOL. In 37 eyes vision did not improve due to persistent uveitis (23.9%, 16/67), cystoid macular oedeme (20.9%, 14/67), and posterior capsule opacification (14.9%, 10/67). CONCLUSION: Cataract extraction and PCIOL implantation is safe in eyes with uveitis. Additional preoperative medications may not alleviate post-operative inflammation if uveitis is well controlled for at least three months before surgery.