[Analysis of food water sources of college students from Hebei Province in spring].

Objective: To investigate the food source of water of college students from Hebei Province in spring. Methods: In March 2017, the subjects were recruited in a college in Baoding, Hebei Province. 156 students completed the investigation. All foods were collected for 3 consecutive days using duplicate portion study combined with weighing method to test the water content of various foods. To analyze the water content of the food and calculate the proportion to the total amount of food water intake, the edible parts of each meal were divided into staple food, dishes, porridge, soup and snacks. Body mass index (BMI) was grouped according to quartiles, and the differences in food intake and food water sources among subjects of different genders and BMI were compared. Results: The age of subjects was (19.8±1.1) years old, including 80 male students. The median intake of staple food, dishes, porridge, soup and snacks per day was 562 g, 743 g, 111 g, 102 g and 0 g, respectively. The median intake of water from staple food, dishes, porridge, soup and snacks per day was 301 ml/d, 620 ml/d, 97 ml/d, 93 ml/d and 0 ml/d, respectively. The median ratio of water intake to total food water intake of staple food, dishes, porridge, soup and snacks was 27%, 53%, 8%, 8% and 0%, respectively. The median intake of water from staple food and dishes in male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P<0.05). The amount of water intake from porridge of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the water intake from soup and snacks between different genders. There was no significant difference in food intake and food water sources among college students with different BMI (P>0.05). Conclusion: The food source of water of college students from Hebei Province in spring is mainly based on dishes and staple foods. The food source of water for boys and girls is different.

[The total fluids intake among young adults from Hebei Province in spring].

Objectives: To investigate the total fluids intake among college students in spring from Hebei. Methods: In March 2017, the subjects were recruited in a college in Baoding, Hebei Province. 156 students completed the investigation. Total drinking fluids was assessed by 7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire, with a quantitative tool. The water from food was assessed by duplicate portion method. The sources of total fluids intake among subjects were analysed. Results: The age of subjects was (19.8±1.1) years old, including 80 male students. The median amounts of total fluids intake, total drinking fluids and water from food were 2 324, 1 135 and 1 174 ml, respectively. The proportions of total drinking fluids and water from food in total fluids intake were 51%±9% and 49%±10%. Only 19.9% (n=31) and 18.6% (n=29) of college students had adequate total fluids intake and total drinking fluids, according to the recommendation of China. The median amounts of total fluids intake, total drinking fluids and water from food were 3 210, 1 860 and 1 093 ml/d, respectively. The proportion of total drinking fluids in total fluids intake was 61%±7%, which were all higher than those who did not reach the recommended intake (2 158, 1 000, 1 149 ml/d; drinking fluids accounting for 46%±8% of total fluids intake) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The amounts of total fluids intake and total drinking fluids of college students in Hebei Province are lower than the recommended intake in China. The contributions of total drinking fluids and water from food to total fluids intake were nearly same.

[The total fluids intake, volume of urine and hydration status among young adults from Hebei Province in spring].

Objectives: To investigate the total fluids intake, volume of urine and hydration status among college students from Hebei Province in spring. Methods: In March 2017, the subjects were recruited in a college in Baoding, Hebei Province. 156 students completed the investigation. Total drinking fluids was assessed by 7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire, with a quantitative tool. The water from food was assessed by the duplicate portion method. The urine samples of 24-hour was collected for 3 consecutive days, and the volume, osmolality, pH and specific gravity of urine were measured. Hydration status was grouped to three types according to the urine osmolality (mOsm/kg), namely, optimal hydration (urine osmolality ≤500), middle hydration (500< urine osmolality ≥800) and dehydration (urine osmolality >800), and the differences among subjects in different genders and hydration statuses were compared. Results: The age of all subjects was (19.8±1.1) years old, including 80 male students. The median amounts of total fluids intake, total drinking fluids, water from food and urine volume were 2 324, 1 135, 1 174 and 1 279 ml/d, respectively. The volume of urine among males was 1 272 ml/d, which was not significantly different from that of females (1 304 ml/d) (P>0.05). The osmolality and specific gravity of urine among males were 688 mOsm/kg and 1.017, which were higher than those of females (493 mOsm/kg, 1.014) (P<0.05). But the pH of males was 6.6±0.3, which was lower than that of females (6.7±0.3) (P<0.05). Only 37.2% (n=58) of college students were in optimal hydration status. The median of the amount of total drinking fluids among subjects in optimal hydration status was 301, 448 ml/d higher than that in middle hydration status and dehydration, respectively (P<0.05). The proportion of females in optimal hydration status was 51.3% (n=39), which was higher than that of males 23.8% (n=19) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Large proportion of college students in Hebei had lower total drinking fluids than the recommended intake of China, and the volume of urine was equal to the amount of total drinking fluids among the college students. Only 37.2% of college students were in optimal hydration status, and the proportion of female college students in optimal hydration status was larger than that of males.

[Summary and evaluation on methods of water-intake survey among population].

At present, methods of water-intake survey include government, industry, sector statistics data, dietary survey (24 hours dietary recall, dietary record and food frequency questionnaire), fluid intake survey (retrospective fluid-intake questionnaire, 1-5 days 24 hours fluid-intake survey, 7 days 24 hours fluid-intake record), weighing method with the food composition table, weighing method, duplicate portion method and chemical analysis, and so on. The method of 7 days 24 hours fluid-intake record is an internationally recognized and authoritative method for fluid-intake survey with the highest accuracy, which can reflect the differences of fluid intake between working and non-working days, and can obtain detailed data on behaviors and patterns of fluid water, such as the time, types and places of fluid intake. The method of combining weighing method, duplicate portion method and chemical analysis is used to analyze water intake from food with the highest accuracy, which can be used in an extensive range of population and areas, but with high cost and complex operating steps. It is of great practical significance to compare and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different methods about water-intake survey, which will be helpful for researchers to choose appropriate methods for water-intake survey to obtain accurate and representative data in various areas, different population, and complex circumstances.

Cyclin D1 G870A gene polymorphism and risk of leukemia and hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis.

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a key protein involved in cell-cycle regulation, and the CCND1 G870A polymorphism is associated with many types of malignancy. Studies examining the associations between this G870A polymorphism and susceptibility to leukemia and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify these associations. A search of the PubMed database yielded 7 relevant articles: 3 pertaining to leukemia and 4 to HCC. The odds ratios (ORs) from individual studies were pooled using a fixed or random-effect model. A significant association was observed between the CCND1 G870A variant and leukemia under the allele contrast model [P = 0.003, OR = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-1.95], the homozygote contrast model (P = 0.003, OR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.34-3.96), and the recessive model (P = 0.002, OR = 2.03, 95%CI = 1.29-3.21). A significant association was observed between this variant and HCC under the recessive model (P = 0.0006, OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.23-2.14), the dominant model (P = 0.002, OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.19-2.14), the homozygote contrast model (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.45-2.94), and the allele contrast model (P < 0.0001, OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.20-1.69). Our findings suggest that heritable CCND1 status may influence the risk of developing leukemia and HCC, and that more attention should be given to carriers of these susceptibility genes.

Effects of CYP3A4 polymorphisms on the plasma concentration of voriconazole.

Voriconazole is frequently utilized for the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), and is extensively metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. The impact of activity of the genes encoding CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2C9 on the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole cannot be ignored because, second to CYP2C19, they are the most important enzymes involved in voriconazole metabolism. The influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2C9 on the plasma concentrations of voriconazole was evaluated in the present study. The study cohort comprised 158 patients with IFIs in whom 22 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2C9 were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000 system, and voriconazole plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 40, 91, and 27 patients presented with low (<1 mg/L), normal (1-4 mg/L), and high (>4 mg/L) plasma voriconazole concentrations, respectively. Correlation analysis between polymorphisms and the plasma voriconazole concentration revealed an association between the presence of the rs4646437 T allele and a higher plasma voriconazole concentration [p = 0.033, odds ratio (OR) = 2.832, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.086-7.384]. This study has identified a new SNP related to the metabolism of voriconazole, potentially providing novel insight into the influence of CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics of this antifungal agent.

Association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis.

Relapse is a threat in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity may affect the sensitivity of patients to folate-based chemotherapeutic drugs, thus influencing the relapse risk. Two polymorphisms of the gene encoding MTHFR, C677T and A1298C, alter MTHFR enzyme activity and may be associated with ALL relapse. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the correlation between the C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and ALL relapse. To this end, data were collected from studies of the association between these two polymorphisms and ALL relapse. Analysis of the data revealed a serious contradiction among the results. A recessive model demonstrated that the ALL relapse risk was significantly increased in carriers of the 677 TT genotype, especially for pediatric ALL, but was unaffected by the A1298C polymorphism. These findings confirm that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism could be considered as a good marker of the pediatric ALL relapse risk.