Antiparasitic Activity of Compounds Isolated from Ganoderma tuberculosum (Agaricomycetes) from Mexico.

The genus Ganoderma has a long history of use in traditional Asiatic medicine due to its different nutritional and medicinal properties. In Mexico, the species G. tuberculosum is used in indigenous communities, for example, the Wixaritari and mestizos of Villa Guerrero Jalisco for the treatment of diseases that may be related to parasitic infections; however, few chemical studies corroborate its traditional medicinal potential. Thereby, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify anti-parasitic activity compounds from a strain of G. tuberculosum native to Mexico. From the fruiting bodies of G. tuberculosum (GVL-21) a hexane extract was obtained which was subjected to guided fractioning to isolate pure compounds. The in vitro anti-parasitic activity of the pure compound (IC50) was assayed against Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff, and Naegleria fowleri. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity (CC50) of the isolated compounds was determined against murine macrophages. The guided fractioning produced 5 compounds: ergosterol (1), ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3ß-ol (3), 3,5-dihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (4), and ganoderic acid DM (5). Compounds 2 and 5 showed the best anti-parasitic activity in an IC50 range of 54.34 ± 8.02 to 12.38 ± 2.72 µM against all the parasites assayed and low cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. The present study showed for the first time the in vitro anti-parasitic activity of compounds 1-5 against L. amazonensis, T. cruzi, A. castellanii Neff, and N. fowleri, corroborating the medicinal potential of Ganoderma and its traditional applications.

In Vitro Susceptibility of Kinetoplastids to Celastroloids from Maytenus chiapensis.

Leishmaniasis and Chagas are among the most significant neglected tropical diseases. Due to several drawbacks with the current chemotherapy, developing new antikinetoplastid drugs has become an urgent issue. In the present work, a bioassay-guided investigation of the root bark of Maytenus chiapensis on Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi led to the identification of two D:A-friedo-nor-oleanane triterpenoids (celastroloids), 20ß-hydroxy-tingenone (celastroloid 5) and 3-O-methyl-6-oxo-tingenol (celastroloid 8), as promising antikinetoplastid leads. They displayed higher potency on L. amazonensis promastigotes (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s], 0.44 and 1.12 µM, respectively), intracellular amastigotes (IC50s, 0.83 and 1.91 µM, respectively), and T. cruzi epimastigote stage (IC50s, 2.61 and 3.41 µM, respectively) than reference drugs miltefosine and benznidazole. This potency was coupled with an excellent selectivity index on murine macrophages. Mechanism of action studies, including mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and ATP-level analysis, revealed that celastroloids could induce apoptotic cell death in L. amazonensis triggered by the mitochondria. In addition, the structure-activity relationship is discussed. These findings strongly underline the potential of celastroloids as lead compounds to develop novel antikinetoplastid drugs.

Los sistemas de gestión ambiental en la industria petrolera internacional / Enviromental management systems in international petroleum industries

Las operaciones de las industrias petroleras generan consecuencias directas sobre el ambiente, entre las que destacan las emisiones atmósféricas, los efluentes líquidos y los desechos sólidos y peligrosos. El los últimos años estas industrías han comenzado a preocuparse por los asuntos ambientales, buscando minimizar los impactos sobre el ambiente, las cominidades y las personas. Entre las principales estrategias propuestas se encuentran los Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental (SGA), cuya aplicación permite mejorar la aplicación ambiental de las empresas y lograr sus metas económicas, ya que se enfoca en la búsqueda de un desarrollo sustentable bajo un esquema eco-eficiente. Internacionalmente una de la ventajas de controlar por problemas de contaminación es la mejora de la comptitividad de la empresa y la colocación de sus productos en el mercado en posiciones ventajosas. En este trabajo se ravisan algunas estrategias ambientales adoptadas por empresas petroleras consideradas como líderes en el ambiti internacional. Se concluye que sólo las compañías cuya gerencia o directiva se encuestra comprometida con los propósitos planteados en su política han logrado aplicar los sistemas propuestos. No basta con tomar la decisión de desarrollar un sistema confiable, sino que debe asumirse como una pare fundamental del negocio que, bajo un estricto control y mejora constante, puede llegar a convertirse en clave para aumentar la productividad y competitividad de la empresa