European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis: overview and introduction to the full supplement publication.

Population-based screening for early detection and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and precursor lesions, using evidence-based methods, can be effective in populations with a significant burden of the disease provided the services are of high quality. Multidisciplinary, evidence-based guidelines for quality assurance in CRC screening and diagnosis have been developed by experts in a project co-financed by the European Union. The 450-page guidelines were published in book format by the European Commission in 2010.  They include 10 chapters and over 250 recommendations, individually graded according to the strength of the recommendation and the supporting evidence. Adoption of the recommendations can improve and maintain the quality and effectiveness of an entire screening process, including identification and invitation of the target population, diagnosis and management of the disease and appropriate surveillance in people with detected lesions. To make the principles, recommendations and standards in the guidelines known to a wider professional and scientific community and to facilitate their use in the scientific literature, the original content is presented in journal format in an open-access Supplement of Endoscopy. The editors have prepared the present overview to inform readers of the comprehensive scope and content of the guidelines.

Socioeconomic position and participation in colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with faecal occult blood test (FOBT) has the potential to reduce the incidence and mortality of CRC. Screening uptake is known to be inferior in people with low socioeconomic position (SEP) when compared with those with high position; however, the results of most previous studies have limited value because they are based on recall or area-based measures of socioeconomic position, and might thus be subject to selective participation and misclassification. In this study we investigated differences in CRC screening participation using register-based individual information on education, employment, and income to encompass different but related aspects of socioeconomic stratification. Also, the impact of ethnicity and cohabiting status was analysed. METHODS: A feasibility study on CRC screening was conducted in two Danish counties in 2005 and 2006. Screening consisted of a self-administered FOBT kit mailed to 177 114 inhabitants aged 50-74 years. Information on individual socioeconomic status was obtained from Statistics Denmark. RESULTS: A total of 85 374 (48%) of the invited returned the FOBT kits. Participation was significantly higher in women than in men (OR=1.58 (1.55-1.61)), when all socioeconomic and demographic variables were included in the statistical model. Participation also increased with increasing level of education, with OR=1.38 (1.33-1.43) in those with a higher education compared with short education. Also, participation increased with increasing income levels, with OR=1.94 (1.87-2.01) in the highest vs lowest quintile. Individuals with a disability pension, the unemployed and self-employed people were significantly less likely to participate (OR=0.77 (0.74-0.80), OR=0.83 (0.80-0.87), and OR=0.85 (0.81-0.89), respectively). Non-western immigrants were less likely to participate (OR=0.62 (0.59-0.66)) in a model controlling for age, sex, and county; however, this difference might be attributed to low SEP in these ethnic groups ((OR=0.93 (0.87-0.99), when adjusting for SEP indicators). CONCLUSION: This study based on individual information on several socioeconomic dimensions in a large, unselected population allowed for identification of several specific subgroups within the population with low CRC screening participation. Improved understanding is needed on the effect of targeted information and other strategies in order to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in screening.

Evidence for immune system involvement in reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

Skin biopsies from patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy were immunostained using a variety of antisera. An incidental finding with S100 staining was the presence of numerous Langerhans cells in the epidermis. All patients had significant pain at the time of biopsy, and all had symptoms refractory to treatment. The potential implications of this finding are discussed.

Imaging of the Apert syndrome hand using three-dimensional CT and MRI.

Imaging of the Apert syndrome hand is usually done with plain x-rays. This gives only a limited assessment of the grossly abnormal anatomy. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the ability to comprehensively demonstrate the spatial arrangement of the bones as well as the anatomy of the soft-tissue structures. This paper demonstrates the use of these two imaging modalities in the complex Apert syndrome hand to improve surgical planning and treatment.

The Apert syndrome hand: pathologic anatomy and clinical manifestations.

The Apert syndrome hand demonstrates many typical clinical features including syndactyly, symbrachyphalangism, and growth disturbances. This is due to the grossly abnormal anatomy of both the skeletal and soft-tissue structures associated with a progressive disease process. This paper presents a clinical, radiologic, and histologic analysis of the Apert syndrome hand anatomy and correlates it with the clinical manifestations. It also links hand and craniofacial dysplasia to other regions of the skeleton as well as the overall disease process. From our analysis, we conclude that there is a genetic anomaly causing variable and uncoordinated differentiation of the mesenchyme at the time of embryologic separation into its various skeletal components, particularly in the distal limb bud and craniofacial skeleton. This disease process continues postnatally in endochondral bone growth center malformation and malfunction as well as ectopic cartilage ossification in soft tissues. We discuss the role of abnormal musculotendinous anatomy and altered biomechanical forces in relation to these processes.

The ultrasonic diagnosis of urachal anomalies.

Seven cases of urachal anomalies are presented. The spectrum of the disorder and the criteria for ultrasound diagnosis are described. Six of seven cases were correctly diagnosed pre-operatively with diagnostic ultrasound, but one case with no cystic component was missed. The appearance of a fixed, midline, cystic, extraperitoneal swelling between the umbilicus and the bladder should suggest the diagnosis.

Digital nerve compression by hyperplastic Pacinian corpuscles. A case report and immunohistochemical study.

A 68-year-old lady developed digital pain within days of the excision of a palmar ganglion. This was found to be due to a mass of hyperplastic Pacinian corpuscles compressing the digital nerve. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on the resected corpuscles using antisera to a range of neuropeptides. Possible mechanisms of hyperplasia are discussed.

Intraductal migration of silicone from intact gel breast prostheses.

This case presents a previously undocumented complication of silicone gel prostheses in which silicone accumulated in the lactiferous ductal system of the breast with the underlying prostheses being intact. It demonstrates the disconcerting potential of silicone to migrate through tissue planes that are not disrupted. It also highlights the fact that a great deal of knowledge about the body's interaction with silicone still needs to be ascertained.

[Status of preventive screening for uterine cervix cancer in Denmark in 1994]. / Status for forebyggende undersøgelser mod livmoderhalskraeft i Danmark 1994.

In 1986 The National Board of Health published guidelines for cervical cancer screening in Denmark. These guidelines recommend organized screening with personal invitations every three years to women in the age group 23-59 years, and in the years to come also invitation of women aged 60-74 years. We studied the organization of cervical cancer screening in Danish counties at the beginning of 1994. Organized screening programmes are running in 15 out of the 16 "counties" (this include the municipalities of København and Frederiksberg). Four counties completely follow the national guidelines. Eight counties follow these guidelines in general, but they do not invite women above the age of 60 years. In total, 72% of women aged 25-74 years are at present invited for cervical cancer screening in Denmark.

Dieulafoy's ulcer: a palpable entity?

Two cases of Dieulafoy's ulcer are reported. Diagnosis was delayed but successful surgical treatment was achieved once the lesion was located by palpation.

[Status of preventive examinations against uterine cervix cancer in Denmark]. / Status for forebyggende undersøgelser mod livmoderhalskraeft i Danmark 1991.

In 1986, The Danish National Board of Health published guidelines for cervical cancer screening. These guidelines recommend organized screening with personal invitations every three years to women in the age group 23-59 years, and in the years to come also invitations to women aged 60-74 years. Five years have now elapsed since publication of these guidelines, and we have therefore studied the present organization of cervical cancer screening in Danish counties. Organized screening programmes are now, medio 1991, running in 11 out of the 16 "counties" (this includes the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg). One county follows the national guidelines entirely. Six counties follow these guidelines in general, but they do not invite women over the age of 60 years. In all, 45% of women aged 25-74 years are at present invited for cervical cancer screening in Denmark. Two counties have decided to start organized screening programmes in 1992.

Parathyroid cyst: report of case in the mediastinum.

Though a rare lesion a parathyroid cyst is of clinical significance because it usually mimics a thyroid cyst and can be associated with hyperparathyroidism. The cyst can be ectopic with location in the lateral neck or in the mediastinum and therefore constitutes a differential diagnosis to a branchial or thymic cyst. A case report of a mediastinal parathyroid cyst without hyperparathyroidism is presented. Fine needle aspiration with parathyroid hormone assay on the cyst fluid will reveal the correct diagnosis. Surgical removal of the cyst is recommended, and hyperparathyroidism should be considered.

Bilateral parametrial mature teratomas.

In a 21-year-old virgin suffering from increasing abdominal pain, laparotomy revealed two tumors arising from the parametria. Microscopic examination showed them to be mature teratomas. Teratomas located in the parametria have not been described in literature previously.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the kidney.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a primitive mesenchymal tumor which seldom occurs in the genitourinary organs. Despite radical operation, prognosis is generally poor and seems not to be improved by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. We present a case of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the renal capsule. The tumor could be removed totally and no signs of metastases were found. Eight months later the patient was readmitted with recurrence of tumor and widespread metastases.

Early changes in parathyroid function after high-dose irradiation of the neck.

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) will develop years later in a number of patients irradiated to the neck for benign diseases. Twenty-nine patients with malignant diseases were studied for 3 years after irradiation with cancer therapeutic doses to the neck. The serum concentration of parathyroid hormone (iPTH) showed an increasing trend suggesting that HPT also might develop in these patients.

Interleukin-1 affects the function of cultured human thyroid cells.

Cytokines are peptide hormones essential for cellular communication in the immune response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cytokines, especially recombinant interleukin 1 beta (rIL-1 beta), on human thyroid cells. Thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured by a double antibody radioimmunoassay, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) by a competitive protein binding assay. Supernatants from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated blood mononuclear cells were added to human thyroid cells cultured in monolayers. A dose-dependent inhibition of the secretion of Tg and cAMP was demonstrated. Both subcultured and primary cultured cells incubated with rIL-1 beta at pharmacological levels (10(-1)-10(2) U/ml) exhibited an inhibition of Tg and cAMP secretion, while at physiological levels (10(-5)-10(-3) U/ml), the secretion of Tg was enhanced. The similar stimulation of cAMP was demonstrated in subcultures. These in vitro studies suggest that IL-1 beta may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Further, the stimulations at low concentrations indicate that IL-1 beta may regulate the function of the thyroid gland under physiological conditions.