Inequalities in full immunization coverage: trends in low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate disparities in full immunization coverage across and within 86 low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: In May 2015, using data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we investigated inequalities in full immunization coverage - i.e. one dose of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine, one dose of measles vaccine, three doses of vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus and three doses of polio vaccine - in 86 low- or middle-income countries. We then investigated temporal trends in the level and inequality of such coverage in eight of the countries. FINDINGS: In each of the World Health Organization's regions, it appeared that about 56-69% of eligible children in the low- and middle-income countries had received full immunization. However, within each region, the mean recorded level of such coverage varied greatly. In the African Region, for example, it varied from 11.4% in Chad to 90.3% in Rwanda. We detected pro-rich inequality in such coverage in 45 of the 83 countries for which the relevant data were available and pro-urban inequality in 35 of the 86 study countries. Among the countries in which we investigated coverage trends, Madagascar and Mozambique appeared to have made the greatest progress in improving levels of full immunization coverage over the last two decades, particularly among the poorest quintiles of their populations. CONCLUSION: Most low- and middle-income countries are affected by pro-rich and pro-urban inequalities in full immunization coverage that are not apparent when only national mean values of such coverage are reported.

Missed opportunities in full immunization coverage: findings from low- and lower-middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: An estimated 23 million infants are still not being benefitted from routine immunization services. We assessed how many children failed to be fully immunized even though they or their mothers were in contact with health services to receive other interventions. DESIGN: Fourteen countries with Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys carried out after 2000 and with coverage for DPT (Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) vaccine below 70% were selected. We defined full immunization coverage (FIC) as having received one dose of BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin), one dose of measles, three doses of polio, and three doses of DPT vaccines. We tabulated FIC against: antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA), postnatal care for the mother (PNC), vitamin A supplementation (VitA) for the child, and sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed-net (ITN). Missed opportunities were defined as the percentage of children who failed to be fully immunized among those receiving one or more other interventions. RESULTS: Children who received other health interventions were also more likely to be fully immunized. In nearly all countries, FIC was lowest among children born to mothers who failed to attend ANC, and highest when the mother had four or more ANC visits Côte d'Ivoire presented the largest difference in FIC: 54 percentage points (pp) between having four or more ANC visits and lack of ANC. SBA was also related with higher FIC. For instance, the coverage in children without SBA was 36 pp lower than for those with SBA in Nigeria. The largest absolute difference on FIC in relation to PNC was observed for Ethiopia: 31 pp between those without and with PNC. FIC was also positively related with having received VitA. The largest absolute difference was observed in DR Congo: 41 pp. The differences in FIC among whether or not children slept under ITN were much smaller than for other interventions. Haiti presented the largest absolute difference: 16 pp. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the need to develop and implement strategies to vaccinate all children who contact health services in order to receive other interventions.

Conservative and aesthetic emergency management in adolescent with complex crown-root fracture and simultaneous oblique root fracture in upper maxillary central incisor: clinical outcome after 18 months follow-up period / Manejo de urgencia conservador y estético en adolescente con fractura corono radicular complicada y fractura radicular oblicua simultanea en incisivo central maxilar: resultado clínico después de 18 meses de seguimiento y control

Emergency treatment of 11- years-old female patient, presenting a complicated crown root fracture, which simultaneously presented oblique root fracture in the maxillary right central incisor. In order to expose the subgingival extension of the fracture, it was necessary to raise a mucoperiosteal flap. In light of pulp exposure, and prior to the repositioning of fragments with adhesive composite resin technique, Cvek pulp therapy was performed . Despite the existence of a 4-5 mm subgingival extension, neither surgical nor orthodontic extrusion of the root fragment was performed due to the presence of intra-alveolar oblique root fracture without displacement. Minimally invasive and conservative clinical management is basic, namely due to the great capacity of pulp healing in young permanent teeth, the absence of displacement between fragments of root fracture, and great capacity of adhesion and tensile strength of current adhesive systems. Clinical and radiographic controls over the first 18 months have shown an excellent pulp response, with some minor periodontal complications in relation to the biological width invasion and an adequate functional and aesthetic result.

Se presenta el tratamiento de emergencia de una adolescente, sexo femenino, de 11 años de edad que sufre una fractura corono radicular complicada compleja, y que en forma simultánea presenta fractura radicular oblicua en incisivo central superior derecho. Para exponer la extension subgingival de la fractura, fue necesario levantar un colgajo mucoperióstico. Debido a la exposición pulpar, y previo a la reposición de fragmentos con técnica adhesiva de resina composite, se realizó una terapia pulpar de Cvek. A pesar de existir una extensión subgingival de 4-5 mm, no se realizó la extrusión quirúrgica ni ortodóncica del fragmento radicular debido a la presencia de fractura radicular oblicua intra-alveolar sin desplazamiento. El manejo clínico conservador y de mínima invasión es fundamentado principalmente por la alta capacidad de de cicatrización pulpar en dientes permanentes jóvenes, la ausencia de desplazamiento entre los fragmentos de la fractura radicular, y la alta capacidad de adhesión y resistencia a la tracción de los sistemas adhesivos actuales. Los controles clínicos y radiográficos durante estos primeros18 meses han mostrado una excelente respuesta pulpar, solo algunas complicaciones periodontales menores en relación a la invasión del ancho biológico y una adecuado resultado funcional y estético.

Oxidative stress, hepatocellular integrity, and hepatic function after initial reperfusion in human hepatic transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying liver graft dysfunction are not completely defined, although much of the injury derives from oxidative stress in organ reperfusion. The antioxidant glutathione in its reduced form (GSH) is an important agent to detoxify oxygen species after reperfusion. However, this effect might be limited by low concentrations at the end of cold storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate GSH and glutathione oxidized (GSSG) hepatic levels pre- and postreperfusion and correlate with hepatocellular injury and liver function in the 5 subsequent days after transplantation. METHODS: Liver biopsies were taken immediately before implant and 2 hours after venous reperfusion in 34 grafts, determining GSH, GSSG levels, and GSSG/GSH ratio. Aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and PT were measured for 5 days. RESULTS: There was a strong decrease in GSH concentration (P <.0001), increase of GSSG levels (P <.01), and increase of the GSSG/GSH ratio (P <.0001). No correlations were found between GSH, GSSG, or GSH/GSSH levels and AST, ALT, and PT. CONCLUSION: Glutathione levels showed significant changes after 2 hours of reperfusion, due to intense oxidative stress. Therapies to replenish GSH should be considered as a protective measure to avoid liver graft dysfunction after transplantation.