A retrospective study at a single center examining risk factors associated with central nervous system involvement in individuals diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify risk factors contributing to central nervous system (CNS) invasion and to validate the suitability of the Central Nervous System International Prognostic Index (CNS-IPI) for individuals afflicted with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS: Based on the presence or absence of CNS invasion, 365 patients were stratified into two groups: the CNS group and the non-CNS group. The clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis, and the differences in survival curves were compared. The dependent variable in this study was the presence or absence of CNS invasion, while the independent variables included age, stage, extranodal involvement, renal/adrenal involvement, and others. Statistical methods included the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for intergroup comparison and binary logistic regression for multi-factor analysis. The related risk factors were modeled using the Cox proportional hazards model. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to compare the differences between survival curves. The optimal cutoff value of beta-2 (ß2)-microglobulin was determined through the utilization of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. All P values were bidirectional, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both SPSS 23.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA) and RStudio (R software version 4.0.2, R Project for Statistical Computing) software were used for data processing RESULTS: The five factors of the CNS-IPI were related to the prognosis of patients with CNS invasion. Bone involvement, albumin < 40 g/L, and P53 protein (+) were the risk factors for CNS invasion in patients with DLBCL. However, prognostic factors such as double strike, testicular involvement, breast involvement, uterine involvement, and bone marrow involvement did not apply to these patients. It was also discovered that elderly patients with DLBCL with reduced albumin levels were more susceptible to CNS invasion. Furthermore, extranodal involvement at multiple sites and elevated beta-2 (ß2) microglobulin were independent prognostic factors CONCLUSION: Patients older than 60 years with DLBCL and decreased albumin are at increased risk for CNS invasion. In addition to the five factors in the CNS-IPI, bone involvement, albumin levels < 40 g/L, and P53 protein expression are risk factors affecting the prognosis of CNS invasion in patients with DLBCL.

Model for Predicting Central Nervous System Relapse in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Discussion of Prophylaxis Measures.

OBJECTIVE: Relapse of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare but fatal complication in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The purpose of this study is to learn how to identify high-risk patients and take effective preventive measures. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1,290 adult patients with DLBCL at Peking University Cancer Hospital and Shanxi Bethune Hospital between 2010 and 2020. RESULTS: There were 55 patients with CNS relapse who had a median follow-up of 5 years. The risk of CNS relapse was 1.58% in the low-risk group, 5.66% in the moderate-risk group, and 11.67% in the high-risk group based on CNS International Prognostic Index (CNS-IPI). We found that CNS-IPI and testicular involvement were risk factors for CNS relapse, with OR 1.913 (95% CI: 1.036∼3.531; P = 0.038) versus. OR 3.526 (95% CI: 1.335∼9.313; P = 0.011), respectively. Intrathecal MTX and/or cytarabine prophylaxis was used in 166 patients (13.94%), intravenous (IV) high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) prophylaxis in 8 patients (0.67%), and intrathecal plus intravenous prophylaxis in 15 patients (1.26%). There was no significant difference in CNS relapse risk between IT, HD-MTX, and no prophylaxis recipients (12.7% vs. 0% vs. 23.6%, respectively, P = 0.170). The risk of CNS relapse was similar whether or not patients accepted prophylaxis (5-year risk 4.1% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.140). CONCLUSIONS: Central nervous system (CNS) relapse is associated with high risk CNS-IPI and testicular involvement. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue novel prophylactic strategies for CNS relapse.

Circulating Tumor DNA Characteristics Based on Next Generation Sequencing and Its Correlation With Clinical Parameters in Patients With Lymphoma.

Background: Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors in terms of morphological subtypes, molecular alterations, and management. However, data on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) mutated genes are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of the ctDNA mutated genes, the prognosis, and the association between the ctDNA mutated genes and the clinical parameters in lymphoma. Methods: Differences in the ctDNA between the mutated genes and the prognosis of 59 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) (10.2%), germinal center B-cell-like lymphoma (GCB) (28.8%), nongerminal center B-cell-like lymphoma (non-GCB) (50.8%), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) (10.2%) were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) targeting 121 lymphoma-relevant genes. Results: Genetic alterations were identified in the ctDNA samples with a median of 6 variants per sample. The genetic variation of the ctDNA in the plasma was found to be significantly correlated with the clinical indices in lymphoma. The genetic heterogeneity of different lymphoma subtypes was clearly observed in the ctDNAs from HL, GCB, non-GCB, and MZL, confirming that distinct molecular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of different lymphomas. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that NGS-based ctDNA mutation analysis reveals genetic heterogeneity across lymphoma subtypes, with potential implications for discovering therapeutic targets, exploring genomic evolution, and developing risk-adaptive therapies.

[Risk Factors Analysis of Thromboembolism in Patients with Lymphoma Chemotherapy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients with chemotherapy. METHODS: Three hundred and four consecutive lymphoma patients treated by chemotherapy between January 2012 and July 2019 were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed, consisting of 111 patients with thromboembolism and 193 without thromboembolism. Univariate analysis was used to compare the clinical characteristics and related laboratory examination between the patients, while multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients with chemotherapy. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that the female, BMI <18.5 or >24, ≥60 years old, with abnormal platelets before chemotherapy, prolonged single hospitalization days and patients at Ann Arbor stage III and IV could increase the incidence of thromboembolism in lymphoma patients treated by chemotherapy. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that abnormal platelet count before chemotherapy, patients at Ann Arbor stage III and IV, and female were all the independent risk factors affecting thromboembolism in lymphoma patients thromboembolism after chemotherapy (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: For lymphoma chemotherapy patients, female, abnormal platelet count before chemotherapy and Ann Arbor stages III and IV show a significantly higher risk for thromboembolism. Thus, preventive anticoagulation therapy is recommended.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii enhances intestinal immunity through inducing dendritic cell activation in suckling piglets.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAB) has been demonstrated to exert versatile beneficial effects on modulating intestinal immunity, increasing gut microbial diversity, promoting growth performance, and even preventing disease onset in pigs. However, the underlying mechanism of LAB-mediated gut immunity regulation in piglets remains unclear. In this study, we found that supplementation of LAB significantly increases serum TNF-α, ileum IL-4, and IL-10 levels compared with the control group. Meanwhile, oral supplementation of LAB-modified gut microbial communities was evidenced by the increased abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the colon. Mechanistically, LAB induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation, which may be relevant to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that oral administration of LAB during the suckling period shows long-lasting immunomodulatory impacts on intestinal immunity after weaning. Collectively, this study uncovers the mechanism of LAB in regulating the intestinal immunity of piglets, suggesting that LAB can be developed as an immunoenhancing biological agent during the suckling period.

Systemic immune inflammation index, ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes, lactate dehydrogenase and prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

BACKGROUND: In malignant tumors, inflammation plays a vital role in the development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common malignant proliferative disease of the lymphatic system, is commonly associated with inflammation. The international prognostic index (IPI), which includes age, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of extranodal lesions, Ann Arbor score, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, can evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL. However, its use in accurately identifying high-risk patients and guiding treatment is poor. Therefore, it is important to find novel immune markers in predicting the prognosis of DLBCL patients. AIM: To determine the association between the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), ratio of lymphocytes to monocytes (LMR), ratio of LMR to LDH (LMR/LDH), and prognosis of patients with DLBCL. METHODS: A total of 68 patients diagnosed with DLBCL, treated in our hospital between January 2016 and January 2020, were included. χ 2 test, Pearson's R correlation, Kaplan Meier curves, and Cox proportional risk regression analysis were used. The differences in the SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH among patients with different clinicopathological features were analyzed. The differences in progression-free survival time among patients with different SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH expressions and influencing factors affecting the prognosis of DLBCL patients, were also analyzed. RESULTS: The LMR and LMR/LDH in patients with Ann Arbor stage III-IV, ECOG score ≥ 2, and SII, IPI score 2-5 were significantly higher than those of patients with Ann Arbor stage I-II and ECOG score < 2 (P < 0.05). Patients with high SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH had progression-free survival times of 34 mo (95%CI: 32.52-38.50), 35 mo (95%CI: 33.42-36.58) and 35 mo (95%CI: 33.49-36.51), respectively, which were significantly lower than those with low SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH (P < 0.05); the SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH were positively correlated (P < 0.05). Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that the SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH were influencing factors for the prognosis of DLBCL patients (hazard ratio = 1.143, 1.665, and 1.704, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The SII, LMR, and LMR/LDH are related to the clinicopathological features of DLCBL, and they also influence the prognosis of patients with the disease.

Risk Factors of Thromboembolism in Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy and its Clinical Significance.

This study investigated the risk factors of thromboembolism (TE) in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy and its clinical significance. A total of 304 lymphoma patients who received chemotherapy from January 2012 to July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 111 patients with and 193 patients without TE. The clinical characteristics and related laboratory test results were compared between the 2 groups using univariate analysis, while the risk factors for TE in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Univariate analysis revealed an increase in the risk of TE among lymphoma patients with chemotherapy in the following categories: female patients, patients with body mass index <18.5 or > 24, patients aged ≥60 years, those with platelet abnormality before chemotherapy, single hospital-stay patients, and Ann Arbor stage III/IV patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that for platelet count abnormality before chemotherapy, Ann Arbor stage III/IV and female patients represented independent risk factors for TE among lymphoma patients after chemotherapy (P < .05). For lymphoma patients treated with chemotherapy, the risk of TE occurring in women, patients with platelet abnormalities before chemotherapy, and patients at Ann Arbor stage III/IV was significantly higher compared with other patients. For these patients, we recommend prophylactic anticoagulant therapy.

[Clinical Value of Serum Amyloid A and Misfolded Transthyretin for Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of serum amyloid A (SAA1/2) and misfolded transthyretin (TTR) for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL) patients. METHODS: 30 R/R DLBCL patients were enrolled as observation group, 20 remission/stabilization DLBCL and 10 chronic lymphadenitis patients were enrolled as control group. SELDI technique, Tris-Tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis, the shotgun-LTQ-MS method, and bioinformatics technique were used to detected and analyzed SAA and TTR in R/R DLBCL patients. SPSS 21.0 software was used to analyze the relationship between the high expression of SAA, misfolded TTR in serum and the clinicopathological features, survival time of R/R DLBCL. patients Chi-square test was used to analyze clinical count data, Kaplan-Meier curve was used for survival analysis, and Log-Rank test was used to compare single-factor survival differences. RESULTS: The high expression of SAA and TTR (SAA+TTR+) was significantly associated with extranodal lesion, high level of LDH, and NCCN-IPI scores, and also correlated with non-GCB type. TTR+ was correlated with C-MYC in pathological tissue, while SAA+ was also associated with B-symptoms. The survival time of patients in SAA+, TTR+, and SAA+TTR+ group were shorter than that in control group. CONCLUSION: Both SAA and misfolded TTR are poor prognosis factors of R/R DLBCL patients.

[Effect of P53 Expression on Prognosis of Patients with Double Expressor Lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of P53 expression on prognosis of patients with double expressor lymphoma(DEL) and the interaction between the expression of MYC, BCL2 and P53 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL). METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL from 1st September 2012 to 31th May 2018 in Shanxi Dayi Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University were selected. The expressions of MYC、BCL2、P53、CD10、BCL6、MUM and Ki-67 were tested by immunohistochemistry method. The overall survival of patients was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. The prognostic effect of MYC, BCL2 and P53 expression was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Compared with patients without P53 expression, the patients with P53 expression had higher LDH level, higher NCCN-IPI scores, lower response to chemotherapy，poorer overall survival(OS) and a higher rate of death(P<0.05). In patients who had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with MYC, BCL2 expression or MYC+/BCL2+ double expression， compared with the patients whom without P53 expression, P53 expression associated with a significant worse OS (P<0.05). The patients with concurrent MYC and P53 expression had a worse OS, compared with patients with either P53 or MYC expression(P<0.05). In patients with MYC+/P53+ co-expression, BCL2 expression did not correlate with poorer survival significantly(P>0.05). Among lymphoma patients with MYC+/P53+, MYC+/BCL2+ and BCL2+/P53+ co-expression, the patients with MYC+/P53+ co-expression had the worse OS (3 year OS rate：31.6%), followed by the subgroup of patients with MYC-/BCL2+/P53+(3 year OS rate：46.2%), patients with MYC+/BCL2+/P53- expression(3 year OS rate： 636%) showed a longer OS compared with the other two subgroups（P<0.05）. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that P53 expression and NCCN-IPI were independent prognostic factors in this patient cohort. CONCLUSION: P53 and MYC expressions have a synergistically negative prognostic effect in DLBCL patients. P53 expression augments the negative prognostic effect of MYC+/BCL2+ double expression. Patients with MYC+/P53+ co-expression have a worse prognosis in comparison with the patients with MYC+/BCL2+ double expression.

[Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of 62 cases with Hodgkin lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, pathologic types and prognostic factors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). METHODS: Retrospective analyses of clinical data of 62 HL patients, including 45 from Peking University third hospital and 17 from Shanxi Dayi hospital. RESULTS: Sixty-two HL patients accounted for 5.66% of the total newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma (45/795) in the period with a ratio of male:female as 2.1:1. All the pathological types were classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), including 33 cases (53.2%) of nodular sclerosis type (NS) and 19 cases (30.6%) of mixed cell type (MC). Of the 56 cases followed up, the total responsive rate was 92.9% , and 2- , 3- and 5- year overall survival (OS) rates were 97.7%, 92.2% and 80.5% respectively with the median OS as 45 (8-184) months. Analyses of the prognostic factors indicated that the involvement of spleen(P=0.042)and German Hodgkin Study Group(GHSG) risk score (P=0.002) were poor factors with statistic significance. CONCLUSION: HL is one of the curable malignant tumors, 5-year OS rate was 80.5% in this group. After recurrence, part of patients developed slowly and could be salvaged with second-line therapy with high remission rate. GHSG scoring system and involvement of spleen could predict the prognosis in HL setting.