Characteristics and risk factors of preterm births in a tertiary center in Lagos, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth is a dire complication of pregnancy that poses huge long-term medical and financial burdens for affected children, their families, and the health care system. The aim of the present study was to identify characteristics associated with preterm births at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria from 2011 to 2013. METHODS: We obtained Information from 5,561 maternal, fetal/neonatal and obstetric records from the labor ward. We excluded delivery at less than 22 weeks (0.25%), post-term birth at ≥42 weeks gestation (1.3%), and unknown gestation (1.4%). Additionally, we excluded records of multiple births (5.4%) and stillbirths (8.3%) leaving 4,691 records of singleton live-births for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed comparing preterm birth (22-36 weeks gestation) to term birth (37-41 weeks gestation). Multiple variable models adjusting for maternal age, parity, fetal position, delivery method and booking status were also evaluated. Multinomial regression was used to identify characteristics associated with preterm birth (PTB) defined as early PTB (22-31 weeks gestation), moderate PTB (32-34 weeks gestation), late PTB (35-36 weeks gestation), compared to term birth (37-41 completed weeks gestation). RESULTS: From our data, 16.8% of the singleton live-birth deliveries were preterm (<37 weeks gestation). Of these, 4.7% were early (22-31 weeks), 4.5% were moderate (32-34 weeks) and 7.7% were late (35-36) PTBs. Older maternal age (≥35 years) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41], hypertension (OR = 3.44) and rupture of membranes (OR = 4.03) were significantly associated with increased odds of PTB. Women being treated for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV were at a significantly decreased risk for PTB (OR = 0.70). Sixteen percent of women in this cohort were not registered for antenatal care in LUTH. These non-registered subjects had significantly greater odds of all categories of PTB, including early (odds ratio (OR) = 20.8), moderate (OR = 8.68), and late (OR = 2.15). CONCLUSION: PTB and risks for PTB remain high in Nigeria. We recommend that any high risk pregnancy should be referred to a tertiary center for prenatal care in order to significantly reduce adverse birth outcomes such as PTBs.

Comparative study of Clinical Assessment of Nutritional status score and proportionality indices in the assessment of fetal malnutrition in term newborns.

BACKGROUND: Fetal malnutrition (FM) which describes the underweight/wasting seen in newborns is a significant contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality and requires proper documentation. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of term newborns at birth using Clinical Assessment of Nutritional (CAN) status score and four other anthropometric indices and to compare the efficiency of CAN score and the anthropometric indices in identifying FM in term newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on live singleton babies delivered ≥37-42 completed weeks of gestation at the inborn unit of Lagos University Teaching Hospital without major congenital abnormalities or severe perinatal illness. Birth weights and lengths were recorded at birth. Ponderal index (PI), body mass index (BMI), and mid-arm/head circumference (MAC/HC) ratio were calculated and the values were compared with standard curves. The CAN score consisted of inspection and estimation of loss of subcutaneous tissues and muscles. FM was defined as CAN score <25. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistics software version 17.0. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-two newborns were analyzed. FM was identified in 14.5%, 10.3%, 13.1%, and 2.8% of newborns using CAN score, PI, BMI, and MAC/HC ratio, respectively. Out of the FM babies identified by CAN score, PI, MAC/HC, and BMI identified 19.5%, 12.3%, and 53.7% of them as FM also. BMI was the most sensitive anthropometric index for detecting FM. CONCLUSION: CAN score is a simple clinical tool for identifying FM and when used in conjunction with BMI will enhance FM detection.

Kidney function of HIV-infected children in Lagos, Nigeria: using Filler's serum cystatin C-based formula.

BACKGROUND: Limited data is available on kidney function in HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, malnutrition in these children further reduces the utility of diagnostic methods such as creatinine-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate. We determined the serum cystatin C level and estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60 antiretroviral-naïve, HIV-infected children and 60 apparently healthy age and sex matched children. METHODS: Serum cystatin C level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, while glomerular filtration rate was estimated using Filler's serum cystatin C formula. Student t test, Mann Whitney U test, Pearson chi square and Fisher's exact test were used, where appropriate, to test difference between groups. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the HIV-infected group had significantly higher median (interquartile range) serum cystatin C levels {0.77 (0.29) mg/l versus 0.66 (0.20) mg/l; p = 0.025} and a higher proportion of children with serum cystatin C level >1 mg/l {10 (16.7%) versus one (1.7%); p = 0.004}. The HIV-infected children had a mean (+/- SD) eGFR of 96.8 (+/- 36.1) ml/min/1.73 m2 compared with 110.5 (+/- 27.8) ml/min/1.73 m2 in the controls (p = 0.021). After controlling for age, sex and body mass index, only the study group (HIV infected versus control) remained a significant predictor of serum cystatin C level (beta = -0.216, p = 0.021). The proportion of HIV-infected children with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was eight (13.3%) versus none (0%) in the control group (p = 0.006). However, the serum cystatin C level, eGFR and proportions of children with serum cystatin C level >1 mg/l and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 were not significantly different between the HIV-infected children with advanced disease and those with milder disease. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children in Nigeria have higher serum cystatin C level and lower eGFR compared to age and sex matched controls.

T-lymphocyte subsets in apparently healthy nigerian children.

Population studies showed that there are differences in T-lymphocytes subpopulation of normal children in different regions, and reference values in an area might be different from another. This study compared the values in our population with CDC and WHO reference values. Blood samples from 279 healthy, HIV-negative children <12 years of age were analysed for complete blood count, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ counts and percentages. Except for CD8%, mean values for all parameters measured significantly decreased with age. CD4+ counts were higher in females than males, P < .05. Using the WHO criteria, 15.9% of subjects had low total lymphocyte count and 20.6% had low CD4 count. Children <3 years had median CD4% lower than WHO normal values. Our median CD4+ counts correlated with CDC values. Values used by WHO in infants are higher than ours. We suggest that our children be assessed using CDC reference values which correlate with ours.

The impact of recycled neonatal incubators in Nigeria: a 6-year follow-up study.

Nigeria has a record of high newborn mortality as an estimated 778 babies die daily, accounting for a ratio of 48 deaths per 1000 live births. The aim of this paper was to show how a deteriorating neonatal delivery system in Nigeria may have, in part, been improved by the application of a novel recycled incubator technique (RIT). Retrospective assessment of clinical, technical, and human factors in 15 Nigerian neonatal centres was carried out to investigate how the application of RIT impacted these factors. Pre-RIT and post-RIT neonatal mortalities were compared by studying case files. Effect on neonatal nursing was studied through questionnaires that were completed by 79 nurses from 9 centres across the country. Technical performance was assessed based on 10-indices scores from clinicians and nurses. The results showed an increase in neonatal survival, nursing enthusiasm, and practice confidence. Appropriately recycled incubators are good substitutes to the less affordable modern incubators in boosting neonatal practice outcome in low-income countries.

Prevalence of proteinuria among HIV-infected children attending a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the epicentre of the HIV pandemic but there are few reports of HIV-related kidney diseases in children in this region. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of proteinuria in HIV-infected children at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Proteinuria was determined using urine protein-creatinine ratio. CD4+ cell count was determined for all the HIV-infected children. The mean age of the HIV-infected children was 74.4 +/- 35.6 months with a male: female ratio of 3:2. Compared with 6% of the 50 controls 20.5% of the 88 HIV-infected children had proteinuria (p = 0.026). Of 20 children with advanced clinical stage 40% had proteinuria compared with 14.7% of 68 children with milder stage (p = 0.004). Similarly, proteinuria was commoner among those with severe immunosuppression (p = 0.014). HAART use was not associated with significant difference in proteinuria prevalence (p = 0.491). Proteinuria was frequent among HIV-infected children, especially among those with advanced disease.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children attending a donor-funded clinic at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

The success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on a high level of adherence to a life-long regimen of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). Since the scale-up of access to ARVs in Nigeria, few studies have determined the level of adherence of ART among children. This study was undertaken to determine the level of ART adherence among paediatric patients at an outpatient clinic, the reasons for non-adherence, and the factors associated with adherence, according to caregivers' reports. Out of a total of 212 children, 183 (86%) were adherent in the three days preceding the interview, while 29 (14%) were not adherent. Drug exhaustion at home (16 children), followed by 'child slept through' (7 children) and 'caregiver away' were the most common reasons for a child having missed one or more ARV doses. Independent factors for adherence were male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-6.92) and attendance at last scheduled clinic appointment (OR = 4.76; 95% CI: 1.73-13.04). The caregiver's highest educational attainment, distance travelled to the clinic, use of medication reminders, formulation of ARVs, duration of HAART usage, age of the child and orphan status were not significantly associated with adherence to drug treatment. The overall level of adherence was high and similar to the rate reported prior to free access to ART services in Nigeria. Among child patients on HAART, there is a need to identify factors affecting clinic attendance and drug exhaustion at home.

Constraints and prospects in the management of pediatric HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric HIV/AIDS is increasing in Nigeria through mother-to-child transmission. Lack of diagnostic facility and affordability of therapy are major constraints. These factors were examined in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) between 1996 and 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case records of pediatric HIV/AIDS patients were examined for age, sex, mode of diagnosis, associated illnesses, treatment outcome and socioeconomic and HIV status of the parents. RESULTS: Out of 124 cases confirmed to have HIV/AIDS, 56.5% were aged <18 months and 89.5% had > or =4 clinical features at presentation. There was an increasing trend in the number of cases from 1996 to 2002. Diagnosis was by WHO clinical criteria as no polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was done and only 12.1% had CD4+ count done. The commonest associated illness was tuberculosis (25.8%). Only 20.2% were placed on antiretroviral drugs during the period. Mothers were significantly younger than fathers (P<0.05) and were more likely to be HIV positive. High rate of discharges against medical advice and default from follow-up occurred. CONCLUSION: Pediatric HIV/AIDS is on the increase at LUTH, and mothers were more HIV infected than fathers. The prohibitive cost of drugs prevented most patients from receiving therapy.

Aerobic bacterial nosocomial infections in paediatric surgical patients at a tertiary health institution in Lagos, Nigeria.

This study was undertaken to determine nosocomial bacterial infections (NI) in surgical patients in a developing country using the detailed option of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) surgical patient surveillance technique. From 1994 - 1995. Paediatrics surgical patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) were prospectively monitored for NI at all body sites. Standard definitions of NI were used, and NI sites were categorised by type of operation. A total of 304 NI occurred in 245 out of 664 surgical patients investigated. SSI (77.3 %) and urinary tract infections (19.1%) were in preponderance. Seventy three per cent of SSI were superficial incisions, 20.5% organ/space and 6.8% deep incisions. The overall wound infection rate was 30.9%. The SSI rate for emergency surgery was 35.6% and 26.5% for elective procedures. Rates within each wound class were 20.2, 23.8, 51.9 and 52.8% respectively and 17, 37.6, 43.4 and 47. 1% for patients with ASA scores of I II III and IV in that order. The SSI rates for patients with scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 were 20.4; 43.5, 57.1 and 75% respectively. Mean infection rates in the various wound classes were highly correlated with the number of risk factors present. Klebsiella pneumoniae (38. 7%), Escherichia coli (22.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10. 7%) were the most common pathogens.