Soviet, Global and Local: Inclusion Policies in School Education in Azerbaijan And Russia / Soviética, Global e Local: Políticas de Inclusão na Educação Escolar no Azerbaijão e na Rússia

ABSTRACT In this article, a specific picture of the formation of inclusive education in the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is revealed, using the case of Azerbaijan and Russia. The processes of dismantling the Soviet special education system and the implementation of global principles of educational inclusion were valid for both countries. It is argued that while implementing the reforms, both countries have faced similar cultural and organizational barriers. Meanwhile, the cultural and political specifics of the states manifested in certain ways of overcoming those contradictions. It is documented up-to-date countries' attempts to build overall national systems, in which Soviet, global and local elements are intertwined. Current achievements and ongoing problems are discussed.

RESUMO Neste artigo, é revelado um quadro específico da formação da educação inclusiva nos países da antiga União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS), utilizando o caso do Azerbaijão e da Rússia. Os processos de desmantelamento do sistema de educação especial soviético e de implementação de princípios globais de inclusão educativa foram válidos para ambos os países. Argumenta-se que, durante a implementação das reformas, ambos os países enfrentaram barreiras culturais e organizacionais semelhantes. Ao mesmo tempo, as especificidades culturais e políticas dos estados manifestaram-se em certas formas de superar essas contradições. Documentam-se as tentativas atualizadas dos países de construir sistemas nacionais globais, nos quais elementos soviéticos, globais e locais estão interligados. As conquistas e os problemas atuais são discutidos.

Genomic Epidemiology and Lineage Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria: Insights from a Three-Year Pandemic Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought about significant challenges worldwide. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the genomic epidemiology and lineage dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria over a three-year period. Through extensive genomic sequencing and data analysis, we investigated the evolution of the virus, the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), and their impact on the country's pandemic trajectory. We also assessed the relationship between viral diversity and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in Bulgaria. Our findings shed light on the temporal and spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and provide crucial insights into the dynamics of the pandemic in the country. The interplay between international travel and viral transmission plays a significant role in the emergence and dissemination of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The observed proportions of exportation to various continents provide insights into the potential pathways through which these lineages spread globally. Understanding the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria is essential for formulating targeted public health strategies, enhancing vaccination efforts, and effectively managing future outbreaks.

Genomic epidemiology and lineage dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria: insights from a three-year pandemic analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought about significant challenges worldwide. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the genomic epidemiology and lineage dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria over a three-year period. Through extensive genomic sequencing and data analysis, we investigated the evolution of the virus, the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), and their impact on the country’s pandemic trajectory. We also assessed the relationship between viral diversity and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in Bulgaria. Our findings shed light on the temporal and spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages and provide crucial insights into the dynamics of the pandemic in the country. The interplay between international travel and viral transmission plays a significant role in the emergence and dissemination of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The observed proportions of exportation to various continents provide insights into the potential pathways through which these lineages spread globally. Understanding the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria is essential for formulating targeted public health strategies, enhancing vaccination efforts, and effectively managing future outbreaks.

Viral pathogens associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age in Bulgaria.

Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and hospital admissions in children. This study aimed to determine the viral etiology of these infections in children aged < 5 years during three successive epidemic seasons in Bulgaria. Nasopharyngeal and throat specimens were collected from children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia during the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 seasons. The viral etiology was determined by individual real-time PCR assays against 11 respiratory viruses. Of the 515 children examined, 402 (78.1%) were positive for at least one virus. Co-infections with two and three viruses were found in 64 (15.9%) of the infected children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the predominant pathogen (37.5%), followed by rhinoviruses (13.8%), metapneumovirus (9.1%), adenoviruses (7%), bocaviruses (7%), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (4.9%), A(H3N2) (4.3%), type B (4.1%), and parainfluenza viruses 1/2/3 (2.9%). RSV-B were more prevalent than RSV-A during the three seasons. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 82.6% and 70.1% of the children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, respectively. Respiratory viruses, especially RSV, are principal pathogens of ALRIs in children aged < 5 years. Diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses using molecular methods may lead to the reduced use of antibiotics and may assist in measures to control infection.

Influence of whole-wheat consumption on fecal microbial community structure of obese diabetic mice.

The digestive tract of mammals and other animals is colonized by trillions of metabolically-active microorganisms. Changes in the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity in both humans and laboratory animals. Dietary modifications can often modulate the obese gut microbial ecosystem towards a more healthy state. This phenomenon should preferably be studied using dietary ingredients that are relevant to human nutrition. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of whole-wheat, a food ingredient with several beneficial properties, on gut microorganisms of obese diabetic mice. Diabetic (db/db) mice were fed standard (obese-control) or whole-wheat isocaloric diets (WW group) for eight weeks; non-obese mice were used as control (lean-control). High-throughput sequencing using the MiSeq platform coupled with freely-available computational tools and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze fecal bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Short-chain fatty acids were measured in caecal contents using quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array analysis. Results showed no statistical difference in final body weights between the obese-control and the WW group. The bacterial richness (number of Operational Taxonomic Units) did not differ among the treatment groups. The abundance of Ruminococcaceae, a family containing several butyrate-producing bacteria, was found to be higher in obese (median: 6.9%) and WW-supplemented mice (5.6%) compared to lean (2.7%, p = 0.02, Kruskal-Wallis test). Caecal concentrations of butyrate were higher in obese (average: 2.91 mmol/mg of feces) but especially in WW-supplemented mice (4.27 mmol/mg) compared to lean controls (0.97 mmol/mg), while caecal succinic acid was lower in the WW group compared to obese but especially to the lean group. WW consumption was associated with ∼3 times higher abundances of Lactobacillus spp. compared to both obese and lean control mice. Analysis of weighted UniFrac distances revealed a distinctive clustering of lean microbial communities separately from both obese and WW-supplemented mice (p = 0.001, ANOSIM test). Predictive metagenome analysis revealed significant differences in several metabolic features of the microbiota among the treatment groups, including carbohydrate, amino acids and vitamin metabolism (p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). However, obese and WW groups tended to share more similar abundances of gene families compared to lean mice. Using an in vivo model of obesity and diabetes, this study suggests that daily WW supplementation for eight weeks may not be enough to influence body weight or to output a lean-like microbiome, both taxonomically and metabolically. However, WW-supplementation was associated with several statistically significant differences in the gut microbiome compared to obese controls that deserve further investigation.

Gen de la calcitonina: síntesis química y expresión en Escherichia coli / Human calcitonine gene: chemical synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli

La calcitonina es una hormona polipéptida de 32 aminoácidos que interviene en la regulación del metabolismo del fósforo y el calcio en los vertebrados. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de la síntesis química y la expresión directa de los genes humanos de calcitonina en E. coli. Para evitar la acción recombinante de la calcitonina contra proteasas bacteriales, se construyó una serie de genes oligómeros de calcitonina que codifican proteínas multidominio con un número variable de monómeros. Se expresaron bajo el control de un promotor fuerte sintético y en un sitio de unión al ribosoma, y se encontró que en el gen de calcitonina tetrámera daba un producto estable del 13

de rendimiento del total de la proteína bacteriana. La calcitonina recombinante multidominio puede pasar a forma monómera mediante tratamiento con BrCN

Gen de la calcitonina: síntesis química y expresión en Escherichia coli / Human calcitonine gene: chemical synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli

La calcitonina es una hormona polipéptida de 32 aminoácidos que interviene en la regulación del metabolismo del fósforo y el calcio en los vertebrados. En este trabajo presentamos los resultados de la síntesis química y la expresión directa de los genes humanos de calcitonina en E. coli. Para evitar la acción recombinante de la calcitonina contra proteasas bacteriales, se construyó una serie de genes oligómeros de calcitonina que codifican proteínas multidominio con un número variable de monómeros. Se expresaron bajo el control de un promotor fuerte sintético y en un sitio de unión al ribosoma, y se encontró que en el gen de calcitonina tetrámera daba un producto estable del 13 % de rendimiento del total de la proteína bacteriana. La calcitonina recombinante multidominio puede pasar a forma monómera mediante tratamiento con BrCN