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Ethylene response factors have been shown to be involved in the effects of plant developmental processes and to regulate stress tolerance. The aim of this study was to recognize the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene response factors on tobacco plant height. In this study, a gene-edited mutant (ERF10-KO) and wild type (WT) were utilized as experimental materials. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of NtERF10 gene editing on plant height in tobacco. Here, through the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2051 genes were upregulated and 1965 genes were downregulated. We characterized the different ERF10-KO and WT plant heights and identified key genes for photosynthesis, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway and the terpene biosynthesis pathway. NtERF10 was found to affect the growth and development of tobacco by regulating the expression levels of the PSAA, PSBA, GLY17 and GGP3 genes. Amino acid metabolism was analyzed by combining analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). In addition, we found that members of the bHLH, NAC, MYB, and WRKY transcription factor families have vital roles in regulating plant height. This study not only provides important insights into the positive regulation of the ethylene response factor NtERF10 on plant height during plant growth and development but also provides new research ideas for tobacco molecular breeding.
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Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/genética , Etilenos/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Cancer cells have remarkable plasticity allowing them to acquire many biological states. Melanoma cells have the ability to switch from a proliferative melanocytic state to an invasive mesenchymal state and back again resulting in intratumoral heterogeneity. While microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) promotes the melanocytic phenotype, it is unclear what transcription factors drive the mesenchymal phenotype, and what mechanisms regulate the switch from the proliferative state to the mesenchymal state. We show that nuclear localization of the MITF paralog TFE3 correlates positively with metastatic potential in melanoma cell lines and tumors, and that deletion of TFE3 in MITF-low melanoma cell lines eliminates migration and metastatic ability. Further, we find that MITF suppresses the mesenchymal phenotype by activating expression of FNIP2, which encodes a component of an mTORC1-stimulated pathway promoting cytoplasmic retention and lysosomal degradation of TFE3. These findings point to the mTOR pathway and TFE3 as key regulators of melanoma plasticity.
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Potassium (K+) plays a role in enzyme activation, membrane transport, and osmotic regulation processes. An increase in potassium content can significantly improve the elasticity and combustibility of tobacco and reduce the content of harmful substances. Here, we report that the expression analysis of Nt GF14e, a 14-3-3 gene, increased markedly after low-potassium treatment (LK). Then, chlorophyll content, POD activity and potassium content, were significantly increased in overexpression of Nt GF14e transgenic tobacco lines compared with those in the wild type plants. The net K+ efflux rates were severely lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild type under LK stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified 5708 upregulated genes and 2787 downregulated genes between Nt GF14e overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants. The expression levels of some potassium-related genes were increased, such as CBL-interacting protein kinase 2 (CIPK2), Nt CIPK23, Nt CIPK25, H+-ATPase isoform 2 a (AHA2a), Nt AHA4a, Stelar K+ outward rectifier 1(SKOR1), and high affinity K+ transporter 5 (HAK5). The result of yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging experiments suggested Nt GF14e could interact with CIPK2. Overall, these findings indicate that NtGF14e plays a vital roles in improving tobacco LK tolerance and enhancing potassium nutrition signaling pathways in tobacco plants.
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Proteínas 14-3-3 , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Potasio , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas 14-3-3/metabolismo , Proteínas 14-3-3/genética , Potasio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genéticaRESUMEN
Luminescent materials can adjust the spectrum of light energy utilization by plants. However, current research on the effects of luminescent materials on aquatic plants and periphytic biofilms is limited. This study investigated the effects of the luminescent materials 4-(di-p-tolylamino) benzaldehyde-A (DTB-A) and 4-(di-p-tolylamino) benzaldehyde-M (DTB-M) on the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans (V. natans) and periphytic biofilm. Result demonstrated that low concentrations of DTB (0.1 µM) significantly promoted the growth and photosynthetic rate of V. natans. In terms of enzyme activity, exposure to a higher concentration of DTB (10 µM) increased the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). A combination of DTB-A and DTB-M treatment significantly changed the V. natans morphology and physiological characteristics, reducing the thickness of the cell wall and subsequently, promoting protein accumulation in leaves. There was no difference in the removal of ammonia or phosphate by V. natans at the 0.1 µM concentration, and the removal of ammonia and phosphate by V. natans decreased significantly as the concentration of luminescent material increased. A total of 3563 OTUs were identified in the biofilm community. The microbial community was dominated by Pseudomonas and Fusobacteria. Furthermore, results showed that an obvious decrease in diversity in the DTB-A and DTB-M mixed treatment group. In addition, the migratory aggregation of DTB molecules in plants was observed by fluorescence imaging. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the mechanism of effect of luminescent materials on submerged macrophytes and their periphytic microorganisms.
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Biopelículas , Hydrocharitaceae , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hydrocharitaceae/metabolismo , Hydrocharitaceae/microbiología , Benzaldehídos/metabolismo , Benzaldehídos/farmacología , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Luminiscencia , Catalasa/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Sustancias Luminiscentes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fluorescent materials and technologies have become widely used in scientific research, and due to the ability to convert light wavelengths, their application to photosynthetic organisms can affect their development by altering light quality. However, the impacts of fluorescent materials on aquatic plants and their environmental risks remain unclear. To assess the effects of luminescent materials on floating aquatic macrophytes and their rhizosphere microorganisms, 4-(di-p-tolylamino)benzaldehyde-A (DTB-A) and 4-(di-p-tolylamino)benzaldehyde-M (DTB-M) (emitting blue-green and orange-red light, respectively) were added individually and jointly to Spirodela polyrhiza cultures and set at different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µM). Both DTB-A and DTB-M exhibited phytotoxicity, which increased with concentration under separate treatment. Moreover, the combined group exhibited obvious stress relief at 10 µM compared to the individually treated group. Fluorescence imaging showed that DTB-A and DTB-M were able to enter the cell matrix and organelles of plant leaves and roots. Peroxidation induced cellular damage, contributing to a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Decomposition of organelle structures, starch accumulation in chloroplasts, and plasmolysis were observed under the ultrastructure, disrupting photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthesis. DTB-A and DTB-M exposure resulted in growth inhibition, dry weight loss, and leaf yellowing in S. polyrhiza. A total of 3519 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in the rhizosphere microbiome. The microbial communities were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, Oxyphotobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, with the abundance and diversity varied significantly among treatment groups according to Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 indices. This study revealed the stress defense response of S. polyrhiza to DTB-A and DTB-M exposures, which provides a broader perspective for the bioremediation of pollutants using aquatic plants and supports the further development of fluorescent materials for applications.
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Araceae , Benzaldehídos , Benzaldehídos/farmacología , Fotosíntesis , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Luz , Plantas/metabolismo , Araceae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) exhibit considerable potential for phytoremediation of soil cadmium (Cd) pollutants, owing to their substantial biomass and efficient metal accumulation capabilities. The reduction of Cd accumulation in tobacco holds promise for minimizing Cd intake in individuals exposed to cigar smoking. NRAMP transporters are pivotal in the processes of Cd accumulation and resistance in plants; however, limited research has explored the functions of NRAMPs in tobacco plants. In this investigation, we focused on NtNRAMP6c, one of the three homologs of NRAMP6 in tobacco. We observed a robust induction of NtNRAMP6c expression in response to both Cd toxicity and iron (Fe) deficiency, with the highest expression levels detected in the roots. Subsequent subcellular localization and heterologous expression analyses disclosed that NtNRAMP6c functions as a plasma membrane-localized Cd transporter. Moreover, its overexpression significantly heightened the sensitivity of yeast cells to Cd toxicity. Through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of NtNRAMP6c, we achieved a reduction in Cd accumulation and an enhancement in Cd resistance in tobacco plants. Comparative transcriptomic analysis unveiled substantial alterations in the transcriptional profiles of genes associated with metal ion transport, photosynthesis, and macromolecule catabolism upon NtNRAMP6c knockout. Furthermore, our study employed plant metabolomics and rhizosphere metagenomics to demonstrate that NtNRAMP6c knockout led to changes in phytohormone homeostasis, as well as shifts in the composition and abundance of microbial communities. These findings bear significant biological implications for the utilization of tobacco in phytoremediation strategies targeting Cd pollutants in contaminated soils, and concurrently, in mitigating Cd accumulation in tobacco production destined for cigar consumption.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Contaminantes del Suelo , Humanos , Cadmio/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Hierro/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisisRESUMEN
LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1) is a crucial broad-specificity and high-affinity amino acid transporter affecting the uptake of nitrogen and probably the tolerance to abiotic stress in plants. However, little is known about the phenotypic functions of LHT1 in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, we identified the NtLHT1 gene from the tobacco variety Honghuadajinyuan (HD) and determined its important roles in leaf morphological development and plant resistance to abiotic stress. Comprehensive functional analyses using knockout and overexpression transgenic lines (ntlht1 and OE) revealed overexpression of NtLHT1 accelerated leave senescence and increased plant height, leaf number and plant tolerance under cold, salt and drought stresses. In addition, NtLHT1 overexpression significantly decreased the leaf elongation of HD, causing the leaves to change from a long-elliptical shape to an elliptical shape. However silencing NtLHT1 decreased the seed germination rate under NaCl and PEG stresses. Moreover, NtLHT1 significantly affected the contents of various amino acids, such as the neutral, acidic, non-polar and aromatic amino acids, ethylene precursor (ACC), GA3 and IAA in tobacco. These results suggested that the amino acid and ethylene precursor ACC transport activities of NtLHT1 provide fine regulatory function for plant growth and development and plant tolerance to abiotic stress.
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Etilenos , Estrés Fisiológico , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Cloruro de Sodio/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , SequíasRESUMEN
Background: Research has shown that stigmatization of professional psychological help-seeking is an important factor influencing attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH). However, how perceived social support (PSS) and optimism have a mediating role is not clear. Objective: Examine the associations between ATSPPH, self-stigmatization of seeking help, PSS, and optimism in a cohort of Chinese high-school students (HSSs). Methods: An offline survey was conducted in three high schools in Chongqing (China) from 20 February to 20 May 2023. Participants were HSSs recruited through their teachers. A total of 2,159 HSSs completed a survey on demographic information as well as the Self-Stigmatization of Seeking Help (SSOSH) score, ATSPPH, Perceived Social Support Scale (PASS), and Life Orientation Test (LOT). Mediation analyses were conducted using the "Process" macro in SPSS 26.0 to estimate the direct and indirect effects of self-stigmatization of seeking psychological help on ATSPPH. Results: Self-stigmatization of seeking psychological help was significantly and negatively related to ATSPPH among HSSs. Self-stigmatization of psychological help-seeking influenced ATSPPH through three pathways: (a) separate mediating effect of PSS (effect = -0.029); (b) separate mediating effect of optimism (effect = -0.069); (c) chain-mediating effect of PSS and optimism (effect = -0.017). These data suggested that self-stigmatization of psychological help-seeking could influence ATSPPH directly and indirectly through PSS and optimism. Conclusion: PSS and optimism mediated the relationship between self-stigmatization of seeking help and ATSPPH. Improving the ability of HSSs to perceive social support and cultivating optimism could help improve the self-stigmatization of help-seeking and promote a positive attitude toward professional help-seeking.
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Microplastics and perfluorooctanoic acid coexist in the aquatic environment. Duckweed was exposed to a range of concentrations (0.1-1000 µg L-1) of solutions containing polypropylene (PP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 14 days to measure their toxicity. The result showed the single and combined PP and PFOA treatments did not significantly influence the growth of duckweed. The greatest PP and PFOA concentrations of combined pollution affect plant chlorophyll. Moreover, the combined treatment of duckweed consistently resulted in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating oxidative damage. As an antioxidant stress response, the combination-treated plants were encouraged to produce superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Meanwhile, 3519 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in the duckweed rhizosphere. Proteobacteria was the most predominant microbial community. Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 discovered that microbial communities changed in response to single and combination PP and PFOA treatments, with decreased diversity and increased abundance. In addition, SEM analysis also revealed that the combined treatment significantly phyllosphere microorganisms. The findings of this investigation add to our knowledge of how PP and PFOA affect duckweed and the rhizospheric microorganisms, expanding the theoretical basis for employing duckweed in complex contamination.
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Araceae , Polipropilenos , Polipropilenos/toxicidad , Plásticos , Antioxidantes/farmacologíaRESUMEN
KEY MESSAGE: 4382 available sgRNAs targeting 1060 tobacco genes were obtained, and 10,682 targeted mutants were created using high-throughput methods. Four optimization experiments were established to solve problems encountered during genetic transformation.
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Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Nicotiana , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Nicotiana/genética , ARN Guía de Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edición GénicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: DFR is a crucial structural gene in plant flavonoid and polyphenol metabolism, and DFR knockout (DFR-KO) plants may have increased biomass accumulation. It is uncertain whether DFR-KO has comparable effects in tobacco and what the molecular mechanism is. We employed the CRISPR/Cas9 method to generate a knockout homozygous construct and collected samples from various developmental phases for transcriptome and metabolome detection and analysis. RESULTS: DFR-KO turned tobacco blossoms white on homozygous tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with both NtDFR1 and NtDFR2 knockout. RNA-seq investigation of anthesis leaf (LF), anthesis flower (FF), mature leaf (LM), and mature root (RM) variations in wild-type (CK) and DFR-KO lines revealed 2898, 276, 311, and 101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. DFR-KO primarily affected leaves during anthesis. According to KEGG and GSEA studies, DFR-KO lines upregulated photosynthetic pathway carbon fixation and downregulated photosystem I and II genes. DFR-KO may diminish tobacco anthesis leaf photosynthetic light reaction but boost dark reaction carbon fixation. DFR-KO lowered the expression of pathway-related genes in LF, such as oxidative phosphorylation and proteasome, while boosting those in the plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling pathways, indicating that it may increase biological stress resistance. DFR-KO greatly boosted the expression of other structural genes involved in phenylpropanoid production in FF, which may account for metabolite accumulation. The metabolome showed that LF overexpressed 8 flavonoid metabolites and FF downregulated 24 flavone metabolites. In DFR-KO LF, proteasome-related genes downregulated 16 amino acid metabolites and reduced free amino acids. Furthermore, the DEG analysis on LM revealed that the impact of DFR-KO on tobacco growth may progressively diminish with time. CONCLUSION: The broad impact of DFR-KO on different phases and organs of tobacco development was thoroughly and methodically investigated in this research. DFR-KO decreased catabolism and photosynthetic light reactions in leaves during the flowering stage while increasing carbon fixation and disease resistance pathways. However, the impact of DFR-KO on tobacco growth steadily declined as it grew and matured, and transcriptional and metabolic modifications were consistent. This work offers a fresh insight and theoretical foundation for tobacco breeding and the development of gene-edited strains.
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Nicotiana , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Fitomejoramiento , Flores , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Gallstones are diseases of the biliary system caused by cholesterol supersaturation and/or deficiency in bile salts in bile. Early studies have shown that symptomatic gallstones are primarily a disease of non-smokers, raising the possibility that nicotine can prevent gallstone formation. The present study investigated the effect of nicotine on the formation of cholesterol gallstone in C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice (eight-weeks-old) were fed a normal or lithogenic diet (basic feed 82.45%, fat 15.8%, cholesterol 1.25% and sodium cholate 0.5%) and divided into five groups: normal diet (ND); ND + high dose nicotine (H); lithogenic diet (LD); LD + low dose nicotine (L) and LD + nicotine (H). They were treated with or without nicotine injection for 10 weeks. Nicotine treatment did not change the rate of cholesterol gallstone formation. There was no difference in TNFα, IL-1ß and IL-6 among the five groups. The LD group showed the highest cholesterol levels and there was significant suppression of the total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total bile acid levels in the serum of the nicotine-treated mice. Quantitative PCR showed nicotine altered few bile acid metabolism-related genes expression in liver tissue and significantly altered cholesterol-metabolism genes in gallbladder tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and western blotting showed that protein levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and megalin in the gallbladder increased in the lithogenic-diet mice, which was significantly suppressed in the nicotine-treated mice. In vitro studies using gallbladder epithelial cells showed that chenodeoxycholic acids increased megalin expression, which could be attenuated by nicotine. Nicotine could regulate bile acid metabolism via the FXR-megalin/cubilin pathways, which potentially contribute to cholesterol nucleation and subsequent gallstone formation.
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BACKGROUND: Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is the most important compound causing oral malodor, and its concentration is thought to be closely correlated with oral microorganism activity. Therefore, clarifying the correlation between oral microbes and metabolites is important. METHODS: This study tested with 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing of oral microorganisms and oral malodor tests. RESULTS: There were different of the microbial taxa between the low and high H2 S groups. And in the high H2 S group, most of the enriched taxa were genera which abundance was correlated with H2 S concentration. Fusobacterium periodonticum and Prevotella nanceiensis were significantly different in coverage breadth and depth and in LPS biosynthesis contributions between the two groups. The contribution of F. periodonticum to sulfur metabolism was significantly different between the two groups, and the relative F. periodonticum abundance was higher in the high H2 S group. CONCLUSIONS: The H2 S content is significantly associated with the oral cavity microorganism composition and abundance. Most microorganisms enriched in people with high H2 S levels are associated with oral diseases such as caries and periodontal diseases.
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Halitosis , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Humanos , Halitosis/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Boca/microbiología , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , MetagenomaRESUMEN
CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology has revolutionized plant science and holds enormous promise for crop improvement. The exploration of this system received much attention regarding plant genome editing. Here, by editing the NtPDS gene in tobacco, we first verified that incorporating an OsU3-tRNA promoter combination into the CRISPR/Cas9 system contributed to the highest editing efficiency, as the sgRNA expression level was greater than that resulting from the AtU6-tRNA and AtU6 promoters. Then, we optimized the existing tobacco CRISPR/Cas9 system, pORE-Cas9, by using the OsU3-tRNA promoter combination instead of AtU6 and by fusing an AtUb10-Ros1 expression cassette to the T-DNA to monitor the transgene events. The new system was named pOREU3TR. As expected, 49 transgene-free and homozygous gene-edited green plants were effectively screened in the T1 generation as a result of editing the NtLHT1 gene in tobacco, and the plant height and the contents of most free amino acids in the leaves of the T2 mutant plants were significantly different from those in the leaves of WT plants, demonstrating the high efficiency of the new editing system. This OsU3-tRNA-sgRNA/AtUb10-Ros1 system provides essential improvements for increasing the efficiency of plant genome editing.
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Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edición Génica , Edición Génica/métodos , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Nicotiana/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Plantas/genética , ARN de TransferenciaRESUMEN
Flowering time, plays a crucial role in tobacco ecological adaptation besides its substantial influence on tobacco production and leaf quality. Meanwhile, it is sensitive to biotic or abiotic challenges. The plant hormones Gibberellins (GAs), controlling a number of metabolic processes, govern plants growth and development. In this study, we created a late flowering mutant HG14 through knocking out NtGA3ox1 by CRISPR/Cas9. It took around 13.0 and 12.1 days longer to budding and flowering compared to wild type Honghuadajinyuan. Nearly all of the evaluated agronomic characters deteriorated in HG14, showing slower growth and noticeably shorter and narrower leaves. We found that NtGA3ox was more prevalent in flowers through quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. Transcriptome profiling detected 4449, 2147, and 4567 differently expressed genes at the budding, flowering, and mature stages, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified the plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway are the major clusters controlled by NtGA3ox1 throughout the budding and flowering stages. Together with the abovementioned signaling pathway, biosynthesis of monobactam, metabolism of carbon, pentose, starch, and sucrose were enriched at the mature stage. Interestingly, 108 up- and 73 down- regulated DEGs, impairing sugar metabolism, diterpenoid biosynthesis, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathway, were continuously detected accompanied with the development of HG14. This was further evidenced by the decreasing content of GA metabolites such as GA4 and GA7, routine chemicals, alkaloids, amino acids, and organic acids Therefore, we discovered a novel tobacco flowering time gene NtGA3ox1 and resolved its regulatory network, which will be beneficial to the improvement of tobacco varieties.
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In this study, a total number of 1,026 Chinese adolescents were surveyed using the cohesion sub-scale of the Family Environment Scale, the Self-control Scale, the Parental Monitoring Questionnaire, and the revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire to explore the effects of family cohesion on adolescents' engagement in school bullying and the mechanisms of self-control and parental monitoring in the relationship between them. The results showed that: (1) family cohesion, self-control, and parental monitoring were significantly and negatively related to school bullying; (2) family cohesion directly influenced school bullying and also indirectly influenced school bullying through a mediating effect - self-control; (3) parental monitoring played a moderating role in the path of self-control affecting school bullying. Therefore, to reduce the occurrence of school bullying, it is necessary to strengthen the self-control ability of adolescents and improve the family cohesion environment and maintain a moderate level of parental monitoring. The results of this study revealed the effect of family cohesion on adolescents' engagement in school bullying and its mechanism of action, which can provide a theoretical basis for preventing and reducing the occurrence of school bullying incidents.
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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked to dysregulation of the gut-liver axis, and correlated with intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption. Objectives: To investigate the protective effects and possible molecular mechanism of Schisantherin A (Sin A) in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced NAFLD mouse model. Methods: HFD-fed NAFLD mice were treated with the vehicle and 80 mg/kg Sin A every day for 6 weeks. The gut permeability of the NAFLD mice was assessed by intestinal permeability assays in vivo and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements in vitro were also used to evaluate the function of the gut barrier. TLR4 inhibitor was then used to investigate the impact of Sin A in the LPS- TLR4 signaling pathway. Alternatively, the composition of the microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA amplification. Finally, the experiment of antibiotic treatment was performed to elucidate the roles of the gut microbiome mediating Sin A induced metabolic benefits in the NAFLD mice. Results: We found that Sin A potently ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, alleviated gut inflammation, and restored intestinal barrier function. We also observed that Sin A improved gut permeability and reduced the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into circulation and further found that Sin A can suppress LPS-TLR4 signaling to protect against HFD-induced NAFLD. Sin A treatment altered the composition of the microbiome in NAFLD mice compared to vehicle controls. Conclusions: Sin A is an effective and safe hepatoprotective agent against HFD-induced NAFLD by partly ameliorating gut inflammation, restoring intestinal barrier function, and regulating intestinal microbiota composition.
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Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Ciclooctanos , Dioxoles , Inflamación/metabolismo , Lignanos , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/etiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismoRESUMEN
Wheat stripe rust (WSR) is a foliar disease that causes destructive damage in the wheat production context. Accurately estimating the severity of WSR in the autumn growing stage can help to objectively monitor the disease incidence level of WSR and predict the nationwide disease incidence in the following year, which have great significance for controlling its nationwide spread and ensuring the safety of grain production. In this study, to address the low accuracy and the efficiency of disease index estimation by traditional methods, WSR-diseased areas are segmented based on Segformer, and the macro disease index (MDI) is automatically calculated for the measurement of canopy-scale disease incidence. The results obtained with different semantic segmentation algorithms, loss functions, and data sets are compared for the segmentation effect, in order to address the severe class imbalance in disease region segmentation. We find that: (1) The results of the various models differed significantly, with Segformer being the best algorithm for WSR segmentation (rust class F1 score = 72.60%), based on the original data set; (2) the imbalanced nature of the data has a significant impact on the identification of the minority class (i.e., the rust class), for which solutions based on loss functions and re-weighting of the minority class are ineffective; (3) data augmentation of the minority class or under-sampling of the original data set to increase the proportion of the rust class greatly improved the F1-score of the model (rust class F1 score = 86.6%), revealing that re-sampling is a simple and effective approach to alleviating the class imbalance problem. Finally, the MDI was used to evaluate the models based on the different data sets, where the model based on the augmented data set presented the best performance (R2 = 0.992, RMSE = 0.008). In conclusion, the deep-learning-based semantic segmentation method, and the corresponding optimization measures, applied in this study allow us to achieve pixel-level accurate segmentation of WSR regions on wheat leaves, thus enabling accurate assessment of the degree of WSR disease under complex backgrounds in the field, consequently providing technical support for field surveys and calculation of the disease level.
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Basidiomycota , Triticum , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are important references to personalized clinical treatment. For cost and labor savings, only one of the patient's paraffin blocks is usually selected for subsequent immunohistochemistry (IHC) to obtain molecular subtypes. Inevitable block sampling error is risky due to the tumor heterogeneity and could result in a delay in treatment. Molecular subtype prediction from conventional H&E pathological whole slide images (WSI) using the AI method is useful and critical to assist pathologists to pre-screen proper paraffin block for IHC. It is a challenging task since only WSI-level labels of molecular subtypes from IHC can be obtained without detailed local region information. Gigapixel WSIs are divided into a huge amount of patches to be computationally feasible for deep learning, while with coarse slide-level labels, patch-based methods may suffer from abundant noise patches, such as folds, overstained regions, or non-tumor tissues. A weakly supervised learning framework based on discriminative patch selection and multi-instance learning was proposed for breast cancer molecular subtype prediction from H&E WSIs. Firstly, co-teaching strategy using two networks was adopted to learn molecular subtype representations and filter out some noise patches. Then, a balanced sampling strategy was used to handle the imbalance in subtypes in the dataset. In addition, a noise patch filtering algorithm that used local outlier factor based on cluster centers was proposed to further select discriminative patches. Finally, a loss function integrating local patch with global slide constraint information was used to fine-tune MIL framework on obtained discriminative patches and further improve the prediction performance of molecular subtyping. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed AI method and our models outperformed even senior pathologists, which has the potential to assist pathologists to pre-screen paraffin blocks for IHC in clinic.
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Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closed back-splicing products of precursor mRNA in eukaryotes. Compared with linear mRNAs, circRNAs have a special structure and stable expression. A large number of studies have provided different regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in tumors. Challenges exist in understanding the control of circRNAs because of their sequence overlap with linear mRNA. Here, we survey the most recent progress regarding the regulation of circRNA biogenesis by RNA-binding proteins, one of the vital functional proteins. Furthermore, substantial circRNAs exert compelling biological roles by acting as protein sponges, by being translated themselves or regulating posttranslational modifications of proteins. This review will help further explore more types of functional proteins that interact with circRNA in cancer and reveal other unknown mechanisms of circRNA regulation.