Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Simmental Cattle in the Peruvian Amazon.

Anaplasmosis, transmitted biologically and mechanically, is one of the most prevalent diseases responsible for high production costs worldwide. In this research, the prevalence and risk factors of anaplasmosis in Simmental cattle raised in the Peruvian Amazon were evaluated. 266 blood samples were collected from bovines of different categories such as calves male, calves females, heifers <1.3 years, heifers >1.3 years, steers, bulls, and cows from the districts of Omia and Molinopampa. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale. Of the 266 animals sampled, 67% were positive for A. marginale. A higher prevalence was determined in the district of Omia (99.3%), while in the district of Molinopampa, 28.7% was obtained. A prevalence of A. marginale was recorded in females (67.7%) and in males (64.8%) (p > 0.05). There is a significant association of the disease with the category of cattle, verifying the highest prevalence of A. marginale in calves male, heifer >1.3 years, and bull. The multiple correspondence analysis shows that San Mateo, Puma Marca, Mashuyacu, Primavera, and Los Olivos have a higher prevalence of anaplasmosis, associated with altitude of 1701-2000 m, spray baths and paddock rotation. Anaplasmosis is prevalent in Simmental cattle from the Peruvian Amazon, with a higher incidence in Omia and in females, considering May to August the critical months and the altitude less than 2000 meters above sea level.

Comprehensive profiling of social mixing patterns in resource poor countries: A mixed methods research protocol.

BACKGROUND: Low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionate burden of communicable diseases. Social interaction data inform infectious disease models and disease prevention strategies. The variations in demographics and contact patterns across ages, cultures, and locations significantly impact infectious disease dynamics and pathogen transmission. LMICs lack sufficient social interaction data for infectious disease modeling. METHODS: To address this gap, we will collect qualitative and quantitative data from eight study sites (encompassing both rural and urban settings) across Guatemala, India, Pakistan, and Mozambique. We will conduct focus group discussions and cognitive interviews to assess the feasibility and acceptability of our data collection tools at each site. Thematic and rapid analyses will help to identify key themes and categories through coding, guiding the design of quantitative data collection tools (enrollment survey, contact diaries, exit survey, and wearable proximity sensors) and the implementation of study procedures. We will create three age-specific contact matrices (physical, nonphysical, and both) at each study site using data from standardized contact diaries to characterize the patterns of social mixing. Regression analysis will be conducted to identify key drivers of contacts. We will comprehensively profile the frequency, duration, and intensity of infants' interactions with household members using high resolution data from the proximity sensors and calculating infants' proximity score (fraction of time spent by each household member in proximity with the infant, over the total infant contact time) for each household member. DISCUSSION: Our qualitative data yielded insights into the perceptions and acceptability of contact diaries and wearable proximity sensors for collecting social mixing data in LMICs. The quantitative data will allow a more accurate representation of human interactions that lead to the transmission of pathogens through close contact in LMICs. Our findings will provide more appropriate social mixing data for parameterizing mathematical models of LMIC populations. Our study tools could be adapted for other studies.

Effect of Different Protocols of Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination on Mucus, Ovarian Size, and Pregnancy of Mixed-Breed Cows in the Humid Tropics of Peru.

The objective of the research was to evaluate three synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in Bos indicus with Bos taurus crossbred cows. Forty-five cows of 5 ± 1.6 years were selected. The Jsynch treatment consisted of the application of an intravaginal device plus benzoate; on day 8, the device was removed and PGF2α, estradiol cypionate plus eCG was applied, and the FTAI was performed at 48-52 hours after. Conventional treatment consisted of the application of an intravaginal device plus benzoate; on day 8, the device was removed and PGF2α plus eCG was injected, and on day 9, estradiol benzoate was administered, and FTAI was performed at 30 hours. The Ovsynch treatment consisted of the application of GnRH, and on day 8, PGF2α was applied, on day 9, GnRH was applied again, and on day 10, FTAI plus GnRH was applied. The diagnosis of pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound 45 days after the FTAI. The Jsynch (39.1%) and conventional (39.1%) treatment showed higher pregnancy compared to the Ovsynch treatment (21.7%) of pregnancy. The presence of crystalline mucus at the time of the FTAI was significantly associated with pregnancy. The results of this investigation indicate that it is possible to obtain acceptable pregnancy rates with the FTAI in B. indicus with B. taurus crossbred milk-producing cows, and treatments with progesterone-releasing devices plus eCG can improve the reproductive performance of cows.

Identification of infection by Leishmania spp. in wild and domestic animals in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis (2001-2021).

Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. It generates different clinical manifestations in humans and animals, and it infects multiple hosts. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandfly vectors. The main objective of this systematic review was to identify the host, or reservoir animal species, of Leishmania spp., with the exception of domestic dogs, that were recorded in Brazil. This review included identification of diagnostic methods, and the species of protozoan circulating in the country. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted across index journals. This study covered the period from 2001 to 2021, and 124 studies were selected. Eleven orders possible hosts were identified, including 229 mammalian species. Perissodactyla had the highest number of infected individuals (30.69%, 925/3014), with the highest occurrence in horses. In Brazil, the most commonly infected species were found to be: horses, domestic cats, rodents, and marsupials. Bats, that were infected by one or more protozoan species, were identified as potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. Molecular tests were the most commonly used diagnostic methods (94 studies). Many studies have detected Leishmania spp. (n = 1422): Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (n = 705), Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (n = 319), and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (n = 141). Recognizing the species of animals involved in the epidemiology and biological cycle of the protozoan is important, as this allows for the identification of environmental biomarkers, knowledge of Leishmania species can improve the control zoonotic leishmaniasis.

Tube-in-tube endoscopic vacuum therapy for treatment of colorectal anastomotic leaks: A low-cost, patient-friendly, feasible and efficient technical modification of sponge-based endoscopic vacuum therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colorectal endoscopic vacuum therapy (CR EVT) is usually performed using sponges passed through the anus. It may be associated with patient discomfort and displacement of the aspiration tube. METHODS: With the tube-in-tube endoscopic vacuum therapy modification (CR TT-EVT), it is possible to position the aspiration tube in the pelvic cavity through the abdominal wall. In addition, it allows frequent cleaning of the fistula, eliminates the need for programmed device changes, and enables a standardized approach to such a wide variety of fistulas, leaks, and perforations. RESULTS: Here is a technical note on how to perform CR TT-EVT, while we are at the early phase of our case series we have reached 100% of technical success.

Sustainability of livestock farms: The case of the district of Moyobamba, Peru.

The Peruvian Amazon is a geographical area with great biodiversity, where the main economic activities are agricultural crops and grazing animals. The evaluation of sustainability in production systems is based on the analysis of economic, environmental and social components, which are variable between production units or livestock farms. The classification of livestock farms based on their characteristics of similarity and differences can contribute to the most appropriate assessment of their level of sustainability. The objective of this research was to determine the level of sustainability of livestock farms in the district of Moyobamba, San Martín, Peru, based on environmental, economic and social criteria. The research was carried out from November 2018 to February 2019 with a survey of a sample of 60 livestock farms out of a population of 2220. A survey-type form and data collection in the field were applied, adapting a methodology that proposes inferring on 33 indicators grouped into six criteria: three environmental criteria (soil quality, pasture health and animal quality), two economic criteria (farm system and farm economy), and a social criterion of the farm. A scale from 1 to 10 was used to assess the condition of each indicator. The typification of farms was carried out through a Conglomerate Analysis. To analyze the level of sustainability, Amoeba graphs were constructed for each defined farm group. Qualitative variables were analyzed with contingency tables and quantitative variables using the T test (p < 0.05). Three types of livestock farms were identified, differentiated by level of education, farm size, years in cattle raising and number of cattle heads (p < 0.05), where Group 1 is less experienced, Group 1 has more area and cattle, and Group 3 only have older years in livestock. There were significant differences between the evaluated criteria and the sustainability index. From the typification of livestock farms, Group 2 (13 farms) presented a higher level of sustainability as did Group 3 (16 farms), while Group 1 (31 farms) presented unsustainable conditions. The environmental indicators based on animal quality and farm system show unsustainability in all farms the District of Moyobamba, as they fail to exceed the threshold of sustainability (5).

Prevalence and molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in bats from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.

This study aimed to detect the occurrence of infection by Leishmania spp.in bats from 34 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS; southern Brazil) from 2016 to 2021. A total of 109 bats were provided by the Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde of RS, including six species belonged to Molossidae family, six to Vespertilionidae family, and two to Phyllostomidae family. Leishmania spp. was identified using the nested-PCR method by amplifying the SSU rDNA ribosomal subunit gene into four organ pools: (1) the liver, spleen, and lymph node; (2) heart and lungs; (3) skin; and (4) bone marrow of each bat. Three (3/109, 2.7%) animals tested positive for Leishmania spp. The respective PCR-positive organs came from pools 1 and 3. Two bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were from the municipality of Canoas, and sequences analysis confirms the species identification as Leishmania infantum. In the third bat (Molossus molossus), from Rio Grande, it was not possible to determine the protozoa species, being considered Leishmania spp. Our results indicate that bats can participate in the biological cycle of Leishmania spp. and perform as host, reservoir, and/or source of infection of the protozoa in different areas of RS. More studies will be needed to elucidate the role of these Chiropteras in the circulation of Leishmania spp. This is the first study reporting the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in bats in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil.

STAPLED HEMORRHOIDOPEXY: RESULTS, LATE COMPLICATIONS, AND DEGREE OF SATISFACTION AFTER 16 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP.

BACKGROUND: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy has been widely used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, but concerns about complications and recurrences after prolonged follow-up are still under debate. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the very long-term results of the stapled hemorrhoidopexy technique. METHODS: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy was performed on 155 patients between 2000 and 2003, and the early results have already been published. In this study, we evaluated the same patients after a very long follow-up. Data were collected with regard to late complications, rate and timing of recurrences, and patients' degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: From a total of 155 patients, 98 patients were evaluated: 59 (60.2%) were interviewed by telephone and 39 (39.8%) were evaluated by outpatient consultation. The mean follow-up was 193 months (range: 184-231), 52 were female, 52 were grade III hemorrhoids, and 46 were grade IV. Recurrence was higher in grade IV (26.1%) than in grade III (7.7%) (p=0.014). Recurrence after prolonged follow-up was seen in 16 patients (16.3%) and 11 (11.2%) required reoperations. The complications were skin tags (3.1%), anal sub-stenosis (2.1%), and fecal incontinence (2.1%). After a prolonged follow-up, 82.5% of patients were either very satisfied or satisfied with the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is a safe and effective treatment for hemorrhoidal disease grades III and IV. Recurrence is higher for grade IV hemorrhoids and may occur up to 9 years of follow-up. Reoperations were infrequent and there is a high patient's degree of satisfaction associated with this technique.

A forecasting model based on ARIMA and artificial neural networks for end-OF-life vehicles.

The accelerated growth of the automotive supply network has had an immeasurable impact on the environment, especially relating to reusing and disposal of materials. The appropriate management of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) has become an imperative item for achieving sustainable development in the field of interest and it is, therefore, a target of special attention from global economies in recent years. Therefore, the present study aims to estimate the future generation of ELVs to assist decision making and mitigate the global impact of this type of waste on the environment. For this, a hybrid forecasting model was used, based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) methodology and on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), with a set of temporal data extracted from Brazilian sectoral platforms. The results achieved point to a good convergence of the model, indicating better performance than a naive or trivial prediction. The efficiency obtained by the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 98% and the expectation is that for the year 2030, approximately 5.2 million ELVs will be produced in Brazil, of which only 78 thousand units would be effectively recycled, considering the current vehicle recycling rate in the country. Considering the scarcity of information that supports decision-making in waste management in Brazil, this study may also contribute to the proposition of alternatives that favor the proper management of automotive waste, providing a reference for the formulation and implementation of policies related to ELVs in the country.

Profile of milk consumers and determinants of A2A2 milk consumption in the Tocantins State / Perfil dos consumidores de leite e fatores determinantes do consumo de leite A2A2 no estado do Tocantin

The dairy industry diversifies products with organoleptic, dietary, functional, and nutritional properties according to consumer demands and welfare. This study aimed to examine the profile of consumers, data on milk consumption, knowledge, and familiarity with A2A2 milk in the Tocantins State, Brazil. A qualitative survey was carried out through a questionnaire applied to 389 people, distributed in 34 municipalities. Regarding the consumption of dairy products, 21.31% of participants described having some type of discomfort when consuming them. Among participants, 46.27% consumed one to two liters, 28.28% two to four liters, and 25.45% more than four liters per week. Milk was the main dairy product consumed, according to 59.13% of participants. Of all respondents, 76.10% pay little or no attention to the information on the label, versus 23.90% who did not. Regarding A2A2 milk, 40.36% possessed some knowledge about it, while 59.64% did not. 42.93% and 30.59% of participants stated they would be willing to pay over 10% or 50% more, respectively, whereas 24.94% would not pay any additional amount on the price of A2A2 milk. Willingness to pay a low additional amount was related to consumers who heard of, but knew little about this product, whereas the likelihood of paying higher additional amounts was associated with respondents who heard and know about the product.(AU)

Atualmente, a indústria láctea diversifica produtos com propriedades organolépticas, dietéticas, funcionais e nutricionais em função de demandas do consumidor e do bem-estar. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o perfil dos consumidores, incluindo dados de consumo de leite, conhecimento e familiaridade com o leite A2A2 no estado do Tocantins. Foi realizado uma pesquisa qualitativa, através de questionário, com 389 pessoas distribuídas em 34 municípios no Tocantins. Em relação ao consumo de lácteos, 21,31% apresentam algum tipo de desconforto ao consumirem, e, 46,27% possuem um consumo semanal de um a dois litros, 28,28% entre dois a quatro litros e 25,45% com consumo superior a quatro litros, sendo o leite o principal produto lácteo consumido por 59,13% dos entrevistados. Dos entrevistados, 76,10% tem pouca ou nenhuma atenção às informações do rótulo contra 23,90% que possuem muita atenção, e 40,63% e 59,64% detinham ou não algum conhecimento sobre leite A2A2, respectivamente. Foi observado que 42,93% e 30,59% estariam dispostos a pagar mais de 10% ou mais de 50%, respectivamente, e 24,94% revelaram não pagar nenhum acréscimo sobre o valor para o leite A2A2. No entanto, a capacidade de consumo está diretamente ligada ao nível de conhecimento e familiaridade sobre leite A2A2, ou seja, pagar um valor adicional baixo demonstrou relação com consumidores que possuem conhecimento sobre, mas conhecem pouco esse produto, enquanto que pagar valores adicionais maiores esteve relacionado com entrevistados que ouviram falar e conhecem sobre o produto.(AU)

Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes and the natural history and epidemiology of hepatitis B.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Espírito Santo state is considered a region with a higher frequency of hepatitis B virus infection. This study characterized demographic, epidemiological, laboratory, virological and clinical aspects of 587 chronic HBV carriers followed up at the University of Espírito Santo Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demographic, epidemiological, laboratory and clinical data were extracted from medical records during the entire follow-up period. Classification of the evolutionary phases of chronic hepatitis B was defined as immunotolerant; inactive carrier; chronic active hepatitis HBeAg (+)  and HBeAg (-). Characterization of HBV genotypes/subgenotypes was performed by sequencing of overlapping surface antigens and HBV DNA polymerase genes. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using BEAST 1.8.3 software. RESULTS: and Conclusions: Genotypes found were A (132/65.3%) [A1 = 129 (63.9%) and A2 = 3 (1.5%)], D (66/32.7%) [D3 = 56 (27.7%), D4 = 8 (4.0%) and D2 = 2 (1.0%)] and F (4/2.0%) - all F2a. Subgenotypes A1 or D3 were not associated with age, sex, HIV/HCV co-infection, viral load, antiviral usage, HBeAg status or clinical stages of chronic hepatitis B. Mother -to-child-transmission (MTCT) was associated with the subgenotype A1 and intrafamilial transmission with subgenotype D3. Subgenotype A1 was more frequent than D3 among individuals born outside ES compared to those born in ES. CONCLUSIONS: The most predominant clinical phases were HBeAg (-), inactive carrier and chronic active hepatitis HBeAg (-). Subgenotypes A1 and D3 were most frequent and were associated were MTCT and intrafamilial transmission of HBV, respectively.

Stapled hemorrhoidopexy: results, late complications, and degree of satisfaction after 16 years of follow-up / Hemorroidopexia mecânica: resultados, complicações tardias e grau de satisfação após 16 anos de seguimento

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy has been widely used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, but concerns about complications and recurrences after prolonged follow-up are still under debate. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the very long-term results of the stapled hemorrhoidopexy technique. METHODS: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy was performed on 155 patients between 2000 and 2003, and the early results have already been published. In this study, we evaluated the same patients after a very long follow-up. Data were collected with regard to late complications, rate and timing of recurrences, and patients' degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: From a total of 155 patients, 98 patients were evaluated: 59 (60.2%) were interviewed by telephone and 39 (39.8%) were evaluated by outpatient consultation. The mean follow-up was 193 months (range: 184-231), 52 were female, 52 were grade III hemorrhoids, and 46 were grade IV. Recurrence was higher in grade IV (26.1%) than in grade III (7.7%) (p=0.014). Recurrence after prolonged follow-up was seen in 16 patients (16.3%) and 11 (11.2%) required reoperations. The complications were skin tags (3.1%), anal sub-stenosis (2.1%), and fecal incontinence (2.1%). After a prolonged follow-up, 82.5% of patients were either very satisfied or satisfied with the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is a safe and effective treatment for hemorrhoidal disease grades III and IV. Recurrence is higher for grade IV hemorrhoids and may occur up to 9 years of follow-up. Reoperations were infrequent and there is a high patient's degree of satisfaction associated with this technique.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A hemorroidopexia mecênica tem sido amplamente utilizada para o tratamento de hemorroidas, mas as preocupações com complicações e recorrências após seguimento prolongado ainda estão em debate. OBJETIVOS: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os resultados a muito longo prazo com a técnica hemorroidopexia mecênica. MÉTODOS: O hemorroidopexia mecênica foi realizada em 155 pacientes entre 2000 e 2003, e os primeiros resultados já foram publicados. No presente estudo, avaliamos os mesmos pacientes após um seguimento muito longo. Os dados foram coletados em relação às complicações tardias, taxa e tempo de recorrência e grau de satisfação do paciente. RESULTADOS: De um total de 155 pacientes, 98 pacientes foram avaliados: 59 (60,2%) foram entrevistados por telefone e 39 (39,8%) foram avaliados por consulta ambulatorial. O seguimento médio foi de 193 meses (variação: 184-231), 52 eram do sexo feminino, 52 eram hemorroidas grau III e 46 eram grau IV. A recorrência foi maior no grau IV (26,1%) do que no grau III (7,7%) (p=0,014). A recorrência após seguimento prolongado foi observada em 16 pacientes (16,3%) e 11 (11,2%) necessitaram de reoperações. As complicações foram: plicomas (3,1%), subestenose anal (2,1%) e incontinência fecal (2,1%). Após seguimento prolongado, 82,5% dos pacientes ficaram muito satisfeitos ou satisfeitos com a cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: O hemorroidopexia mecênica é um tratamento seguro e eficaz para a doença hemorroidária graus III e IV. A recorrência é maior para hemorroidas grau IV e pode ocorrer até 9 anos de seguimento. As reoperações foram infrequentes e há um alto grau de satisfação do paciente associado a esta técnica.

The novel BPRST classification for hemorrhoidal disease: A cohort study and an algorithm for treatment.

BACKGROUND: The classification for HD was developed by Goligher in 1980 and does not contemplate important aspects of this disease, which limits its use in guiding treatment. The aim of this study if to apply in clinical practice the new classification for hemorrhoids named BPRST (bleeding, prolapse, reduction, skin tags, thrombosis), to compare it with the original classification proposed by Goligher and to propose an algorithm for treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted at the University of São Paulo's teaching hospital and Hospital 9 de Julho. Patients with HD treated from March 2011 to July 2013 were included. Patients were classified according to BPRST and Goligher classifications and treated according to personal experience and most updated guidelines. The association between both classifications and the treatment adopted was compared and an algorithm for treatment was developed. RESULTS: 229 patients were included in this study and 28 patients were lost due to follow-up. According to Goligher, 29, 61, 85 and 26 were classified as grades I, II, III and IV, respectively. According to the BPRST, 23 were classified as stage I, 95 as stage II and 83 as stage III. Six patients classified as Goligher I were reclassified as BPRST stage III and required conventional hemorrhoidectomy, either due to thrombosis (n = 4) or intolerable skin tags (n = 2). The BPRST classification was more closely associated with the type of treatment employed and had few outliers than Goligher (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There are limitations to the use of Goligher's classification in clinical practice. The novel BPRST classification includes important aspects of HD that should be considered when deciding the best treatment option. Our algorithm for treatment contemplates the most commonly used techniques and can help to guide the treatment of this complex disease.

Asociación de polimorfismos en los genes CAPN y CAST con propiedades fisicoquímicas de la carne bovina: una revisión / Association of polymorphisms in CAPN and CAST genes with physicochemical properties of beef: a review / Associação de polimorfismos nos genes CAPN e CAST com propriedades físico-químicas da carne bovina: uma revisão

Resumen Las propiedades fisicoquímicas como terneza, color, jugosidad, sabor, marmoleo, pH y capacidad de retención de agua, son consideradas como los atributos que tienen mayor importancia en la calidad de la carne. El manejo post mortem influye en el funcionamiento del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas µ-calpaínas y calpastatinas, que están codificadas por los genes CAPN1 y CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisión muestra las asociaciones de los polimorfismos CAPN1 y CAST con el fin de explicar las propiedades fisicoquímicas antes mencionadas, que determinan las características relacionadas con la calidad de la carne. Existen polimorfismos de CAPN1 y CAST asociados a propiedades fisicoquímicas particulares de la carne, pero no todos los polimorfismos se asocian con las propiedades mencionadas. La actividad del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas varía según el manejo peri y post mortem. La presencia o ausencia de un polimorfismo varía entre razas. Por consiguiente, las asociaciones de polimorfismos de nucleótido simple con las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la carne mencionadas en esta revisión podrían ayudar a mejorar los indicadores de calidad de la carne bovina.

Abstract Physicochemical properties such as tenderness, color, juiciness, flavor, marbling, pH and water retention capacity, are considered the most important attributes in the meat quality. Posmortem management influences the functioning of the proteolytic system of the enzymes calpains and calpastatins, which are encoded by CAPN1 and CAST genes, respectively. This review displays the associations of CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms in order to explain the aforementioned physicochemical properties, which determine the characteristics relate to the beef quality. There are CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms associated with particular physicochemical properties of meat, but not all polymorphisms are associated with the mentioned properties. The activity of enzymes proteolytic system varies according to peri and posmortem management. The presence or absence of a polymorphism varies between races. Therefore, the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms with the physicochemical properties of meat mentioned in this review could help to improve the quality indicators of beef.

Resumo Propriedades físico-químicas como maciez, cor, suculência, sabor, marmorização, pH e capacidade de retenção da água, são consideradas os atributos mais importantes na qualidade da carne. O manejo pós-morte influencia o funcionamento do sistema proteolítico das enzimas calpaína e calpastatina, que são codificadas pelos genes CAPN1 e CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisão mostra as associações dos polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST para explicar as propriedades físico-químicas citadas, que determinam as características relacionadas à qualidade da carne. Existem polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST associados a propriedades físico-químicas específicas da carne, mas nem todos os polimorfismos estão associados às propriedades mencionadas. A atividade das enzimas do sistema proteolítico varia de acordo com o manejo peri e pos-mortem. A presença ou ausência de um polimorfismo varia entre as raças. Portanto, as associações de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único com as propriedades físico-químicas da carne mencionadas nesta revisão poderiam ajudar a melhorar os indicadores de qualidade da carne bovina.

Circadian Misalignment Is Negatively Associated with the Anthropometric, Metabolic and Food Intake Outcomes of Bariatric Patients 6 Months After Surgery.

PURPOSE: Circadian misalignment has been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity, as well as changes in metabolic parameters. This study evaluated the association between social jet lag (SJL), a measure of circadian misalignment, and anthropometric, metabolic and food intake outcomes 6 months after bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 122 bariatric patients were included (77% female, aged 33 years (range 28-41); 79.5% underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Anthropometric, food consumption and SJL were evaluated in the preoperative evaluation and in the third and sixth months after surgery. SJL was calculated based on the absolute difference between the mid-sleep time on weekends and weekdays. Generalised estimating equations and linear regression were performed to evaluate the associations between mean SJL exposure and the outcomes. RESULTS: The interaction between SJL and follow-up time negatively influenced the evolution of weight (p = 0.01), BMI (p = 0.04) and insulin levels (p = 0.01). SJL had an effect on intake of calories (p = 0.001), carbohydrate (p = 0.005) and total (p = 0.007), monounsaturated (p = 0.03) and polyunsaturated fat (p < 0.001). Linear regression showed a negative association between mean SJL exposure over the 6 months and the percentage of weight loss (coefficient = - 0.30, p = 0.006), body weight loss (kg) (coefficient = - 0.17, p = 0.03) and the reduction of BMI (coefficient = - 0.24, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: SJL was negatively associated with anthropometric, metabolic and food consumption outcomes 6 months after bariatric surgery. Future studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov : NCT03485352.

Effect of additional PGF2α dose on pregnancy rate in Nellore females subjected to FTAI / Efeito de dose adicional de PGF2α sobre a taxa de gestação de fêmeas bovinas Nelore submetidas a IATF

This study examined the effect of administering an additional dose of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α), in a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI), on the fertility of female Nellore cattle. Two experiments were carried out: the first (Experiment I) took place in the state of Tocantins and the second (Experiment II) in the state of Pará, Brazil. In Experiment I (E1), 80 cows were used in three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) in which all received the same FTAI protocol. In T1 (n = 29), the cows received 12.5 mg of Dinoprost on day 9; in T2 (n = 28), they received the additional dose on day 10; and in T3 (n = 23; control group), the animals did not receive the additional PGF2α dose. Experiment II consisted of 147 bovine females distributed into two treatment groups, namely, T1 - 72 animals receiving the same protocol as T1 of E1; and T2 - 75 animals receiving the same protocol as T3 of E1. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, applying the PROC NPARWAY procedure for E1, and means were compared by the Wilcoxon test at the 5% significance level. In Experiment II, the data were subjected to analysis of variance by PROC GLIMMIX and means were compared by the T test at the 5% significance level. The following pregnancy rates were obtained in Experiment I: T1 - 62.06% (18/29); T2 - 57.14% (16/28); and T3 - 52.17% (12/23), with no significant difference observed between treatments. In Experiment II, pregnancy rate in T1 was 66.67% (48/72), whereas in T2 it was 41.33% (31/75), with a significant difference detected (P < 0.05). An additional dose of PGF2α provides an increase in pregnancy rate in Nellore females.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da administração de uma dose adicional de prostaglandina F2 alfa (PGF2α) em protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) sobre a fertilidade de fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um (E1) no estado do Tocantins e o segundo (E2) no estado do Pará. No experimento 1 (E1) foram utilizadas 80 fêmeas bovinas distribuídas em três tratamentos (T1, T2 e T3), todos animais receberam o mesmo protocolo de IATF, diferindo no T1 (n=29), que recebeu 12,5 mg de Dinoprost no dia 9, T2 (n=28) recebeu a dose adicional no dia 10 e o T3 (n=23) - Grupo controle, que não recebeu a dose adicional de PGF2α. O experimento 2 (E2) constituído por 147 fêmeas bovinas distribuídas em dois tratamentos. T1: com 72 animais, recebendo mesmo protocolo do T1 do E1. T2: constituído por 75 animais, com protocolo idêntico ao T3 do E1. A análise estatistica foi realizada no programa SAS, sendo no E1 utilizando-se o PROC NPARWAY e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon com nível de significância de 5%. No E2 os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo PROC GLIMMIX e as médias comparadas pelo teste T com nível de significância de 5%. No experimento 1 a taxa de prenhez no T1 foi de 62,06% (18/29), T2 de 57,14% (16/28) e T3 de 52,17% (12/23), não sendo observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. No experimento 2 a taxa de prenhez do T1 foi de 66,67% (48/72), enquanto T2 foi de 41,33% (31/75), verificando-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05). A dose adicional de PGF2α promoveu incremento na taxa de prenhez de fêmeas Nelore.(AU)

Efficacy of three methods used to control staphylococcal mastitis in dairy goats / Eficácia de três métodos empregados no controle da mastite estafilocócica em cabras leiteiras

Goat and sheep farming in Brazil relies on an expressive herd, especially in the Northeast region of the country, where small ruminants constitute a relevant economic activity, with milk production being an important source of income in some dry areas of the Northeastern states. However, there are still some sanitary problems in the management of dairy goats, among which mastitis is highlighted, especially that of the subclinical type. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics, exclusively or in combination with vaccines, in the control of sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants. The study was conducted on a rural property located in Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE. Fifty-three female Saanen dairy goats were allocated into four experimental groups. An antibiotic therapy with a commercial antimicrobial based on cloxacillin was used in group 1. Group 2 received the commercial vaccine indicated for herds with an incidence of Staphylococcus strains and the same antibiotic described for Group 1. Group 3 was evaluated for the exclusive use of vaccination, and Group 4 was the control group. A microbiological examination of the milk was carried out to confirm cases of mastitis. The percentage of udders, infected by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) before and after the antibiotic + vaccine treatment was 42.8 and 7.1%, respectively. It was observed that the cloxacillinbased antibiotic could be used alone or in combination with mastitis vaccines to control staphylococcal mastitis in small ruminants. Vaccination alone was not effective in reducing the number of mastitis cases; therefore, a cross reaction against CNS was not observed. Thus, further studies to determine the potential of vaccines to control sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants are necessary.(AU)

A caprinovinocultura brasileira dispõe de um expressivo rebanho, principalmente na região Nordeste do país, onde os pequenos ruminantes constituem uma relevante atividade econômica sendo a produção de leite uma importante fonte renda em algumas zonas secas dos estados do Nordeste. No entanto, ainda existem alguns problemas de ordem sanitária no manejo de cabras leiteiras, dentre esses, tem-se a mastite, principalmente aquela do tipo subclínica. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o uso isolado ou combinação de antibióticos e vacinas no controle da mastite em pequenos ruminantes. O estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade localizada no município de Santa Maria da Boa Vista - PE. Um total de 53 fêmeas leiteiras Saanen foram divididas em quatros grupos experimentais. No grupo 01 foi utilizada a antibioticoterapia, com antimicrobiano comercial a base de cloxacilina. O grupo 02 recebeu vacina comercial indicada para rebanhos com incidência de cepas do gênero Staphylococcus e o mesmo antibiótico descrito para o grupo 01. Em um terceiro grupo apenas a vacina foi empregada, e por último, foi constituído um grupo controle. Empregou-se o exame microbiológico do leite para confirmação dos casos de mastite. A porcentagem de tetos infectados por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN) antes e após o tratamento Antibiótico + Vacina foi de 42,8 e 7,1%, respectivamente. Observou-se que o antibiótico a base de cloxacilina pode ser usado isoladamente ou em associação a vacinas anti-mastíticas para controle da mastite estafilocócica em pequenos ruminantes. O tratamento que preconizava a aplicação apenas da vacina não foi eficiente na redução dos casos da doença, portanto, não foi observada uma reação cruzada contra os SCN. Assim, faz-se necessária a continuidade dos estudos acerca do potencial das vacinas para o controle da mastite em pequenos ruminantes.(AU)

TRANSANAL HAEMORRHOIDAL DEARTERIALIZATION WITH MUCOPEXY (THD-M) FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS: IS IT APPLICABLE IN ALL GRADES? BRAZILIAN MULTICENTER STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy (THD-M) is a valuable option for treating patients with haemorrhoidal disease. However, there is still controversy with regard to its efficacy for more advanced grades. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of THD-M technique for treating hemorrhoidal disease and to compare the immediate and late results in different grades. METHOD: Seven hundred and five consecutive patients with Goligher's grade II, III or IV symptomatic haemorrhoids underwent surgical treatment using the THD-M method in five participating centres. Six well-trained and experienced surgeons operated on the patients. Average follow-up was 21 months (12-48). RESULTS: Intraoperative complications were observed in 1.1% of cases, including four cases of haematoma, two of laceration of the mucosa, and two of bleeding. All of these were controlled by means of haemostatic suturing. In relation to postoperative complications, the most common of these were as follows: transitory tenesmus (21.4%); pain (7.2%); mucosal or haemorrhoidal prolapse (6.4%); residual skin tag (5.6%); faecal impaction (3.2%); haemorrhoidal thrombosis (2.8%); bleeding (2.1%); anal fissure (0.7%); and anal abscess (0.3%). Most of the complications were treated conservatively, and only 7.5% (53/705) required some type of surgical approach. There was no mortality or any severe complications. The recurrence of prolapse and bleeding was greater in patients with grade IV haemorrhoidal disease than in those with grade III and II (26.54% and 7.96% vs. 2.31% and 0.92% vs. 2.5% and 1.25%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The THD-M method is safe and effective for haemorrhoidal disease grades II and III with low rates of surgical complications. However, for grade IV hemorrhoids, it is associated with higher recurrence of prolapse and bleeding. So, THD-M method should not be considered as an effective option for the treatment of grade IV hemorrhoids.