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ATG8-binding proteins play a key role in autophagy, selective autophagy or non-autophagy process by interacting between ATG8 and the ATG8-interacting motif (AIM) or the ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM). There is great progress of ATG8-binding proteins in yeast and mammalian studies. However, the plant domain is still lagging behind. Therefore, the structure characteristics of plant ATG8 binding protein were firstly outlined. Unlike the single copy of ATG8 gene in yeast, many homologous genes have been identified in plant. The LIR/ AIM-docking site (LDS) of ATG8 protein contains W and L pockets and is responsible for binding to AIM. The ATG8 protein binds to UIM-containing proteins via UIM-docking site (UDS) instead of LDS. UDS is in the opposite position to LDS, so the ATG8 can bind both AIM and UIM proteins. Secondly, the structure and function of ATG8-binding proteins, especially the selective autophagy receptors, were systematically described. The protein NBR1 and Joka2, as proteaphagy receptors, guide ubiquitination protein aggregates to autophagosome for degradation by binding to AIM and ATG8 in Arabidopsis and tobacco, respectively. AtNBR1 also promotes plant immunity by binding the capsid protein of cauliflower mosaic virus and silencing suppressor HCpro of turnip mosaic virus, mediating pathogen autophagy. AtNBR1 still degrades chloroplast by microautophagy under photoinjure or chlorophagy during ibiotic stress. And the protein ORM mediates the degradation of plant immune receptor flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) through AIM binding to ATG8. Interestingly, ATI1 and ATI2 participate in both chlorophagy and ERphagy. Otherwise, ER membrane protein AtSec62, soluble protein AtC53, and ubiquitin-fold modifier1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1) can be directly bound to ATG8 as ER autophagy receptors. As pexophagy receptor, AtPEX6 and AtPEX10 bind to ATG8 via AIM and participate in pexophagy. RPN10, as a 26S proteasome subunit, whose C-terminal UIM1 and UIM2 bind ubiquitin and ATG8, respectively, mediates the selective autophagy degradation of 26S proteasome inactivation when fully ubiquitinated. Plant-specific mitochondrial localization proteins FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) and friendly (FMT) may also be mitophagy receptors. CLC2 binds to ATG8 via the AIM-LDS docking site and is recruited to autophagy degradation on the Golgi membrane. The tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TSPO) in Arabidopsis was involved in clearing free heme, porphyrin and plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2;7 (PIP2;7) through the combination of AIM and ATG8. The conformation of GSNOR1 changes during anoxia, exposing the interaction between AIM and ATG8, leading to selective degradation of GSNOR1. At last, the ATG8 binding proteins involved in autophagosome closure, transport and synthetic synthesis was summarized. For example, plant-specific FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1) is involved in the closure of autophagosomes during nutrient deficiency. Therefore, according to the recent research advances, the structure and function of plant ATG8-binding proteins were systematically summarized in this paper, in order to provide new ideas for the study of plant selective autophagy and autophagy.
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ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between alexithymia and type D personality in patients with depressive disorder, so as to further enrich the psychological theory of depressive disorder. MethodsFrom May to August 2020, 100 inpatients in Psychosomatic Medicine Department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital who met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) for depressive episode were selected as the research objects. Basic information, type D personality, alexithymia and depressive symptoms of the patients were investigated via self-compiled general demographic questionnaire, Type D Personality Scale 14 (DS-14), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Patients' Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item (PHQ-9).Spearman correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the scores of each scale. ResultsA total of 82 patients with depressive disorder completed the survey, of whom 75 patients (91.46%) were found to have type D personality, and 50 patients (60.98%) were found to have alexithymia. The total scores of TAS-20, DS-14 and PHQ-9 were positively correlated (r=0.276~0.354, P<0.05 or 0.01). TAS-20 total score and dimensional scores were positively correlated with social inhibition dimension score in DS-14 (r=0.224~0.375, P<0.05 or 0.01). TAS-20 total score and the scores of difficulty in identifying feelings and difficulty in describing feelings dimensions were positively correlated the negative affectivity dimension score in DS-14 (r=0.257~0.341, P<0.05 or 0.01). ConclusionAlexithymia is closely related to type D personality in patients with depressive disorder.
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Objective:To investigate the correlation between heart rate variability (HRV) and symptom severity in patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD).Methods:Thirty-three patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD group) who were outpatients or inpatients in Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from May 2020 to December 2020 and thirty-three gender-and age-matched healthy controls (HC group) were selected. The patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7), patient health questionnaire PHQ-15 were applied to assess the severity of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in both groups. The somatic system disorder-B criteria scale (SSD-12) and the Whiteley-8 Scale (WI-8) were selected to assess the severity of symptom in SSD. All subjects underwent HRV measurement within one week of enrollment. The differences of HRV between the two groups were compared and the correlation between HRV and symptom severity were analyzed. Independent samples t-test was used for comparison between groups, and Pearson correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis between HRV index and symptom severity. Results:The levels of GAD-7, PHQ-9 and PHQ-15 in SSD group(5.0(2.0, 10.5), 8.0(3.5, 13.0), 11.0(8.0, 15.0)) were significantly higher than those in HC group (1.0(0, 2.0), 0(0, 2.0), 3(0, 6.0)), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The SDNN ((25.41±11.24)ms), lnLF ((1.91±0.50)ms 2) and lnTP ((2.65±0.43)ms 2) in the SSD group were lower than those in the HC group ((32.87±12.01)ms, (2.27±0.43)ms 2, (2.93±0.32)ms 2), and the differences were statistically significant( t=-2.605, -3.160, -2.883, all P<0.05). RMSSD of SSD patients was negatively correlated with GAD-7, PHQ-9, and behavioral and cognitive factor scores of SSD-12 ( r=-0.360--0.404, P<0.05), lnHF was negatively correlated with GAD-7, PHQ-9 and behavioral factor scores of SSD-12 scores ( r=-0.491--0.402, all P<0.05), and lnLF/HF was positively correlated with PHQ-9 ( r=0.413, P<0.05) and lnTP was positively correlated with GAD-7 ( r=0.383, P<0.05). Conclusion:HRV is reduced in SSD patients and correlated with symptom severity, indicating the clinical potential of HRV index as a biological marker of SSD.
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Objective:To investigate whether attentional bias exists in somatic symptom disorders and its correlation with negative cognition and childhood trauma.Methods:Totally 33 patients with physical disorder (physical disorder group) and 33 healthy controls (healthy control group) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the outpatient or inpatient department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital were collected as the research objects.The patient health questionnaire (PHQ-15) and somatic system disorder-B criteria scale (SSD-12) were used to evaluate the severity of the disease, the childhood trauma scale (CTQ) was used to evaluate the childhood trauma experience, and the dot probe task edited by E-prime software was used to measure the reaction time.The repeated measurement variance analysis and independent sample t-test were used to compare the attention bias of the two groups, and the Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between attention bias, disease severity and childhood trauma. Results:The reaction time to negative pictures((510.86±124.72)ms) was longer than that to positive pictures ((504.21±117.21)ms, F=9.10, P<0.05) for physical disorder group and healthy control group, and the negative orienting index(5.22±28.02) in physical disorder group was significantly higher than that in healthy control group(-12.62±32.33)( t=2.397, P<0.05). Disengaging index to positive emotions in SSD patients was positively correlated with their negative cognition of the disease ( r=0.403, P<0.05), and the disengaging index to negative emotions in SSD patients was negatively correlated with emotional neglect ( r=-0.399, P<0.05). Conclusion:Reducing the occurrence of childhood trauma and correcting patients' negative cognition may help to improve the attention bias of somatic symptom disorders.
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Infra-slow oscillation (ISO) is a kind of brain rhythm between 0.01 and 0.5 Hz. ISO is widely distributed in multiple brain regions. As an important psychophysiological activity, the ISO interacts with high-frequency neural rhythm via cross-frequency coupling, but has different activity patterns from high-frequency neural activity. Physiologically, the ISO may be generated by the dynamic activity of thalamus, glia, and ions. Psychologically, the frequency, amplitude, and phase of ISO could all regulate cognitive activities, but in different ways. Investigations on the ISO expands the neural rhythm research to lower frequency range, further promoting the construction of rhythmic theory of brain function.
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Encéfalo , TálamoRESUMEN
Three previously undescribed iridoids, cornusfurals Aâ»C, were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of fruits of Cornus officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The neuroprotective activity was evaluated by measuring corticosterone-induced damage in PC12 cells. The results showed that cornusfural B decreased corticosterone-induced PC12 cell damage compared with that in model cells.
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Cornus/química , Corticosterona/efectos adversos , Iridoides/aislamiento & purificación , Iridoides/farmacología , Neuronas/citología , Animales , Etanol/química , Etanol/aislamiento & purificación , Frutas/química , Iridoides/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Estructura Molecular , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuroprotección , Células PC12 , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Espectrofotometría InfrarrojaRESUMEN
A method of identification of C=C location and relative quantitation of unsaturated phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) isomers in breast cells by online photochemical reaction-pulsed directed current electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry ( PB-pulsed-dc-ESI-MS/MS) was established with benzophenone ( BP) as a photochemical reactant. The three-phase extraction method was used to extract the lipids in the cells, and then the C=C in the unsaturated PC and the carbonyl in BP were specifically cycled under the irradiation of 254 nm ultraviolet light (Paternò-Büchi, PB reaction). The PB products were ionized and mass-isolated for low-energy collision dissociation through the non-contact pulsed-dc-ESI ionization method. The double bond position and the relative content of the location isomers were obtained from the resulting ions in the MS/MS spectrum. The C=C location of 8 kinds of unsaturated PCs in MCF-7 and MCF-10A was detected, and the relative contents of 4 kinds of C=C location isoforms were analyzed. It was found that the relative abundance of △9 isomer in PC 16:018:1 was not significantly different between the two cells. The relative abundance of△9 isomers in PC 18:018:1 and PC 18:118:1 was slightly different. However, there is a big difference of △9 in LPC 18:1 between the cancer cell and normal cell (56. 0% ± 1. 3% vs. 71. 7% ± 6. 8%). The establishment of such a rapid and easy mass spectrometry method can analyze the C=C location and the relative content of location isomers, and it is expected to be a powerful tool to identify different cell states and different disease states.
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Ex-RAD (ON01210) is a novel and efficient anti-radiation drug with low toxicity developed by US army and Onconova Pharmaceuticals in recent years. The significant survival advantage and low toxicity of Ex-RAD have contributed to the approval by the FDA as an investigational new drug in December 2008. Meanwhile, the drug is currently in phase I clinical trials in humans. In this paper, the chemical structure, synthesis route, detection method and pharmacological action of Ex-RAD were reviewed, and the appli-cation prospect of Ex-RAD was also explored.
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Theacrine is one kind of natural purine alkaloids, which mainly exists in an unusual Chinese tea known as Kucha. It shows various biological activities, such as anti-depression, sedative and hypnotic effects and anti-inflammatory and analgesic activi-ties. The study on theacrine dates back to a few decades ago. According to the references published in recent years, the resource, preparation, characterization and pharmacological effects of theacrine were reviewed, and its application prospect was also explored.
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AlM: To explore the visual evoked potential in infantile orbital cellulitis' clinical applications by monitoring the visual evoked potential changes in infantile orbital cellulitis before, during and after treatment. METHODS:Twenty-three cases of CT diagnosed single orbital cellulitis were examined by the visual evoked potentials. The affected eyes as observation group, and healthy eyes as control group. Comparative observation of visual evoked potential changes in amplitude and incubation period before, during and after the treatment. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the observation group's visual evoked potential changes included reduced amplitude, extended incubation period. With the treatment progress, the observation group had gradual increase in amplitude, gradual reduction in incubation period. CONCLUSlON: ln infantile orbital cellulitis, the use of visual evoked potentials is a simple, feasible and effective method to monitoring the visual function during the treatment.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in Guangzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MP was detected using an indirect immunofluorescent method in 2084 children with ARI. The relations between MP infection rate and the gender, age, season, site of infection and wheezing diseases were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 433 children (20.8%) were positive for MP, including 222 boys (19.8%) and 211 girls (21.9%) without significant difference in the infection rate between the genders (P>0.05). In 0- to 3-year-old group, 106 children were positive for MP (15.0%), while in 3- to 5-year-old group and 5- to 14-year-old group, 163 (25.2%) and 164 (22.5%) were positive, respectively, showing a significant difference in the infection rate between the 3 groups (P<0.05). The MP infection rate was 18.0% in January to March, 25.1% in April to June, 17.7% in July to September, and 20.5% in October to December, showing significant differences between the periods (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the infection rate between children with acute upper respiratory tract infection (URI) and those with lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) (P>0.05). Among the children with LRI, those having wheezing disease had significantly higher MP positivity rate than those without wheezing.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MP is a common causative agent for ARI in children. MP infection is not related to gender and infection site, but to age and season. Children over 3 years old are vulnerable to MP infection. MP infection can be associated with wheezing in LRI.</p>
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Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Edad , China , Epidemiología , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Neumonía por Mycoplasma , Epidemiología , Microbiología , Prevalencia , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Epidemiología , Microbiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of receptors for retinoids inducing apoptosis of human melanoma cell line A375. METHODS: The effects of 3 kinds of retinoids (9-cis-RA, at-RA and 13-cis-RA), of TTNPB (RAR agonist) and of Methoprene acid (Ma, RXR agonist) on apoptosis of A375 cells were studied by detecting the expression of Bcl-2/Bax and by using. Annexin V/PI staining analysis, TUNEL detection and active Caspase-3 analysis. RESULTS: Retinoids and TTNPB could up-regulate the expression of Bax and down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2. The results of TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining analysis showed that all of retinoids and TTNPB could induce apoptosis of A375 cells, compared with control group (P < 0.05); the effect of TTNPB was significantly greater than that of others (P < 0.05), but Ma was similar to the control (P > 0.05). Active Caspase-3 analysis showed that TTNPB and all of retinoids could up-regulate the expression of Caspase-3, and the effect of TTNPB was significantly greater than that of others (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Caspase-3 pathway is involved in the process for retinoids inducing apoptosis of A375 cells. The activation of RAR may have relation with retinoids inducing apoptosis of A375 cells, but may have no longer relation with RXR.
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Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Melanoma/patología , Receptores de Ácido Retinoico/efectos de los fármacos , Retinoides/farmacología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Caspasa 3/biosíntesis , Línea Celular Tumoral , HumanosRESUMEN
Objective To establish HPLC-UV fingerprints of genuine Radix Polygalae from Hebei Province and get the control fingerprint.To compare the fingerprints of genuine Radix Polygalae collected from different habitats with the control fingerprint so as to establish a specific method for the quality con- trol of genuine Radix Polygalae.Methods The fingerprints of 19 batches of genuine Radix Polygalae were obtained from Waters 1525 pump.The chromatographic procedure was carried out with Diamonsil~(TM) C_(18)(250 mm)?4.6 mm,5?m)as an analytic column and a mixture consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid in gradient as mobile phase.The detection wavelength was 316 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.The temperature of column was 35 C.Results The control fingerprint of HPLC-UV was set up.The fingerprints of genuine Radix Polygalae from different habitats were compared.Conclusion The operation of this method is simple,quick,accurate,and could be used for the identification and quality control of genuine Radix Polygalae.
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Objective To investigate the effect of hematoxin,lipopolysaccharide(LPS),lipopolysaccharide binding protein(LBP)/membrane CD14(mCD14) in occurrence and development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) in children.Methods Serum LPS,LBP,mean fluorescence intensity(MFI) of mCD14 on monocytes of 30 patients with SIRS were measured,at the same time 21 healthy children had been chosen to serve as control group.Results Compared with control group,the serum LPS,LBP,MFI of mCD14 on monocytes of patients with SIRS were significantly higher(Pa