Analysis of Endangered Andalusian Black Cattle (Negra Andaluza) Reveals Genetic Reservoir for Bovine Black Trunk.

This comprehensive study on the Andalusian Black cattle breed reveals a substantial population decline, with the average herd size decreasing significantly from 305.54 to 88.28 animals per herd. This decline is primarily attributed to agricultural changes and the introduction of foreign meat-focused breeds. The male-to-female ratio shift is noteworthy, with more cows than bulls, impacting selection intensity for both genders. Inbreeding levels, though relatively low historically (5.94%) and currently (7.23%), raise concerns as 37.08% historically and 48.82% currently of the animals exhibit inbreeding. Positive assortative mating is evident, reflected by the increasing non-random mating coefficient (α). Key ancestors play a crucial role in shaping genetic diversity, with one ancestor significantly influencing the current genetic pool and the top 10 ancestors contributing substantially. Breed maintains a conservation index of 2.75, indicating relatively high genetic diversity. Recent conservation efforts have led to an increase in registered animals. The Cañadas Reales, historical transhumance routes, may have contributed to genetic connections among provinces. Challenges include the historical bottleneck, demographic changes, and potential impacts from reproductive practices. The Andalusian Black breed's conservation necessitates ongoing efforts in genealogical registration, targeted breeding programs, and collaborative initiatives to address the observed demographic shifts and ensure sustainable genetic diversity.

Relationship between Physical Fitness and Match Performance Parameters of Chile Women's National Football Team.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between the level of physical fitness and the physical performance parameters recorded by GPS in official FIFA matches of the Chilean women's senior national football team in the period 2018-2020. Twenty-six female field players (age (mean ± SD) 26.8 ± 3.3 years, height 157.8 ± 21.5 cm, weight 58.9 ± 4.9 kg) participated in the study. Physical fitness variables were assessed: muscular strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), speed, agility and aerobic fitness. Physical performance variables were recorded by GPS in 26 official FIFA matches. The most notable associations with significant statistical significance (p < 0.001) were those observed between neuromuscular variables such as time to run 10 m (T10; r = -0.629) and jump (CMJ; r = 0.502) and the number of accelerations; aerobic fitness showed a highly significant relationship with meters run per minute (M/M; r = 0.589). The findings of this study provide evidence of how the level of physical fitness (neuromuscular and aerobic) relates to physical performance parameters recorded in official competitions.

Endoscopy mitigation strategy with telemedicine and low-cost device use for COVID-19 prevention: A fourth-level Colombian center experience.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The COVID-19 outbreak has reorganized surgical team conditions regarding endoscopy. The number of interventions has been reduced, the number of healthcare professionals must be limited, and both the patients and physicians are more protected than ever. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the highest peak of contagion in Colombia, endoscopy, colonoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were performed using a low-cost disposable device. A total of 1388 procedures were performed. Every patient was assessed for symptoms via a telephone call, at the health center, and after the procedure, following specific attention routes. RESULTS: After procedure follow-up, no positive cases of COVID-19 were noted. CONCLUSION: The methodology reduced the risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

[Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada.

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. AIM: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes with 2,2'-Bipyridines Having Carbonitriles as Anchoring Groups for ZnO Surfaces: Syntheses, Physicochemical Properties, and Applications in Organic Solar Cells.

Heteroleptic ruthenium (II) complexes were used for sensitizing ZnO surfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs) as mediators with photoactive layers. The complexes [Ru(4,4'-X2-bpy)(Mebpy-CN)2]2+ (with X = -CH3, -OCH3 and -N(CH3)2; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; Mebpy-CN = 4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine-4'-carbonitrile) were synthesized and studied by analytical and spectroscopical techniques. Spectroscopic, photophysical, and electrochemical properties were tuned by changing the electron-donating ability of the -X substituents at the 4,4'-positions of the bpy ring and rationalized by quantum mechanical calculations. These complexes were attached through nitrile groups to ZnO as interfacial layer in an OSC device with a PBDB-T:ITIC photoactive layer. This modified inorganic electron transport layer generates enhancement in photoconversion of the solar cells, reaching up to a 23% increase with respect to the unsensitized OSCs. The introduction of these dyes suppresses some degradative reactions of the nonfullerene acceptor due to the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide, which was maintained stable for about 11 months. Improving OSC efficiencies and stabilities can thus be achieved by a judicious combination of new inorganic and organic materials.

Effects of COVID-19 confinement measures on training loads and the level of well-being in players from Chile women's national soccer team / Efectos de las medidas de confinamiento por COVID-19 en el grado de bienestar y la carga de entrenamiento de las jugadoras de la selección nacional de fútbol de Chile

Abstract Introduction: Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have implemented control and prevention measures, such as compulsory lockdowns, affecting all spheres of life. Since the field of professional soccer is no exception, such measures may have a negative impact on the player's well-being and their perceived training loads. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the training load and the well-being of female professional soccer players in Chile. Materials and methods: Exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on 32 players of the Chile women's national soccer team. The perception of training load and the level of well-being were assessed by means of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and a questionnaire developed in 2010, respectively. Both the administration of the questionnaire and the permanent monitoring of the RPE records were carried out in two periods of 12 weeks: regular preparatory phase (12/12/2019-10/03/2020) and lockdown (16/03/2020-07/06/2020). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test was used to determine if there were significant differences between periods. Results: Significant differences (p<0.05) and threshold effect sizes (ES)=1.2, 2.0 and 4.0 (large, very large, and extremely large, respectively) were found between both periods in all variables evaluated by the well-being questionnaire (except for sleep quality): muscle soreness and stress level (ES=1.9), perceived fatigue (ES=2.5), general well-being (ES=2.4), and mood (ES=4.2). No differences were found regarding the perception of the training load (ES=0.1) between both periods. Conclusions: The level of well-being among the participants was negatively affected by the compulsory lock-down. Therefore, coaching staffs should continue to monitor the level of the well-being of professional soccer players during the lockdown, both individually and collectively. Even though the perception of training load was not affected, it is not possible to state that a more extended period of confinement will not reduce it, resulting in a drop in performance.

Resumen Introducción. Debido a la actual pandemia por COVID-19, muchos países tomaron medidas de control y prevención como el confinamiento obligatorio, afectando todas las esferas de la vida. Ya que los futbolistas profesionales no son una excepción, este tipo de medidas puede tener un impacto negativo en su bienestar y en su percepción sobre las cargas de entrenamiento. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de las medidas de confinamiento por COVID-19 en la carga de entrenamiento y el grado de bienestar de jugadoras de fútbol profesional de Chile. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal, exploratorio-descriptivo realizado en 32 jugadoras de la Selección Nacional de Fútbol de Chile. El grado de bienestar y la carga de entrenamiento se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario desarrollado en 2010 y mediante la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y el volumen de entrenamiento expresado en minutos, respectivamente. Ambas evaluaciones se realizaron en 2 periodos de 12 semanas : periodo preparatorio regular (12/12/2019-10/03/2020) y periodo de confinamiento (16/03/2020-07/06/2020). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Wilcoxon se utilizó para determinar si hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos periodos. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) y umbrales de tamaño del efecto (TE) iguales a 1.2, 2.0 y 4.0 (grande, muy grande y extremadamente grande, respectivamente) entre ambos periodos en todas las variables evaluadas por el cuestionario de bienestar (a excepción de calidad de sueño): dolor muscular y nivel de estrés (TE=1.9), fatiga percibida (TE=2.5), bienestar general (TE=2.4) y estado de ánimo (TE=4.2). No se observaron diferencias en la PSE (TE=0.1) entre ambos periodos. Conclusiones. El confinamiento obligatorio afectó negativamente el grado de bienestar de las participantes, por lo que es necesario que los cuerpos técnicos monitoreen constantemente, de manera individual y colectiva, el grado de bienestar de los futbolistas profesionales durante estos periodos; si bien la percepción en la carga de entrenamiento no se vio afectada, no es posible asegurar que un periodo mayor de confinamiento no la disminuya y esto resulte en una baja del rendimiento.

Management of Patients Seeking Surgical Rhinoplasty with Previous Nasal Injections of Hyaluronic Acid.

BACKGROUND: Patients are looking for procedures which are minimally invasive and consequently incur minimal downtime. However, these procedures are not usually long lasting and have limited outcomes both esthetically and functionally. For these reasons, the number of patients seeking surgical rhinoplasty and who have previous nasally injected hyaluronic acid is increasing. METHODS: The aim of this article is to provide the surgeon with information for both the identification and surgical approach for those patients who seek nasal cosmetic surgery, and who have previously been treated with nasal injections of hyaluronic acid filler. RESULTS: We present cases that illustrate the use of this approach and suggest three possible patient management. CONCLUSIONS: There are three possible approaches: wait HA to be naturally reabsorbed; apply hyaluronidase before the surgery or proceed to rhinoplasty with no prior application of hyaluronidase. The physician must be aware of this progression and know how to manage each case to optimize the surgical outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada / Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERRIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Outcome of Free Diced Cartilage Grafts in Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review.

Diced cartilage grafts are used to increase and refine the nasal contour, providing easy molding and versatility when compared with block grafts. However, all grafts present the possibility of visibility, distortion, and absorption. The aim of this study is to evaluate, through a systematic review, the outcome of the use of the free diced graft cartilage in rhinoplasty. A systematic search of the literature was performed in the databases (PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane) with the terms "diced cartilage" and "rhinoplasty." Studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and data extracted and grouped for analysis. Six eligible studies were included. In total, 4,044 patients underwent rhinoplasty with free diced cartilage graft, with 61 (1.51%) of them requiring reoperation. The main reasons were overcorrection and irregularities of the nasal dorsum. The infection rate was reported in three studies, with 2 (0.06%) of 3,252 patients presenting infection at the graft site. Two cases of displacement were treated with external molding, without reoperation. The graft resorption was reported in four articles, which described 22 (0.67%) cases of partial resorption in 3,288 patients. Therefore, the available evidence suggests that resorption of the graft and unfavorable outcomes are rare.

Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo 1 / Effect of hand grip strength training of ascending intensity on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in elderly people with hypertension type 1

Resumen Introducción: La hipertensión arterial presenta una alta prevalencia y es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, las cuales afectan mayormente a personas mayores (PM). Como estrategia terapéutica el entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (EIFP) ha demostrado resultados efectivos en la respuesta hipotensora. Sin embargo, el comportamiento fisiológico de la oxigenación muscular durante y posterior al entrenamiento sigue siendo inespecífica. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente comparado con un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil al 30% de la contracción máxima voluntaria (CMV) sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo1. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental con grupo control en 50 personas mayores físicamente activas (hombres 20 y 30 mujeres) hipertensos tipo 1 farmacológicamente controlados, pertenecientes a la YMCA Santiago, edad promedio 69,6 (± 1,18) años. Muestreo intencional, no probabilístico y aleatorio, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizó un entrenamiento isométrico de intensidad ascendente (10%, 20%, 30% CMV) de fuerza prensil durante 4 semanas, en un grupo experimental (GE; n: 25), contrastado con un entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (30 % CMV) grupo control (GC; n: 25). Se valoraron las siguientes variables hemodinámicas y antropométricas: frecuencia cardiaca (FC), presión arterial (PA), oxigenación muscular (OM %), e índice de masa corporal (IMC), analizando los cambios previos y posterior al entrenamiento. Resultados: El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. En ambos grupos posterior a la intervención disminuyó de manera significativa la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (GC: 123,6 ± 2,42 a 114,6 ± 2,36 p = 0,01* y GE: 128,1 ± 1,56 a 111,4 ± 2,31 p < 0,00* mmHg) y FC (70,84 ± 1,92 a 64,08 ± 1,87 p = 0,01* y 69,72 ± 2,01 a 64 ± 1,98 p = 0,04* lpm) respectivamente. El mayor cambio de oxigenación muscular (OM) se observa sólo en el GE (57,68 ± 1,34 a 64,56 ± 1,05 p = 0,00* OM%). Conclusión: El entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente es un método valioso y mejor tolerado en personas mayores para disminuir de manera aguda la PA y mejorar el porcentaje de oxigenación muscular posterior al ejercicio. En cuanto al uso de los sensores de espectroscopía del infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) Moxy, podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la mejora del conocimiento científico respecto del metabolismo oxidativo del músculo. No obstante se requieren evaluaciones futuras para determinar los límites basales de oxigenacion muscular.

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure has a high prevalence and is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which mostly affect the elderly (PM). As a therapeutic strategy, the isometric hand grip strength training has demonstrated effective results in the hypotensive response. However, the physiological behavior of muscle oxygenation during and after exercise remains unspecified. Objective: Analyze the effects of an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity compared to an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength at 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in hypertensive elderly people type1. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a control group in 50 physically active elderly people (men 20 and 30 women) pharmacologically controlled type 1 hypertensive, belonging to the YMCA Santiago, average age 69.6 (± 1.18). Intentional, non-probabilistic and random sampling, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. An ascending intensity training (10%, 20%, 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction CMV) of hand grip strength was performed for 4 weeks, on an experimental group (GE; n: 25), contrasted with an isometric training (30% CMV) control group (GC; n: 25). The following hemodynamic and anthropometric variables were assessed: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), muscle oxygenation (OM%), weight, height and body mass index (BMI), analyzing the changes before and after training. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. In both groups after the intervention, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased significantly (GC: 123.6 ± 2.42 to 114.6 ± 2.36 p = 0.01 and GE: 128.1 ± 1, 56 to 111.4 ± 2.31 p <0.000 mmHg) and FC (70.84 ± 1.92 to 64.08 ± 1.87 p = 0.01 and 69.72 ± 2.01 to 64 ± 1.98 p = 0.04 bpm) respectively. The greatest change in muscle oxygenation (OM) is observed only in the GE (57.68 ± 1.34 to 64.56 ± 1.05 p = 0.00 OM%). Conclusion: Isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity is a valuable and better tolerated method in older people to decrease BP and improve the percentage of post-exercise muscle oxygenation. Regarding the use of Moxy near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors, they could play an important role in improving scientific knowledge regarding oxidative muscle metabolism. However, future evaluations are required to determine baseline muscle oxygenation limits.

Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a muscular strength programme on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive status in elder women with mild cognitive impairment who lived in areas of high air pollution. A total of 157 women participated in the study, distributed in four groups: Active/Clean (AC n = 38) and Active/Pollution (AP n = 37), who carried out a progressive resistance training programme for 24 months, and Sedentary/Clean (SC n = 40) and Sedentary/Pollution (SP n = 42). Maximum strength in the upper and lower limbs (1RM), cognition (Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE)) and blood IGF-1 were evaluated. At the beginning of the intervention, there were no differences between the groups in the assessed variables. The active groups which carried out the resistance training programme (AC and AP), registered better results in IGF-1 than the sedentary groups. These differences were statistically significant in AC vs. SC (p < 0.01) and AP vs. SC (p < 0.05). Regarding MMSE, group AC registered the highest score increases (+8.2%) (significantly better than the other groups), while group SP worsened (-7%) significantly compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, resistance training had a positive effect on IGF-1, while sedentary behaviour and air pollution had a negative effect on cognitive status.

Effect of Autonomic Responses After Isometric Training at Different Intensities on Obese People.

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The primary non-pharmacological management of arterial hypertension is isometric grip training, which has shown better results than pharmacological methods; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in large muscle groups. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the pressor response of isometric exercise training at different intensities, in large groups versus small muscle groups, in sedentary eutrophic and overweight people aged 20-29 years. METHODS: A sample of 93 people (57 people with excess weight and 36 people of normal weight) participated in isometric training for 5 days, subdivided into leg press vs. handgrip strength, with different intensities for each subgroup (30 and 50%, 1 RM). Before and after the 5 training days, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BSBP-BDBP and PSBP-PDBP, were measured to evaluate the state of sympathetic activation at rest and pressor response. RESULTS: Changes with significant differences (p <0.05) in terms of pre-post training measurements in the eutrophic group were the BSBP-PSBP variables at 30% and 50% 1 RM for manual isometric grip strength. In the excess weight group, the only significant change was the PSBP variable in handgrip strength at 30% 1 RM. It should be noted that in all cases, blood pressure values reduced. CONCLUSION: Isometric strength exercises in large and small muscle groups show a tendency to reduce blood pressure values; however, the isometric handgrip force at 30% 1 RM shows statistically significant reductions in blood pressure values.

Dispositivo de bajo costo para disminuir el efecto de aerosol durante la endoscopia de vías digestivas altas en COVID-19 / Low cost devices to reduce aerosol effect during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in COVID-19

Los procedimientos endoscópicos, al estar asociados a la exposición de la vía aérea superior, tienen un mayor riesgo de transmisión del virus SARS-CoV-2; por esta razón, es necesario el planteamiento de in-tervenciones para atenuar o eliminar la exposición a éste. En este artículo nos permitimos presentar una estrategia de mitigación de bajo costo, ya que con el progreso de la pandemia se podría estar en un estado de austeridad de recursos económicos, lo cual haría estos dispositivos totalmente válidos.(AU)

Endoscopic procedures, as they are associated with exposure of the upper airway, have a higher risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; so, it is necessary to consider interventions to mitigate or eliminate ex-posure to it. In this article, we allow ourselves to present a low-cost mitigation strategy, since with the progress of the pandemic it could be in a state of austerity of economic resources, making these devices totally valid.(AU)

Sexual Dimorphism and Breed Characterization of Creole Hens through Biometric Canonical Discriminant Analysis across Ecuadorian Agroecological Areas.

Despite Ecuador having a wide biodiversity of zootechnical species, characterization studies of these genetic resources are scarce. The objective of this research was to perform the biometric characterization of the Creole hen population through 14 quantitative zoometric measures. We evaluated 207 hens and 37 roosters from Ecuador's three agro-ecological regions: the Sierra (highlands) region (Bolivar, Chimborazo, Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces); the Costa (coastal) region (Guayas); and the Oriente Amazonian region (Morona Santiago). Sexual dimorphism was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Body dimensions were generally significantly higher for males (p < 0.05), especially for length of head, beak, neck, dorsum, tarsus, thigh, leg, and middle finger. Then, individuals were biometrically clustered into populations after a stepwise canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) computing interpopulation Mahalanobis distances. Agroecologically-based structured populations were identified when zoometrical criteria were used to classify the animals. Cotopaxi and Tungurahua provinces were reported to be the most distant from the rest, with a slight differentiation of the Morona Santiago province population from those in Guayas, Chimborazo and Bolívar. Conclusively, Ecuadorian Creole hens were higher than longer contrasting light hen breeds, which favors their dual-purpose aptitude. Hence, the development of selection programs aimed at Ecuadorian differentiated entity of production of eggs and meat across agro-ecological areas is feasible.

Efecto del entrenamiento de la musculatura inspiratoria con válvula umbral sobre la capacidad funcional en mujeres físicamente activas mayores de 60 años / Effect of inspiratory muscle training with threshold valve on functional capacity of physically active women who are older than 60 years of age

Resumen Introducción: Los cambios fisiológicos asociados al envejecimiento generan una serie de modificaciones funcionales, destacando una disminución en la capacidad respiratoria. En este sentido, una estrategia alternativa para mejorar tal condición podría ser el entrenamiento de la musculatura inspiratoria (EMI). Objetivo: Analizar el efecto del EMI con válvula umbral, sobre la capacidad funcional en mujeres físicamente activas mayores de 60 años. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un EMI con válvula umbral durante 4 semanas, sobre un grupo experimental (GE; n:10), contrastado con un grupo control (GC; n:5). Se valoraron las siguientes variables hemodinámicas y antropométricas: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), lactato, doble producto y capacidad funcional, analizando los cambios pre y post entrenamiento. Resultados: en el grupo GE disminuye post intervención la concentración de lactato y la escala de percepción del esfuerzo; 3,16±0,51 a 2,5±0,39 y 5,56 ± 1,81 a 4±2, respectivamente. En el mismo grupo se incrementan los valores de presión inspiratoria máxima (Pimáx) post intervención; 42,11±14,57 a 60,44±14,47. El GC no presentó cambios en sus valores. Conclusión: No se evidencian cambios favorables en los metros recorridos post intervención, sin embargo, el EMI mostró una disminución sobre la concentración de lactato post ejercicio, lo que podría identificar un retraso en la aparición de la fatiga.

Abstract Introduction: Physiological changes associated with aging generate a series of functional modifications, mainly a decrease in respiratory capacity. In this regard, an alternative strategy to improve such a condition could be inspiratory muscle training (IMT). Objective: To analyze the effect of IMT with threshold valve on the functional capacity of physically active women who are older than 60 years of age. Materials and methods: IMT with threshold valve was carried out over a period of 4 weeks, comparing data from the experimental group (GE; n:10) to the control group (GC; n:5). The following hemodynamic and anthropometric variables were assessed: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), lactate, double product (DP) and functional capacity. Pre and post training changes were evaluated. Results: The GE group showed a decrease in both post-intervention lactate concentration (from 3.16±0.51 to 2.5±0.39) and effort perception scale (from 5.56 ± 1.81 to 4±2). On the other hand, this group experienced a post-intervention increase in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) from 42.11±14.57 to 60.44±14.47. The GC group did not present changes in its values. Conclusion: Although no evidence was found regarding favorable changes in the walked distance post-intervention, IMT induced a reduction in post-exercise lactate concentration, which could indicate a delay of onset of fatigue.

Effects of Cardiorespiratory Exercise on Cognition in Older Women Exposed to Air Pollution.

The aim was to analyze the effects of cardiorespiratory exercise and air pollution on cognition and cardiovascular markers in four groups of older women: the active/clean air group (AC), the active/polluted air group (AP), the sedentary/clean air group (SC), and the sedentary/polluted air group (SP). Active groups performed a training task based on progressive walking. Prior to and after the experiment, the following parameters were assessed: cognition, by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the Six-Minute Walk Test (6mWT); heart rate (HR); and oxygen saturation (SpO2). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the AC and the SP in all the MMSE dimensions except "Registration", and in all the physiological variables (VO2max, SpO2, HR). Aerobic exercise may be a protective factor against the effects that pollution have on cognition and on the mechanisms of oxygen transport.

Effects of exercise on the cognition of older women treated with lovastatin / Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la cognición en mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina

Introduction: The deterioration of cognition is highly predominant in older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a walking program on the cognition and blood concentration of lipids in women over 60 years of age who were being treated with lovastatin. Materials and methods: Participants were distributed in two groups: An exercise group (EG, n=45) with aerobic training and an inactive sedentary group (SG, n=22). The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed through the Spanish Mini-Cog Test version of the MMSE; lipoproteins were quantified using a lipid profile test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT). Results: EG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness and in HDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, the results from the cognition tests showed a large effect size in spatial orientation and in and calculation. The decrease in LDL-C was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: A controlled and progressive walking program for older women treated with Lovastatin may induce a boost of brain activity linked to HDL-C, which could delay cognitive impairment.

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo tiene una gran incidencia en el adulto mayor. Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la cognición y la concentración de lípidos de un programa de caminatas en mujeres mayores de 60 años tratadas con lovastatina. Materiales y métodos. Las participantes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: uno con ejercicio (EG, n=45) sometido a entrenamiento aeróbico y otro inactivo o sedentario (SG, n=22). El estado cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en español del Mini-Mental Test. Los niveles de lipoproteínas se midieron con una prueba de perfil lipídico y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (Six-Minute Walking Test, 6MWT). Resultados. El grupo con ejercicio mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,05) de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y de las concentraciones de colesterol HDL. Además, en la prueba de cognición se observó un efecto de gran tamaño en la orientación espacial, en la atención y en el cálculo. La reducción del colesterol LDL no fue significativa. Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento progresivo y supervisado para mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina, podría mejorar la actividad cerebral relacionada con el colesterol HDL, lo cual podría retrasar el deterioro cognitivo.

Grado de predicción de la motivación hacia las actividades físicodeportivas a través de la orientación de metas, la percepción del éxito y el grado de satisfacción. Un análisis transcultural / Prediction Level of Motivation through Physical and Sport Activities according to Goal Orientation, Success Perceived and Satisfaction Rate. A Cross-Cultural Analysis

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer en qué medida se puede predecir el tipo de motivación hacia la práctica de actividad físicodeportiva en función de la orientación de metas, la percepción del éxito y el grado de satisfacción, mediante un análisis transcultural en tres países latinos: España, México y Costa Rica. Se evaluaron 2 168 escolares de edades entre 11 y 16 años, utilizando cuatro instrumentos: Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), Satisfaction Instrument (SSI) y Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire (BACS). Los resultados mostraron que valores altos en orientación a la tarea, diversión y esfuerzo pueden predecir significativamente la manifestación de motivación intrínseca en los sujetos de los tres países.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyse at which level it is possible to predict motivation type through physical and sport activities according to goal orientation, success perceived and satisfaction rate, in a transcultural analysis through three Latin countries: Spain, Mexico and Costa Rica. 2168 students (between 11-16 years-old) completed 4 evaluation instruments: Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), Satisfaction Instrument (SSI) y Beliefs About the Causes of Sport Success Questionnaire (BACS). Results showed that high values in task orientation, fun, and effort could significantly predict intrinsic motivation in the three countries of our research.

[Effects of exercise on the cognition of older women treated with lovastatin]. / Efectos del ejercicio físico sobre la cognición en mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina

INTRODUCTION: The deterioration of cognition is highly predominant in older adults. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a walking program on the cognition and blood concentration of lipids in women over 60 years of age who were being treated with lovastatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were distributed in two groups: An exercise group (EG, n=45) with aerobic training and an inactive sedentary group (SG, n=22). The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed through the Spanish Mini-Cog Test version of the MMSE; lipoproteins were quantified using a lipid profile test, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the six-minute walking test (6MWT). RESULTS: EG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness and in HDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, the results from the cognition tests showed a large effect size in spatial orientation and in and calculation. The decrease in LDL-C was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: A controlled and progressive walking program for older women treated with Lovastatin may induce a boost of brain activity linked to HDL-C, which could delay cognitive impairment.

Introducción. El deterioro cognitivo tiene una gran incidencia en el adulto mayor. Objetivo. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos sobre la cognición y la concentración de lípidos de un programa de caminatas en mujeres mayores de 60 años tratadas con lovastatina. Materiales y métodos. Las participantes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: uno con ejercicio (EG, n=45) sometido a entrenamiento aeróbico y otro inactivo o sedentario (SG, n=22). El estado cognitivo se evaluó mediante la versión en español del Mini-Mental Test. Los niveles de lipoproteínas se midieron con una prueba de perfil lipídico y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se valoró con la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (Six-Minute Walking Test, 6MWT). Resultados. El grupo con ejercicio mostró una mejora significativa (p<0,05) de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y de las concentraciones de colesterol HDL. Además, en la prueba de cognición se observó un efecto de gran tamaño en la orientación espacial, en la atención y en el cálculo. La reducción del colesterol LDL no fue significativa. Conclusión. Un programa de entrenamiento progresivo y supervisado para mujeres mayores tratadas con lovastatina, podría mejorar la actividad cerebral relacionada con el colesterol HDL, lo cual podría retrasar el deterioro cognitivo.