Excision of Intra-articular Knee Heterotopic Ossification Using a 70° Arthroscope.

Heterotopic ossification is ectopic lamellar bone formation within soft tissue and can result in significant functional limitations. There are multiple underlying etiologies of HO including musculoskeletal trauma and traumatic brain injury. Intra-articular HO of the knee is rare and is typically located within the cruciate ligaments. We report a case of a 24-year-old female who presented with worsening right knee pain and limited knee extension two and a half years after a motor vehicle crash with multiple lower extremity fractures. Physical examination of the knee revealed anterior pain, limited extension, and a palpable infrapatellar prominence. Imaging showed a retropatellar tendon, intra-articular excrescence of bone proximal to the anterior tibial plateau. Diagnostic arthroscopy with a 70° arthroscope identified HO at the proximal anterior tibial plateau, which was excised with a high-speed burr under direct visualization. At the three-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic and returned to sport. Retropatellar tendon, intra-articular anterior knee HO is a rare but debilitating clinical entity that can be successfully and safely managed with excision under direct visualization using a 70° arthroscope.

Proton versus photon adjuvant radiotherapy: a multicenter comparative evaluation of recurrence following spinal chordoma resection.

OBJECTIVE: Chordomas are rare tumors of the skull base and spine believed to arise from the vestiges of the embryonic notochord. These tumors are locally aggressive and frequently recur following resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. Proton therapy has been introduced as a tissue-sparing option because of the higher level of precision that proton-beam techniques offer compared with traditional photon radiotherapy. This study aimed to compare recurrence in patients with chordomas receiving proton versus photon radiotherapy following resection by applying tree-based machine learning models. METHODS: The clinical records of all patients treated with resection followed by adjuvant proton or photon radiotherapy for chordoma at Mayo Clinic were reviewed. Patient demographics, type of surgery and radiotherapy, tumor recurrence, and other variables were extracted. Decision tree classifiers were trained and tested to predict long-term recurrence based on unseen data using an 80/20 split. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients with a mean ± SD age of 55.2 ± 13.4 years receiving surgery and adjuvant proton or photon therapy to treat chordoma were identified; most patients were male. Gross-total resection was achieved in 54.7% of cases. Proton therapy was the most common adjuvant radiotherapy (84.9%), followed by conventional or external-beam radiation therapy (9.4%) and stereotactic radiosurgery (5.7%). Patients receiving proton therapy exhibited a 40% likelihood of having recurrence, significantly lower than the 88% likelihood observed in those treated with nonproton therapy. This was confirmed on logistic regression analysis adjusted for extent of tumor resection and tumor location, which revealed that proton adjuvant radiotherapy was associated with a decreased risk of recurrence (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.01-0.71; p = 0.047) compared with photon therapy. The decision tree algorithm predicted recurrence with an accuracy of 90% (95% CI 55.5%-99.8%), with the lowest risk of recurrence observed in patients receiving gross-total resection with adjuvant proton therapy (23%). CONCLUSIONS: Following resection, adjuvant proton therapy was associated with a lower risk of chordoma recurrence compared with photon therapy. The described machine learning models were able to predict tumor progression based on the extent of tumor resection and adjuvant radiotherapy modality used.

Novel Approach to Difficult Spinal Reconstruction: Bilateral Simultaneous Rib and Iliac Crest Vascularized Bone Graft Spinoplastic Surgery.

Pseudoarthrosis is a severe complication of spinal fusion surgery with occurrence rates as high as 35%-40%. Current options of revision surgery to correct pseudoarthrosis frequently carry high failure rates and risk of developing junctional kyphosis. Pedicled vascularized bone grafts (VBGs) are an innovative approach to boost spinal fusion rates via improving structural integrity and increasing the delivery of blood to the donor site. This versatile technique can be performed at different spinal levels without additional skin incisions and with minimal added operative time. Here we present the first bilateral rib and iliac crest VBG spinoplastic surgery performed to augment spinal fusion in a 68-year-old woman with distal junctional kyphosis and severe positive sagittal balance with low back and neck pain and significant difficulty standing upright. The patient had history of multiple spinal operations with preoperative CT imaging demonstrating loosening and pull out of L3 and fracture of L2 screws. She underwent two-stage surgical treatment involving anterior lumbar interbody fusion L3-S1 followed by removal of hardware, T4 to pelvis fusion with L2-3 prone lateral interbody fusion, and T11-S1 posterior column osteotomies. The surgery was augmented by bilateral rib and iliac crest VBGs performed by plastic surgery. At three-month follow-up the patient demonstrated functional improvement, being able to maintain upright posture and walk; was satisfied with the result of the surgery; and demonstrated no graft-related complications. In conclusion, utilization of pedicled VBGs is a novel, promising approach to augment spinal surgery in high risk patients.

What Factors Predict the Development of Neurologic Deficits Following Resection of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: A Multi-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are challenging to resect, and their postoperative neurological outcomes are often difficult to predict, with few studies assessing this outcome. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all patients surgically treated for Intramedullary spinal cord tumors at our multisite tertiary care institution (Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic Florida, Mayo Clinic Rochester) between June 2002 and May 2020. Variables that were significant in the univariate analyses were included in a multivariate logistic regression. "MissForest" operating on the Random Forest algorithm, was used for data imputation, and K-prototype was used for data clustering. Heatmaps were added to show correlations between postoperative neurological deficit and all other included variables. Shapley Additive exPlanations were implemented to understand each feature's importance. RESULTS: Our query resulted in 315 patients, with 160 meeting the inclusion criteria. There were 53 patients with astrocytoma, 66 with ependymoma, and 41 with hemangioblastoma. The mean age (standard deviation) was 42.3 (17.5), and 48.1% of patients were women (n = 77/160). Multivariate analysis revealed that pathologic grade >3 (OR = 1.55; CI = [0.67, 3.58], P = 0.046 predicted a new neurological deficit. Random Forest algorithm (supervised machine learning) found age, use of neuromonitoring, histology of the tumor, performing a midline myelotomy, and tumor location to be the most important predictors of new postoperative neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor grade/histology, age, use of neuromonitoring, and myelotomy type appeared to be most predictive of postoperative neurological deficits. These results can be used to better inform patients of perioperative risk.

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone orthopedic implants in musculoskeletal and spinal tumors: imaging and clinical features.

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) orthopedic implants are gaining popularity in oncologic applications as they offer many potential advantages over traditional metallic implants. From an imaging perspective, this instrumentation allows for improved evaluation of adjacent anatomic structures during radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This results in improved postoperative surveillance imaging quality as well as easier visualization of anatomy for potential image-guided percutaneous interventions (e.g., pain palliation injections, or ablative procedures for local disease control). CFR-PEEK devices are also advantageous in radiation oncology treatment due to their decreased imaging artifact during treatment planning imaging and decreased dose perturbation during radiotherapy delivery. As manufacturing processes for CFR-PEEK materials continue to evolve and improve, potential orthopedic applications in the spine and appendicular skeleton increase. An understanding of the unique properties of CFR-PEEK devices and their impact on imaging is valuable to radiologists delivering care to orthopedic oncology patients in both the diagnostic and interventional settings. This multidisciplinary review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the radiologic, surgical, and radiation oncology impact of these innovative devices.

Factors associated with greater patient satisfaction in outpatient neurosurgical clinics: Recommendation for surgery, older age, cranial chief complaint, and public health insurance.

OBJECTIVE: Patient satisfaction has increasingly played a role in determining care quality. Surveys are used to gauge patient experience, satisfaction of care, and likelihood to recommend providers and facilities. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether clinical and demographic data predict greater patient satisfaction with providers in the outpatient neurosurgery clinic. METHODS: Press-Ganey (Press Ganey Associates, South Bend, IL) evaluations of 1521 patients were reviewed in an academic neurosurgical clinic from January 1, 2019 through February 1, 2021. We analyzed associations between Press-Ganey ratings and patient demographics, chief complaint, psychiatric comorbidities, number of orders placed, medication prescriptions, surgical recommendation, payor status, and referral source. We used univariate logistic regression to assess for associations between independent variables and Press-Ganey ratings. Multivariable logistic regression was used for associated factors. RESULTS: For the Likelihood to Recommend question, older age (p = 0.003), cranial chief complaint (p = 0.046), and recommendations for surgery (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with "good" ratings. For the rating of Care Received, older age (p = 0.002), cranial chief complaint (p = 0.05), and recommendations for surgery (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with "good" ratings. For Confidence in Care Provider question, recommendations for surgery (p = <0.001) and government insurance type (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with "good" ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with older age, cranial pathologies, a recommendation for surgery, and government health insurance were significantly associated with favorable patient satisfaction with providers in the outpatient neurosurgery clinic. Prospective studies should target patient populations who are younger, have spinal complaints, have non-surgical needs, and have commercial insurance to improve satisfaction.

A brief human history of ankylosing spondylitis: A scoping review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease of the spine and SI joints. Diagnostic criteria and treatments have continued to evolve, necessitating a historical compendium of AS and its management. This paper aims to review the historical context underlying the discovery of AS, as well as the major diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries in the last two centuries. Methods: A scoping review of the literature pertaining to AS was performed via the Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Future directions of AS treatments were assessed by querying the clinicaltrials.gov website. Results: The history of AS can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt (as evidenced by the discovery of its presence in ancient Egyptian mummies) to the late 20th century, when the inherited nature of AS was linked to a genetic factor, HLA-B27. Each discovery made throughout the years led to further investigations into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AS. The criteria to differentiate AS from rheumatoid arthritis were first reported in 1893. Since then, diagnostic criteria for AS have undergone a series of changes before the present-day diagnostic criteria for AS were ultimately determined in 2009 by the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society. Conclusion: As the pathophysiology of AS is better understood, healthcare providers are able to diagnose and treat the condition more effectively. In particular, earlier diagnosis and multiple treatment options have facilitated efficient and more effective treatment.

Focused versus conventional radiotherapy in spinal oncology: is there any difference in fusion rates and pseudoarthrosis?

INTRODUCTION: Radiotherapy is considered standard of care for adjuvant peri-operative treatment of many spinal tumors, including those with instrumented fusion. Unfortunately, radiation treatment has been linked to increased risk of pseudoarthrosis. Newer focused radiotherapy strategies with enhanced conformality could offer improved fusion rates for these patients, but this has not been confirmed. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients at three tertiary care academic institutions with primary and secondary spinal malignancies that underwent resection, instrumented fusion, and peri-operative radiotherapy. Two board certified neuro-radiologists used the Lenke fusion score to grade fusion status at 6 and 12-months after surgery. Secondary outcomes included clinical pseudoarthrosis, wound complications, the effect of radiation timing and radiobiological dose delivered, the use of photons versus protons, tumor type, tumor location, and use of autograft on fusion outcomes. RESULTS: After review of 1252 spinal tumor patients, there were 60 patients with at least 6 months follow-up that were included in our analyses. Twenty-five of these patients received focused radiotherapy, 20 patients received conventional radiotherapy, and 15 patients were treated with protons. There was no significant difference between the groups for covariates such as smoking status, obesity, diabetes, intraoperative use of autograft, and use of peri-operative chemotherapy. There was a significantly higher rate of fusion for patients treated with focused radiotherapy compared to those treated with conventional radiotherapy at 6-months (64.0% versus 30.0%, Odds ratio: 4.15, p = 0.036) and 12-months (80.0% versus 42.1%, OR: 5.50, p = 0.022). There was a significantly higher rate of clinical pseudoarthrosis in the conventional radiotherapy cohort compared to patients in the focused radiotherapy cohort (19.1% versus 0%, p = 0.037). There was no difference in fusion outcomes for any of the secondary outcomes except for use of autograft. The use of intra-operative autograft was associated with an improved fusion at 12-months (66.7% versus 37.5%, OR: 3.33, p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Focused radiotherapy may be associated with an improved rate of fusion and clinical pseudoarthrosis when compared to conventional radiation delivery strategies in patients with spinal tumors. Use of autograft at the time of surgery may be associated with improved 12-month fusion rates. Further large-scale prospective and randomized controlled studies are needed to better stratify the effects of radiation delivery modality in these patients.

Burnout and Emotional Intelligence in Neurosurgical Advanced Practice Providers Across the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Although much research has examined nursing and physician burnout, the advanced practice provider (APP) population has not yet been studied. The goal of the present study was to survey APPs in neurosurgery to determine whether greater emotional intelligence (EI) is protective against burnout. METHODS: An 80-item survey was created that incorporated the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel, the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-short form, and original questions developed by us. The collective survey was distributed, administered, and collected using the web-based REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform. Statistical analyses were completed using a comparison between participants with and without burnout. RESULTS: A total of 106 neurosurgical APPs (26 men, 80 women) completed the survey, of whom, 57 (54%) reported current burnout. High average scores for personal accomplishment and global EI were inversely related to burnout (P = 0.034 and P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, the following factors were associated with burnout: inadequate support staff in the work place (P = 0.008), inadequate time off work (P < 0.001), inadequate administrative time (P = 0.009), not experiencing support from one's supervisor (P = 0.017), insufficient time for continuing medical education (P < 0.001), an inability to separate work from personal time (P < 0.001), and an inability to advance within one's professional field (P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: For neurosurgical APPs, EI is protective against burnout. Many opportunities exist at the individual and organizational level to alleviate burnout among neurosurgical APPs. Targeted strategies to improve work-life balance, EI, support systems, and opportunities for career development among neurosurgical APPs might enhance employment satisfaction and reduce burnout.

A multicenter analysis of the prognostic value of histone H3 K27M mutation in adult high-grade spinal glioma.

OBJECTIVE: High-grade spinal glioma (HGSG) is a rare but aggressive tumor that occurs in both adults and children. Histone H3 K27M mutation correlates with poor prognosis in children with diffuse midline glioma. However, the role of H3 K27M mutation in the prognosis of adults with HGSG remains unclear owing to the rarity of this mutation, conflicting reports, and the absence of multicenter studies on this topic. METHODS: The authors studied a cohort of 30 adult patients with diffuse HGSG who underwent histological confirmation of diagnosis, surgical intervention, and treatment between January 2000 and July 2020 at six tertiary academic centers. The primary outcome was the effect of H3 K27M mutation status on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Thirty patients (18 males and 12 females) with a median (range) age of 50.5 (19-76) years were included in the analysis. Eighteen patients had H3 K27M mutation-positive tumors, and 12 had H3 K27M mutation-negative tumors. The median (interquartile range) PFS was 3 (10) months, and the median (interquartile range) OS was 9 (23) months. The factors associated with increased survival were treatment with concurrent chemotherapy/radiation (p = 0.006 for PFS, and p ≤ 0.001 for OS) and American Spinal Injury Association grade C or better at presentation (p = 0.043 for PFS, and p < 0.001 for OS). There were no significant differences in outcomes based on tumor location, extent of resection, sex, or H3 K27M mutation status. Analysis restricted to HGSG containing necrosis and/or microvascular proliferation (WHO grade IV histological features) revealed increased OS for patients with H3 K27M mutation-positive tumors (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Although H3 K27M mutant-positive HGSG was associated with poor outcomes in adult patients, the outcomes of patients with H3 K27M mutant-positive HGSG were somewhat more favorable compared with those of their H3 K27M mutant-negative HGSG counterparts. Further preclinical animal studies and larger clinical studies are needed to further understand the age-dependent effects of H3 K27M mutation.

Carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK instrumentation in the spinal oncology population: a retrospective series demonstrating technique, feasibility, and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CFRP) composite implants in patients with both primary and secondary osseous spinal tumors. METHODS: Twenty-eight spinal tumor patients who underwent fixation with CFRP hardware were retrospectively identified in a Spine Tumor Quality Database at a single institution. Demographic, procedural, and follow-up data were retrospectively collected. RESULTS: The study population included 14 females and 14 males with a mean age of 60 years (range 30-86 years). Five patients had primary bone tumors, and the remaining patients had metastatic tumors. Breast cancer was the most common metastatic tumor. The most common presenting symptom was axial spine pain (25 patients, 89%), and the most common Spine Instability Neoplastic Score was 7 (range 6-14). Two patients in this series had anterior cervical procedures. The remaining patients underwent posterior thoracolumbar fixation. The average fusion length included 4.6 vertebral segments (range 3-8). The mean clinical follow-up time with surgical or oncology teams was 6.5 months (range 1-23 months), and the mean interval for last follow-up imaging (CT or MRI) was 6.5 months (range 1-22 months). Eighteen patients received postoperative radiation at the authors' institution (16 with photon therapy, 2 with proton therapy). Eleven of the patients (39%) in this series died. At the last clinical follow-up, 26 patients (93%) had stable or improved neurological function compared with their preoperative status. At the last imaging follow-up, local disease control was observed in 25 patients (89%). Two patients required reoperation in the immediate postoperative period, one for surgical site infection and the other for compressive epidural hematoma. One patient was noted to have lucencies around the most cephalad screws 3 months after surgery. No hardware fracture or malfunction occurred intraoperatively. No patients required delayed surgery for hardware loosening, fracture, or other failure. Early tumor recurrence was detected in 3 patients. Early detection was attributed to the imaging characteristics of the CFRP hardware. CONCLUSIONS: CFRP spinal implants appear to be safe and comparable to conventional titanium implants in terms of functionality. The imaging characteristics of CFRP hardware facilitate radiation planning and assessment of surveillance imaging. CFRP hardware may enhance safety and efficacy, particularly with particle therapy dosimetry. Larger patient populations with longer-term follow-up are needed to confirm the various valuable aspects of CFRP spinal implants.

Cervical chordomas: multicenter case series and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: En bloc spondylectomy is the gold standard for surgical resection of sacral chordomas (CHO), but the effect of extent of resection on recurrence and survival in patients with CHO of the cervical spine remains elusive. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane were systematically reviewed. Patients with cervical CHO treated at three tertiary-care academic institutions were reviewed for inclusion. We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis to assess the overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) after en bloc-gross total resection (GTR) and intralesional-GTR compared to subtotal resection (STR). We then performed an intention-to-treat analysis including all patients with attempted en bloc resection in the en bloc group, regardless of the surgical margins. RESULTS: There was a total of 13 series including 161 patients with cervical CHO, including our current series of 22 patients. GTR (en bloc-GTR + intralesional-GTR) was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of local progression (pooled hazard ratio (PHR) = 0.22; 95% CI 0.08-0.59; p = 0.003) and risk of death (PHR 0.31; 95%; CI 0.12-0.83; p = 0.020). A meta-regression analyses determined that intralesional-GTR improved PFS (PHR 0.35; 95% CI 0.16-0.76; p = 0.009) as well as OS (PHR 0.25; 95% CI 0.08-0.79; p = 0.019) when compared to STR. En bloc-GTR was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of local progression (PHR 0.06; 95% CI 0.01-0.77; p = 0.030), but not a decreased OS (PHR 0.50; 95% CI 0.19-1.27; p = 0.145). Our intention-to-treat analyses revealed a near significant improvement in OS for the en bloc group (PHR: 0.15; 95% CI 0.02-1.22; p = 0.054), and nearly identical improvement in PFS. Radiation data was not available for the studies included in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: This is the first and only meta-analysis of patients with cervical CHO. We found that both en bloc-GTR and intralesional-GTR resulted in improved local tumor control when compared to STR.

A Technical Nuance to Avoid Lumbar Five Radiculopathy with Anterior Lumbar Fusion and Posterior Instrumentation.

The anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a well-established procedure used to treat a multitude of spinal pathologies. When performed at the L5-S1 level, the ALIF is often supplemented with posterior pedicle screw and rod fixation. Because the interbody device can restore disk and foraminal height, one benefit of the ALIF procedure is indirect neural decompression in the spinal canal and neural foramina. If the contour of the posterior rod is not matched to the exact position of the tulip heads on the pedicle screws, spondylolisthesis can be introduced, leading to foraminal stenosis and nerve compression. This concern is particularly germane when the posterior instrumentation is placed percutaneously without any direct foraminal decompression. In this report, we describe a patient who had an L4-S1 ALIF, resulting in new L5-S1 retrolisthesis and worsening L5 radiculopathy. Technical nuances and avoidance strategies are discussed.

An unusual case of a persistent, infected retroperitoneal fluid collection 5 years after anterior lumbar fusion surgery: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Anterior lumbar fusion procedures have many benefits and continue to grow in popularity. The technique has many potential approach- and procedure-related complications. Symptomatic retroperitoneal fluid collections are uncommon but potentially serious complications after anterior lumbar procedures. Collection types include hematomas, urinomas, chyloperitoneum, cerebrospinal fluid collections, and deep infections. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present an unusual case of a patient with persistent symptoms related to a retroperitoneal collection over a 5-year period following anterior lumbar fusion surgery. To the authors' knowledge, no similar case with such extensive symptom duration has been described. The patient had an infected encapsulated fluid collection. The collection was presumed to be a postoperative lymphocele that was secondarily infected after serial percutaneous drainage procedures. LESSONS: When retroperitoneal collections occur after anterior retroperitoneal approaches, clinical clues, such as timing of symptoms, hypotension, acute anemia, urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis, elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, low-pressure headaches, anorexia, or systemic signs of infection, can help narrow the differential. Retroperitoneal collections may continue to be symptomatic many years after anterior lumbar surgery. The collections may become infected after serial percutaneous drainage or prolonged continuous drainage. Encapsulated, infected fluid collections typically require surgical debridement of the capsule and its contents.

Spinal intramedullary hemangioblastoma and schwannoma collision tumor: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary spinal cord tumors represent a minority of intradural tumors. Among intramedullary spinal cord tumors, hemangioblastomas are uncommon, and schwannomas are extremely rare. Collision tumors are histologically distinct tumors that are intermingled and growing together. OBSERVATIONS: In this report, the authors describe a patient with a cervical intramedullary collision tumor involving a hemangioblastoma and schwannoma. To the authors' knowledge, no prior spinal intramedullary collision tumor involving multiple neoplasms has been described. The patient's presentation and management are described. LESSONS: Clinicians should consider the possibility of collision tumors when evaluating intramedullary spinal cord tumors, especially when patient presentation and radiographic findings are atypical. When tumors with similar radiographic characteristics form collision tumors, distinction using preoperative imaging can be extremely challenging. In addition, surgical management of intramedullary collision tumors, like that for all intramedullary spinal cord tumors, should involve meticulous perioperative care and a methodical surgical technique. Maximal safe resection will depend upon histopathological diagnosis, anatomical location of the tumor, presence of distinct dissection planes, and stability of neuromonitoring. Finally, ongoing research on the genetics of intramedullary spinal cord tumors may identify underlying genetic links for intramedullary hemangioblastomas and schwannomas.

Acute Spinal Cord Contusion in a Patient with Multiple Upper Cervical Fractures, Parkinson's Disease, and Torticollis: Surgical Management.

Case Report. Spine surgery in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) involves increased risk. We describe a case of cervical myelopathy in a patient with PD, multiple fractures involving the atlas and axis vertebrae, and spasmodic torticollis. The patient was successfully treated with an upper cervical decompression and occipital-cervical (OC) fusion surgery. Strategies for torticollis reduction and successful surgical outcome are discussed. Risks and benefits must be carefully weighed when considering occipital cervical fusion in PD patients. Conclusion. Intraoperative manual reduction of laterocollis is possible after general endotracheal anesthesia, and continuous neuromonitoring is established. Use of optimizing strategies such as perioperative botulinum injections and intraoperative O-arm navigation should be considered.

Functional recovery following surgery for chronic subdural hematoma.

BACKGROUND: Among the elderly, chronic subdural hematoma is a relatively common neurosurgical condition. Presenting symptoms range from headache and focal neurological deficits to seizure and coma depending on location and extent of brain compression. Functional recovery following surgery for chronic subdural hematoma is central to quality of life and ongoing health for elderly patients; however, there is a paucity of data regarding functional recovery in this population. METHODS: In this study, the physical activity of patients who underwent surgical evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma was surveyed, as well as participation in physical therapy following surgery. In total, 38 patients completed the survey. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients who exercised regularly before surgery, 28 (90.3%) returned to exercise within 1 year after surgery. Of 13 patients who reported playing hobby sports before surgery, 9 (69.2%) returned to those sports. 17/38 (44.7%) patients participated in physical therapy after surgery. 35/38 (92.1%) of patients reported that the surgery improved their quality of life. CONCLUSION: The majority of patients who underwent surgery for chronic subdural hematoma were able to return to exercise within 1 year. Participation in physical therapy was associated with return to exercise and sports. Further study is needed to determine which factors contribute to a return to baseline levels of physical activity following surgery for chronic subdural hematoma.