[The treatment of tuberculosis under current conditions].

AIM: Study of the current state of problems of treatment of patients with tuberculosis based on literature data and their own experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the Russian Federation, the number and proportion of patients with co-infection with HIV/tuberculosis continues to increase against the background of improvement in the main epidemiological indicants for tuberculosis. In 2017, 20.9% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients had HIV infection. The combination of the two infections significantly complicates the further improvement of the situation with tuberculosis, and the appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sometimes completely neutralizes the results of chemotherapy. The article describes the schemes of modern tuberculosis chemotherapy taking into account HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, as well as MDR in combination with surgical treatment methods, as well as analyzes the data of epidemiological monitoring of treatment of 1115 tuberculosis patients newly diagnosed in 2017 in Moscow, 360 tuberculosis patients with MDR MBT (cohort 20132014), the results of treatment with the use of new chemotherapy regimens for tuberculosis (bedaquiline, linezolid, moxifloxacin) in 36 patients, the effectiveness and safety of surgical methods in 192 patients. RESULTS: The application of new individualized anti-TB chemotherapy schedules in patients with HIV co-infection/tuberculosis with MDR-MBT has allowed to improve the treatment efficacy. The surgical intervention combined with modern chemotherapy regimens in patients with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection with MDR MBT has been proved to be effective and safe, contributes to the improving the results of treatment for this category of patients. CONCLUSION: The confluence of two global problems of co-infection HIV/TB and MDR TB, significantly prevents from the end of the tuberculosis epidemic in the world. At the same time, advances in the development and implementation of new anti-TB drugs and surgical treatment methods give hope for significant progress for resolving this situation.

[Fertility and Embryonic Mortality Level of the Japanese Mitten Crab Eriocheir japonica (Crustacea: Decapoda: Varunidae) in Primorye].

Reproductive biology of the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonica (de Haan, 1835) was studied in the northern part of its habitat. It was revealed that E. japonica from the water bodies of Primorye, in contrast to crabs in the central part of the habitat on the Japanese Islands, lays fewer eggs in the first clutch, does not have direct dependence between the size-weight characteristics of females and the number of eggs in the third clutch, and shows higher level of embryonic mortality. The loss of eggs during the embryonic period in each of three sequentially laid clutches was 16, 34, and 52%, respectively (28% in total during the period of reproduction). Fecundity was approximately 43%. It was registered that the specifics of reproductive biology of E. japonica (monocyclicity, prolonged period of reproduction, portion spawning, indirect embryonic development, high fertility, relatively small and yolk enriched eggs, pelagic planktotrophic larva, high level of energy costs on reproduction, egg bearing on the pleopods, high level of embryonic mortality), an intermediate strategist, is in a good agreement with its life strategy, thereby enabling this species to realize its reproductive potential in the northern part of the habitat.

[Optimization of accounting for radiation exposure of patients as a basis for assessing the risk of stochastic effects due to medical X-ray diagnostic irradiation].

The work is devoted to optimization of the control and accounting for radiation exposure of patients in the X-ray examinations by means of improving existing forms of state statistical survey (form #3-DOZ.). The analysis of the radiation exposure of patients in medical institutions of the Rostov region for the period of 2005-2011 was carried out. It is proposed to exclude the information about the individual patient doses received by calculation; differentiate a group of "adult patients' on age and gender, selecting the reproductive age, discriminate as a separate category of dose-generating, intervention methods of research that will allow to more accurately calculate the risk of the development of stochastic effects of the medical radiation exposure to population.

[Direct involvement of the glucose and Mg(2+)-ATP in the regulation of the GABAA-coupled Cl-,H(CO3(-) -activated Mg(2+)-ATPase of the plasma membrane from rat brain in vitro experiences].

Effect of the glucose and Mg(2+)-ATP on the coupled with CABA(A)-receptor Cl-,HCO3(-)-activated Mg(2+)-ATPase of the plasma membranes from rat brain involving from "basal" Mg(2+)-ATPase which it is activated by Cl-,HCO3(-) ions it was investigated. The glucose (1-10 mM) decreased the "basal" Mg(2+)-ATPase activity on 17% and completely eliminated the enzyme activation by 10 mM Cl(-)+2 mM HCO3(-) ions. The variety effect of the glucose and Mg(2+)-ATP on the activation of the '"basal" Mg(2+)-ATPase by variety concentrations of anions it was established. So it was found that in the presence Mg(2+)-ATP in the incubation medium > 1 mM the enzyme activation by 10 mM Cl- + 2 mM HCO ions not appear. However, in the presence of the glucose (10 mM) the inhibiting effect of the Mg(2+)-ATP on the enzyme is disappears and Cl-,HCO3(-)-ATPase activity is restored. While, in the presence of the high concentrations 40 mM Cl- + 8 mM HCO3(-) in the incubation medium the inhibiting effect of the glucose and Mg(2+)-ATP it was negligible (-20%). It was conclusion about direct involvement of the glucose and Mg(2+)-ATP in the regulation of the coupled with CABA(A)-receptor Cl-,HCO3(-)-ATPase activity of the neuronal membrane under different concentration anions in the incubation medium.

[Effect of damage integrity rat brain synaptic membranes on the functional activity GABA(A)-receptor/Cl(-)-ionophore complex in the CNC].

Functional activity of the CGABA(A)-receptor/Cl(-) ionophore complex was investigated the muscimol-stimulated entry of the radioactive isotope 36Cl(-) in synaptoneurosomes in changing the structure and permeability of neuronal membranes. Integrity of the membranes was damaged by removal of Ca(+2) and Mg(+2) from the incubation medium and by the method of freezing-thawing synaptoneurosomes. In both cases, an increase in basal 36Cl(-) entry into synaptoneurosomes, indicating increased nonspecific permeability of neuronal membranes, and decreased activity the CABA(A)-receptor/Cl(-) ionophore complex. The conclusion about the relationship of processes damage neuronal membranes and reducing the inhibitory processes in the epileptic focus.

Effect of HCO3(-) ions on the ATP-dependent GABA(A) receptor-coupled Cl(-) channel in rat brain plasma membranes.

We studied the effect of Cl(-) (10-75 mM) and HCO(3)(-) ions (10-25 mM) on the ATP-dependent GABA(A) receptor-coupled Cl(-) channel (Cl(-)-ATPase) in rat brain plasma membranes. The total enzyme activity was detected in the presence of both anions at a Cl(-)/ HCO(3)(-) ratio of 5:1 (Cl(-), HCO(3)(-)-ATPase). Specific inhibitors of P-type transport ATPases (N-ethylmaleimide, o-vanadate, and oligomycin) suppressed Cl(-), HCO(3)(-)-ATPase, while the Cl(-)- and HCO(3)(-)-ATPase activities were low sensitive to these ligands. Bicuculline abolished the activating effect of Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) ions on the enzyme. HCO(3)(-) ions had no effect on the ATP-dependent Cl(-) transport into proteoliposomes (with the involvement of reconstituted ATPase). In experiment with Cl(-)-preloaded liposomes, addition of HCO(3)(-) ions to the incubation medium caused the reversion of Cl(-) transport (ion efflux from liposomes). Our results suggest that HCO(3)(-) ions play an important role in the modification of properties of the ATP-dependent GABA(A) receptor-coupled Cl(-) channel and GABA(A) receptor-induced Cl(-)/ HCO(3)(-) exchange. These ions are probably involved in GABA(A) receptor-induced Cl(-)/ HCO(3)(-) exchange in neuronal membranes.

[Patient radiation safety in the development of the medical standards "patient management protocols"].

The aim of the study was to develop a procedure for substantiating the control irradiation levels during medical irradiation. Two databases on the controlled parameters of R-equipment and on the individual patient doses from outpatient cards were analyzed.

Cl- conduction of GABA(A)-receptor complex of synaptic membranes of rat brain cortex after development of chronic epileptization of the brain (pharmacological kindling).

Experiments on Wistar rats showed that basal and muscimol-induced 36Cl- entry into synaptoneurosomes isolated from the brain cortex decreased after kindling (30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole intraperitoneally for 30 days) in animals with seizure severity score 4-5. Changes in Cl- conduction during kindling are discussed.

[Gonadogenesis and color characteristics of ovaries in Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus].

The gonadogenesis was studied in adult and juvenile females of Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus (Crustacea: Decapoda, Grapsida) inhabiting the rivers of the Maritime Territory. The morphometric parameters of oocytes at different stages of maturity were determined using the methods of computer morphometry and color characteristics were evaluated using the Munsell Book of Color. As a result, a color table was compiled for the ovaries from the beginning of development to gonad maturity, which included light yellow (sandy), yellow, beige, light purple, light brown, dark purple, brown (chocolate), and dark brown (brown). The regular changes in the ovary color of E. japonicus proved to closely correlate with the gonadogenesis, namely, with the composition of cells at each stage of gonad maturity.

Effect of classic convulsants on Cl- conductance of the GABA(A) receptor complex in membranes of cerebral cortex cells at the early stage of kindling.

Muscimol-stimulated Cl- conductance of synaptoneurosomes from the cerebral cortex of Wistar rats increased during the early stage of pharmacological kindling not inducing the seizure response in animals. Picrotoxin, bicuculline, and pentylenetetrazole potentiated inhibition of muscimol-dependent 36Cl- entry into synaptoneurosomes, which attested to increased sensitivity of the GABA(A) receptor/Cl- ionophore complex to classic convulsants.

Cl(-) conduction of GABAA receptor complex of synaptic membranes in the cortex of rats at the middle stage of chronic cerebral epileptization (pharmacological kindling).

Experiments on Wistar rats showed a decrease in basal and muscimol-stimulated 36Cl(-) entry into synaptoneurosomes isolated from the cerebral cortex during the middle stage of kindling (30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazole intraperitoneally for 14 days) characterized by the development of convulsions of higher (2 points) severity in comparison with the previous stage.

Cl- conduction of GABA(A) receptor complex on synaptic membranes in rat cortex at the early stage of chronic cerebral epileptization.

Experiments on Wistar rats showed that muscimol-stimulated Cl(-) conduction of synaptoneurosomes, isolated from the cerebral cortex increased after 5-day systemic treatment with subconvulsive doses of pentylene tetrasole during the initial stage of pharmacological pentylene tetrasole kindling, characterized by gradually augmenting convulsive readiness of the brain. This indicates an increase in functional activity of the GABA(A) receptor/Cl(-) ionophore complex.

[Cavinton prevention of neurosensory hypoacousis in patients with different forms of tuberculosis]. / Opyt primeneniia preparata kavinton dlia predotvrashcheniia razvitiia neirosensornoi tugoukhosti u bol'nykh razlichnymi formami tuberkuleza.

According to pharmacological studies, cavinton has an effect on the end links of aminoglycosides interaction with elements of the internal ear. Basing on this property, cavinton was used as prophylaxis of neurosensory hypoacusis in 118 patients aged 17 to 63 years suffering from tuberculosis. The results of the studies have shown than cavinton not only prevents hypoacusis in patients with normal hearing but also improves it in patients with hearing problems.

[Mental evaluation of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in different treatment settings]. / Psikhicheskaia otsenka bol'nykh s vpervye vyiavlennym tuberkulezom legkikh pri razlichnykh organizatsionnykh formakh lechebnogo protsessa.

New one hundred and five cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were examined to evaluate the mental status in different treatment settings: a day hospital, a polyclinic, and a hospital. The Aizenok questionnaire. Shihan's test, and a clinical and symptomatological questionnaire and interviews with patients were used for psychological studies. In the day hospital and polyclinic, therapy improved the mental status of the patients at discharge. They showed their adequate attitude towards their disease, felt well and had great visas for their future social and familial life. They all were eager to resume their former work, attempted to preserve their social and working status and 16 (72.7%) patients treated at the day hospital and 18 (75%) outpatients continued working.