Evaluation of Short Term Outcome of Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection (STARR) for ODS (Obstructed Defecation Syndrome) by Comparing Pre and Post-operative ODS Score.

Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is a common anorectal problem and it can be corrected by various surgical approaches but most of these have high recurrence and complication rates. Antonio Longo introduced Stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) in 2003 as a minimally invasive transanal operation for correction ODS associated with rectocele and or rectal intussusception. This study was designed to assess the short term outcome of Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection (STARR) as a surgical treatment of Obstructed Defecation Syndrome (ODS). This is a quasi experimental study which was carried out in the department of Colorectal Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from May 2016 to June 2017. Seventeen (17) patients were included in the study. Patients with obstructed defecation syndrome and rectocele and or rectal intussusception admitted in the department of Colorectal Surgery were enrolled in the study as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. History, clinical examination, Proctoscopy, Colonoscopy and MR Defecography was done for evaluation of the patients. During evaluation preoperative Longo's ODS score of every patient also determined and compared with postoperative ODS score. The patient was followed up regularly at one, three and six months after each operation. The ODS score in 82.35% patients improved significantly. The postoperative score was high (13-15) only in 02(11.8%) patients probably due to presence of physiological factors. Post-operative defecatory urgency was developed in only 02(11.76%) patients. Major postoperative complication like hemorrhage or rectovaginal fistula did not develop in any patient. STARR is an effective, less invasive and simple procedure for the treatment of ODS with rectocele and/or rectal intussusception without major morbidity but other physiological causes of ODS should exclude preoperatively because its presence makes the surgical intervention fruitless.

Milestones of Development in Infancy: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Bangladesh.

The timing of milestone is influenced by many factors. Sex and socioeconomic status has significant effect to some psycomotor milestones. The study was conducted to determine the pattern of milestones of development of infants in our country and to compare it in different sex and socioeconomic condition. It was a hospital based prospective study done in Sir Sallimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from October 2014 to November 2015. Healthy term newborn infants with average birth weight were included in this study and milestones of this birth cohort were assessed monthly from birth to 12 months of age by using a set of 60 milestones. Total number of 217 babies was enrolled but during follow up 0.9% developed meningitis, 43.7% was lost to follow up and 55.2% of the cohort was followed up to 12 months of age. Among 120 babies 51.7% were male, 48.3% were female babies and 51.7% belong to lower, 32.5% middle and 15.8% upper socioeconomic group. There was no significant difference between male and female infants achieving most of the milestones of development except in language development in which female infants were little bit higher than male infants.

Anorectal Malformations and Associated Anomalies in Children.

Anorectal malformations (ARM) incorporate a broad spectrum of diseases, can affect both sexes, and involve the distal anus and rectum as well as the uro-genital tracts. Defects range from the minor which can be treated easily with an excellent outcome, to those are complex and often associated with other anomalies are difficult to manage with poor functional prognosis. This study was done to observe the hospital incidence of Anorectal malformations, frequency of types, sex distribution and spectrum of associations with ARM. The effects of presence of associated anomalies on morbidity and mortality also observed. Detailed history, clinical examinations and relevant investigations were performed for the primary and as well as the associated anomalies. A total of 80 patients were admitted in the department of pediatric surgery in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the period of June 2016 to May 2017. Age of the patients was ranging from 1-180 days with the mean age of 0.49±1.002 months. Male: Female ratio was 1.6: 1. Among them 48(60%) were high and 32(40%) were low variety of ARM. In male 37(46.2%) had high and 13(13.7%) were low variety whereas in female 11(13.7%) were high and 19(23.7%) had low ARM. Associated anomalies were seen in 25(31.2%) patient -18 in males and 7 in females; 20 in high and 5 in low ARM. Associated anomalies were uro-genital 11(13.8%), cardiovascular 10(12.5%), vertebral 4(5%), limb defects 3(3.5%) and others 2(2.5%). Four patients have more than one anomaly. Anorectal malformations occur more in boys than girls. Males were more likely to have high lesions and without fistula was the common defect. Low variety ARM were found more in females with Anovestibular fistula is the commonest defect. The most common associated anomalies were recto urinary fistula (13.8%). Associations were more in high than low ARM but not significant (p>0.05). Post operative complications were more in high ARM in both sexes with associated anomalies. The effects of types and associations on morbidity and mortality were significantly different (p<0.05).

Evaluation of Breast Lump - Comparison between True-cut Needle Biopsy and FNAC in MMCH: A Study of 100 Cases.

One-fourth of all women suffer from breast disease in their lifetime. World Health Organization estimated that over 508,000 women died in 2011 due to breast cancer worldwide.For several years, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was the most practiced method for the pathological diagnosis of breast lump specially differentiation of benign from malignant. The advent of core needle or True-Cut biopsy (TCB) in the new millennium has resulted in many surgeons switching to TCB since it provides a sufficient amount of tissue for pathologists to make an accurate histological diagnosis.During the study period, patients present with clinically palpable breast lump admitted in different surgicalunits of MMCH, among them 100 patients selected purposively. Then a prospective comparative study was carried out in the Department of Surgery, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from September 2017 to February 2018. Out of a total of 100 patients, who presented with suspicious breast lump, as clinically diagnosed 68 patients had benign breast lump and 32 patients had malignant breast lump. FNAC confirmed the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in 27 patients with sensitivity 89.65% and specificity 66.66%. True-cut biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in 29 patients with sensitivity 96.66% and specificity 100%. It also gave the definitive histological type and grade which correlated with the final histopathology report in 29 out of the 30 patientsTCB also provides adequate tissue for the evaluation of molecular markers which have extreme therapeutic value.

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: Correlation between Computed Radiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The purpose of this study is to diagnose Legg-Calve-Perthes disease by computed radiography and Magnetic resonance imaging and accurate staging and correlating the findings of these two modalities. Thirty five (35) patients complaining pain in groins and painful walking, after thorough physical examinations were sent to Department of Radiology & Imaging, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh for computed radiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging examination. This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2018. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease among the selected 35 cases were started at the age of 5(2.9%) and age range of the patients were 5-13 years; mean age was (9.63±1.82) years and most of them belonged to 8-10 years of age (51.4%). Patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease had been suffering from pain in right and left groins forvarious durations. Maximum duration was 1-2 years (~88.57%). Maximum proportion of diagnosed patients was delivered by normal delivery (60%) and maximum proportion of patients was premature (65.7%). Most of the patients were low birth weight baby (65.7%). Here chi-square test was done and found no significant relationship between delivery mode and birth weight in case of Legg-Calve-Perthesdisease (x²=1.712) (P=0.191). The result of the X-ray and MRI findings by cross table of chi square test found fair inter relationship between two diagnostic instruments. Result found fine difference in staging of the disease between X-ray and MRI findings. It can be said that MRI definitely a better tool for early diagnosis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and its staging but X-ray modality can be used. A primary tool for diagnosis and staging of the disease can be done where the MRI facility is not available or cost expensive for patient.

Influence of the Interval between Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy and Delivery on the Incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonate.

In spite of the recommendation for rescue antenatal corticosteroids (ACS), the optimal time interval between primary and rescue courses has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effects of the interval between a single ACS (Dexamethasone) course and delivery on the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital Center from 1st January 2017 to 30th June 2017. Injection Dexamethasone 2 doses (12.5mg IM 12 hourly for 2 doses) or 4 doses (6mg IM every 12 hours for 4 doses) use to arrest preterm labor as well as to prevent RDS delivered beyond 48 hours after ACS administration between 24 and 34 weeks gestation. The risk of RDS was compared between patients who delivered within seven days (Group I) and 7-14 days (Group II) after ACS administration. We included 140 and 60 patients in Group I and Group II respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the ACS delivery interval was significantly associated with RDS in Group II (adjusted odds ratio 12.8, 95% confidence interval 1.31-164.7). A longer ACS delivery interval is associated with a higher risk of RDS. Thus, the use of a rescue course could be expected to reduce the incidence of RDS in patients beyond seven days after ACS administration who remain at risk for preterm delivery within seven days, especially in cases of placenta previa and/or women bearing a male fetus.

The Role of Histological Assessment of Distal Doughnut in Low Anterior Resection for Low Rectal Cancer.

Anterior resection (AR), especially low anterior resection (LAR), for low rectal cancer and colorectal anastomosis is a technical challenge to surgeons. But by using circular stapling devices now it is possible make more LARs technically feasible. A stapled end-to-end colorectal anastomosis is increasingly adopted following a low anterior resection for low rectal cancer. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from December 2015 to December 2016. The ensuing doughnuts created from the stapling device are routinely sent for histological analysis. However, its efficacy remains debatable. This study aims to determine the role of sending distal doughnut for histological examination following a stapled end-to-end colorectal anastomosis done in low anterior resection for low rectal cancers.

Motor Outcome of Stroke Patients with Low Dose Levodopa Therapy.

Stroke is one of the leading cause of disability worldwide. Motor function deficits due to stroke contribute to overall low quality of life. The objective was of this study is to observe functional motor outcome after stroke with low dose Levodopa therapy. This prospective follow up study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2016 to see the effect of low dose of Levodopa (110mg) on motor outcome after stoke disability. Motor deficit was measured by Medical Research Council (MRC) grading and Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) score. Two groups were selected by simple random method, consisted of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. All the patients of both the groups were suffering from at least some post stroke motor disability and attended full course of physiotherapy. The group (L) received 110mg Levodopa with physiotherapy. On the other hand (NL) group received only physiotherapy. They were all followed up for four times within two months of time and were assessed for recovery of motor function. Mean age was 59.03±11.56 years in Levodopa (L) group and 57.10±12.41 years in the Non Levodopa (NL) group; Males were predominant in both groups. Ninety three (77.50%) cases had ischemic stroke and 27(22.50%) cases had hemorrhagic stroke. Most common risk factors were hypertension and smoking. No known risk factor was detected in 8 (6.67%) patients. Single or multiple risk factors were confirmed in 112 patients (93.33%). MRC score was significantly higher both in affected upper and lower limb in Levodopa group comparing non Levodopa group at 4th visit. RMI score was also significantly higher in Levodopa group comparing non Levodopa group at 4th visit. The Levodopa (L) group showed better recovery pattern than Non Levodopa (NL) group. It can be concluded that motor recovery was better with administration of a single low dose of Levodopa in combination with physiotherapy. Motor outcome was significantly higher in levodopa group than non-levodopa group.

Susac Syndrome: A Rare Case Report.

Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease, which is characterized by microangiopathic changes that affects the brain, retina and cochlea. A 60-years-old female Muslim housewife, hypertensive, non-diabetic patient was admitted into Ophthalmology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh on 18 December 2017 presented with the complains of gross dimness of vision of left eye for 10 years, vitiligo over the whole body for 5years,hearing loss with tinnitus in both ear for one year. Fluoresce in fundus angiography of Left eye shows Central retinal artery occlusion & was treated by Pan retinal photocoagulation in left eye, Magnetic resonance image of brain shows hyper intense lesions in periventricular white matter & corpus callosum, pure tone audiometry shows bilateral sensorineural type of hearing loss. Early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment is important in reducing the permanent disability.

Incidence of Negative Appendicectomy in Clinically Diagnosed Patients of Acute Appendicitis.

This study was conducted in the department of Surgery, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2017 and performed to assess the negative appendicectomy on histopathology followed by clinically and laboratory investigations based diagnosed acute appendicitis. To perform this prospective study 200 patients with pain in right iliac fossa of both sexes randomly selected and were evaluated by history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations (USG, CBC) and scoring system. Among 200 patients male 124 and female 76 under went appendicectomy 36 were histopathologically normal appendix. Over all negative appendicectomy (NAR) 18%, among them 14.5% (18/124) were male & 23.67% (18/76) were female.

Comparative Study of Stabilization of Humerus Supracondylar Fracture in Children by Percutaneous Pinning From Lateral Side and Both Sides.

The aim of this prospective experimental study was to analyze the radiological and clinical results of the supra condylar fracture of Humerus in children and conducted the functional outcome of closed reduction and internal fixation by percutaneous Kirschner-wire from lateral side and crossed technique in the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Sher-E-Bangla Nagor, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2011 to June 2013. Patients diagnosed as closed Supracondylar fracture of Humerus in children due to trauma were the study population. Total 30 patients aged 2 to 12 years irrespective of sex were included in the study and were divided in 2 groups. Information obtained included age, sex, type of fracture, management, outcomes and complications. The mean age was 7.80±2.08 and 5.93±2.31 years for Group I and Group II patients. Age range was 2-12 years. Males were predominant 11(73.3%) Group I and Group II. Fractures were primarily caused by fall from tree and left side predominant. In Group I the time elapsed between injury and surgery was minimum 2 hours and maximum 24 hours with mean±SD was 9.20±7.20, while in Group II minimum and maximum of 3 and 48 hours respectively with mean±SD was 9.60±11.01. Minimum and maximum post operative hospital stays were 1 and 2 days in Group I and Group II. Follow-up were carried out after 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks of operation. Loss of post operative range of motion of elbow and loss of carrying angle was not significant (p>0.05). Functional outcome was analyzed by Flynn's grading. In this study there were 3(20%) cases with excellent, 10(66.67%) were good and 2(13.33%) were fair functional outcomes in Group I. In Group II excellent, good and fair functional outcome were 3(20%), 9(60%) and 3(20%) respectively. After chi-square test there was no significant difference between two groups.

Tuberculoid granulomatous lesion of the pharynx--review of the literature.

Pharyngeal involvement in tuberculosis is rare and is usually secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. We report a very rare case of chronic granulomatous pharyngitis, which later turned out to be due to primary tuberculosis of the pharynx. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and complications of this rare clinical entity are presented.

Fourth branchial pouch cyst: an unusual cause of neonatal stridor.

Fourth branchial pouch anomalies are extremely rare and only a few such cases showing sinuses and cystic masses have been reported in the literature. We describe a patient who presented on the third day of life with cystic neck swelling of fourth branchial pouch origin giving rise to respiratory obstruction and stridor. Despite repeated aspiration of the cystic mass to relieve respiratory obstruction, rapid recurrence of the mass continued to cause stridor and ultimately required surgical excision. The clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of this unusual condition are discussed with a review of the literature.

Metastatic osteosarcoma of the ethmoid: an unusual cause of recurrent epistaxis and proptosis.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of bone and it usually metastasises to the lung. In the nasal cavity metastatic disease is extremely rare. We describe a case of osteosarcoma presenting with recurrent epistaxis, and proptosis due to secondaries in the nasal cavity. To our knowledge such a case has not been reported previously in the available English literature.