Aptamer-based electrochemical nanobiosensor for research and monitoring of multiple sclerosis in mice models.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe progressive autoimmune-inflammatory, demyelinating process in the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous neurological symptoms appearing as a consequence of myelin break down. Myelin basic protein (MBP) makes up to 30 % of the CNS myelin [1] and it is known to be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a bioindicator of MS. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mice model of MS widely used for research and development of new treatments [2]. Herein, MBP specific aptamer developed for possible therapeutic purposes in mouse model [3] was applied as a bioreceptor for MBP recognition. A nanobiosensor for MBP detection and monitoring was developed by using graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles integrated onto the screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and aptamer immobilized to create a bioactive layer on the sensor surface for MBP binding. The measurements were carried out using electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS). Validation studies were carried out in a biological matrix (artificial CSF) containing MBP, and MSA. The aptasensor had LOD in artificial CSF 0.01 ng/mL and showed its usability in the concentration range of 0.01 … 64 ng/mL.

Biosensing strategies (approaches) for diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is a recurrent and progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease causing demyelination in the central nervous system. Nowadays, the number of MS patients is increasing, but the diagnostic process and disease management are still quite difficult and costly and time consuming. The combination of methods used for clinical MS diagnosis mainly relies on MRI, that cannot be used as routine analysis. Classical methods of biological liquids analysis used for disease diagnosis and monitoring, include electrophoretic and labeled antibody-based techniques requiring professional personnel for analysis performing and results interpretation. In line with that, there is a need for reliable, sensitive and cost-effective methods that would be easier to take for both the staff and the patient. Biosensors application for MS biomarkers detection would provide such advantages. This review aimed to summarize studies carried out in this field available at the literature so far, evaluate current situation and emphasize possible perspectives for research and clinical application. Since this is multidisciplinary area of research, including development of biosensors, their use in clinical practice and making diagnostic clues, this review is expected to help different specialists, medical doctors, engineers, biochemists to use the results of each other's work for common good. Possible transition to the use biosensors in clinical practice may be associated with some difficulties that must be taken into account were either considered.

The effects of gestational diabetes on lower urinary tract symptoms of pregnant women: a case-control study.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common health problems in pregnant women. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the effects of GDM on LUTS in pregnant women. This study was conducted with 44 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and 44 pregnant without GDM. Patients with GDM had significantly lower likelihood of experiencing urgency (7.069-fold lower likelihood); whereas they had significantly greater likelihoods for urinary incontinence (UI) during sexual intercourse (OR: 0.185; 5.4-fold higher), need for clothing change due to UI (OR: 0.268; 3.7-fold higher), and adverse effects on daily life due to UI (OR: 0.338; 2.9-fold higher) compared to women without GDM (p < .05 for all). Although pregnant women with GDM appear to have a lower likelihood of urgency, this may be associated with the adverse effects of GDM since the likelihoods for UI-related outcomes were increased and quality of life was reduced among pregnant women with GDM compared to those without GDM.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are very common among pregnant women, and negatively affect social, sexual and working life. There are many risk factors that affect the development of LUTS in pregnant women. It is stated that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may be a predisposing factor in the development of LUTS in women.What do the results of this study add? Women with GDM experienced storage symptoms at a lower frequency (especially urgency) compared to the control group. In addition, we determined worse quality of life among women with GDM who experienced a greater frequency of urinary incontinence.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It may be beneficial to provide training on the prevention and management of LUTS to all pregnant women, especially women with GDM, and to increase the sensitivity of health professionals on the subject.

Relationship between menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in women during the climacteric period: a cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in women in the climacteric period. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 383 women aged 40-64 years at the Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Centre. The data were collected with the questionnaire form, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The sleep quality was poor in 77.8% of the women in the study. A significant relationship was found between PSQI scores and the somatic and psychological subscale scores of the MRS in the presence of other variables that could affect sleep according to multiple linear regression analysis (p < .05). We recommend training and consulting services provided by health care professionals and further experimental studies on the subject to decrease the negative effects of the somatic and psychological symptoms found to worsen sleep quality in women in the climacteric period. IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Sleep problems are a common health problem in women in the climacteric period.What do the results of this study add? The most common menopausal symptoms were joint and muscle problems, physical and emotional fatigue, nervousness, hot flushes, unhappiness, anxiety, and sleep problems in order of frequency. There was a weak positive significant relationship between the total PSQI score and the psychological and urogenital subscale scores of the MRS, in addition to a moderate positive significant relationship between the total PSQI scores and the total and somatic subscale scores of the MRS.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? We believe effective management of the somatic and psychological symptoms during the climacteric period with health care staff providing training and consultancy services to the women aimed at decreasing the symptoms according to evidence-based procedures could help improve the sleep quality. Conducting multicenter studies with a larger subject group where the effect of menopausal symptoms on sleep quality in addition to that of multifactorial causes are evaluated in depth is recommended.

Composite measures of quality of health care: Evidence mapping of methodology and reporting.

BACKGROUND: Quality indicators are used to quantify the quality of care. A large number of quality indicators makes assessment of overall quality difficult, time consuming and impractical. There is consequently an increasing interest for composite measures based on a combination of multiple indicators. OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of different approaches to construct composite measures of quality of care and to assess the use of methodological considerations and justifications. METHODS: We conducted a literature search on PubMed and EMBASE databases (latest update 1 December 2020). For each publication, we extracted information on the weighting and aggregation methodology that had been used to construct composite indicator(s). RESULTS: A total of 2711 publications were identified of which 145 were included after a screening process. Opportunity scoring with equal weights was the most used approach (86/145, 59%) followed by all-or-none scoring (48/145, 33%). Other approaches regarding aggregation or weighting of individual indicators were used in 32 publications (22%). The rationale for selecting a specific type of composite measure was reported in 36 publications (25%), whereas 22 papers (15%) addressed limitations regarding the composite measure. CONCLUSION: Opportunity scoring and all-or-none scoring are the most frequently used approaches when constructing composite measures of quality of care. The attention towards the rationale and limitations of the composite measures appears low. DISCUSSION: Considering the widespread use and the potential implications for decision-making of composite measures, a high level of transparency regarding the construction process of the composite and the functionality of the measures is crucial.

Perception and readiness for inter-professional education of health discipline students: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is a concept focusing on the improvement of a good teamwork environment bringing professionals from diffferent professions together to obtain high-quality health care and improve health outcomes. Determining health discipline students' IPE perceptions and readiness is important to develop, implement and maintain effective IPE programs. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine perception and readiness for interprofessional education of health discipline students. DESIGN: This study utilized a descriptive and cross-sectional design. SETTINGS: A public university in Turkey. The study was conducted with students enrolled in Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, Faculty of Dentistry, or Vocational School of Health Services. PARTICIPANTS: The participants included 646 health discipline students who were enrolled in nursing, midwifery, medical, dentistry, medical imaging technology, first and emergency aid, and elderly care departments. METHODS: Data were collected through the "Data Collection Form", the "Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS-TR)" and the "Readiness for Inter-professional Learning Scale (RIPLS)". RESULTS: The participants' IEPS-TR and RIPLS total mean scores were found 65.81 ± 19.86 and 67.90 ± 13.53, respectively. The IEPS-TR and RIPLS mean scores and the variables such as choosing the department willingly and being satisfied with the department indicated a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05). In addition, RIPLS mean scores and the variables such as age, and willingness to take classes with other healthcare students indicated a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant correlation was found between the IEPS-TR and RIPLS total mean scores and department-related variables (p > 0.05). The participants' IEPS-TR and RIPLS mean scores demonstrated a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.314, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that health discipline students had a high level of perception of interdisciplinary education and were ready for interprofessional education. The study also demonstrated that students' perception of interdisciplinary education increased with the increase in their readiness for this education.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Affecting Factors in Pregnant Women in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnants. COVID-19 pandemic can cause PTSD symptoms in pregnant women. This descriptive study aims to determine the post-traumatic stress disorder and affecting factors in pregnant women in the COVID-19 pandemic. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 445 pregnant women completed "Data Collection Form" and "DSM-5 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5)". RESULTS: The mean total PCL-5 score of the pregnant women was found to be 57.27±17.90. There was a significant difference between PCL-5 and gestational week, parity, the idea that the COVID-19 outbreak would cause a problem in childbirth, the presence of a COVID-19 in one of the family members/a loved one, the status of following COVID-19 - related developments (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is important for health professionals to evaluate the psychological effects of the pandemic in pregnants during antenatal period.

Features Constituting Actionable COVID-19 Dashboards: Descriptive Assessment and Expert Appraisal of 158 Public Web-Based COVID-19 Dashboards.

BACKGROUND: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the development of dashboards as dynamic, visual tools for communicating COVID-19 data has surged worldwide. Dashboards can inform decision-making and support behavior change. To do so, they must be actionable. The features that constitute an actionable dashboard in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic have not been rigorously assessed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of public web-based COVID-19 dashboards by assessing their purpose and users ("why"), content and data ("what"), and analyses and displays ("how" they communicate COVID-19 data), and ultimately to appraise the common features of highly actionable dashboards. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive assessment and scoring using nominal group technique with an international panel of experts (n=17) on a global sample of COVID-19 dashboards in July 2020. The sequence of steps included multimethod sampling of dashboards; development and piloting of an assessment tool; data extraction and an initial round of actionability scoring; a workshop based on a preliminary analysis of the results; and reconsideration of actionability scores followed by joint determination of common features of highly actionable dashboards. We used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to explore the findings by research question. RESULTS: A total of 158 dashboards from 53 countries were assessed. Dashboards were predominately developed by government authorities (100/158, 63.0%) and were national (93/158, 58.9%) in scope. We found that only 20 of the 158 dashboards (12.7%) stated both their primary purpose and intended audience. Nearly all dashboards reported epidemiological indicators (155/158, 98.1%), followed by health system management indicators (85/158, 53.8%), whereas indicators on social and economic impact and behavioral insights were the least reported (7/158, 4.4% and 2/158, 1.3%, respectively). Approximately a quarter of the dashboards (39/158, 24.7%) did not report their data sources. The dashboards predominately reported time trends and disaggregated data by two geographic levels and by age and sex. The dashboards used an average of 2.2 types of displays (SD 0.86); these were mostly graphs and maps, followed by tables. To support data interpretation, color-coding was common (93/158, 89.4%), although only one-fifth of the dashboards (31/158, 19.6%) included text explaining the quality and meaning of the data. In total, 20/158 dashboards (12.7%) were appraised as highly actionable, and seven common features were identified between them. Actionable COVID-19 dashboards (1) know their audience and information needs; (2) manage the type, volume, and flow of displayed information; (3) report data sources and methods clearly; (4) link time trends to policy decisions; (5) provide data that are "close to home"; (6) break down the population into relevant subgroups; and (7) use storytelling and visual cues. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 dashboards are diverse in the why, what, and how by which they communicate insights on the pandemic and support data-driven decision-making. To leverage their full potential, dashboard developers should consider adopting the seven actionability features identified.

Detection of CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Mutations Using a Carbon Nanotube-Modified Electrochemical Genosensor.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system has facilitated the genetic modification of various model organisms and cell lines. The outcomes of any CRISPR-Cas9 assay should be investigated to ensure/improve the precision of genome engineering. In this study, carbon nanotube-modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes (CNT/PGEs) were used to develop a label-free electrochemical nanogenosensor for the detection of point mutations generated in the genome by using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Carbodiimide chemistry was used to immobilize the 5'-aminohexyl-linked inosine-substituted probe on the surface of the sensor. After hybridization between the target sequence and probe at the sensor surface, guanine oxidation signals were monitored using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Optimization of the sensitivity of the nanogenoassay resulted in a lower detection limit of 213.7 nM. The nanogenosensor was highly specific for the detection of the precisely edited DNA sequence. This method allows for a rapid and easy investigation of the products of CRISPR-based gene editing and can be further developed to an array system for multiplex detection of different-gene editing outcomes.

Perceptions of interdisciplinary education and readiness for inter-professional education of nursing students: A sample of three different cities in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, interprofessional education has been described as an opportunity for all healthcare professionals to enhance nursing quality by learning together and about one another. Determining perceptions and readiness of nurses regarding interprofessional education is important for effective education planning. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to determine readiness for interprofessional learning and perceptions of interdisciplinary education of nursing students. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Nursing departments of public universities, in three different cities in Turkey. METHODS: This study was conducted with 738 third- and fourth-year nursing students. The data of the study was collected using "Student Information Form", "Readiness for Inter-professional Learning Scale (RIPLS)", and "Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS)". The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation. RESULTS: Mean age of the students was 21.56 ±â€¯1.48, and the majority (72.9%) were women. Of the students, 58.9% chose their profession willingly, 56% chose the department as their first choice, 41.2% wanted to receive education with other healthcare students, and 84% reported having prior teamwork experience. Students' mean total scores of RIPLS and IEPS were respectively 69.78 ±â€¯11.32 and 69.19 ±â€¯16.62. There was a statistically significant difference between RIPLS mean scores and choosing the occupation willingly, order of choice, being satisfied with the choice of department, and willingness to study with other healthcare students, and between IEPS mean scores and choosing the occupation willingly, order of choice and being satisfied with the department choice (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nursing students in three different cities had good readiness levels for interprofessional education and perception levels of interdisciplinary education, and differed according to certain demographical qualities. In addition, there was a positive relationship between readiness of inter-professional education, and perceptions of the students.

Accuracy of Emergency Physicians for Detection of Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities in Patients With Chest Pain Without ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of emergency physicians (EPs) in the detection of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs) using focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) in patients suspected of non-having ST-elevation myocardial infarction. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients with chest pain. Three EPs underwent didactics and hands-on-training, of 3 hours each, by an experienced cardiologist, on detecting RWMAs using 2-dimensional echocardiography. They performed a FOCUS examination to evaluate for RWMAs and recorded the echo images. Our reference standard for the detection of RWMAs was accepted as a blinded cardiologist review of the prerecorded video clips. We calculated the corrected sample size and inter-rater agreement between the EPs (82 and 0.83, respectively). The analysis of the study was performed on 89 patients. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients with chest pain were screened. Emergency physicians demonstrated the detection of RWMAs with good sensitivity and even excellent specificity: 76.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56.4%- 91.0%) and 92.1% (95% CI, 82.4%-97.4%), respectively. The accuracy of FOCUS was 87.6% (95% CI, 79.0%-93.7%). The area under the curve from a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, which evaluated the EPs' rate of detecting the presence or absence of RWMAs, was 0.845 (95% CI, 0.753-0.913). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that EPs with training in bedside echocardiography can accurately rule in patients with RWMAs in suspected non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction cases.

Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensing strategy toward human non-small cell lung cancer using polyacrylonitrile/polypyrrole nanofibers.

In the present study, a sensitive electrochemical aptamer-based biosensing strategy for human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) detection was proposed using nanofiber-modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs). The composite nanofiber was comprised of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypyrrole (PPy) polymers, and fabrication of the nanofibers was accomplished using electrospinning process onto PGEs. Development of the nanofibers was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high-affinity 5'-aminohexyl-linked aptamer was immobilized onto a PAN/PPy composite nanofiber-modified sensor surface via covalent bonding strategy. After incubation with NSCLC living cells (A549 cell line) at 37.5 °C, the recognition between aptamer and target cells was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The selectivity of the aptasensor was evaluated using nonspecific human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and a nonspecific aptamer sequence. The proposed electrochemical aptasensor showed high sensitivity toward A549 cells with a detection limit of 1.2 × 103 cells/mL. The results indicate that our label-free electrochemical aptasensor has great potential in the design of aptasensors for the diagnostics of other types of cancer cells with broad detection capability in clinical analysis. Graphical abstract.

Prevalence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Pregnant Adolescents and the Influencing Factors.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and associated risk factors in pregnant adolescents. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: The obstetrics and gynecology outpatient departments of a training and research hospital in Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred six pregnant adolescents younger than the age of 19 years. INTERVENTIONS: None. Questionnaire-based data and the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Short Form (BFLUTS-SF) were collected from pregnant adolescents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons were made with independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and linear regression for the analysis of the potential risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of at least 1 of the LUTS in pregnant adolescents was 78.6% (162/206). The prevalence of storage symptoms was more than those of urinary incontinence and voiding symptoms. Among LUTS, the prevalence of nocturia, urgency, frequency, bladder pain, and urinary incontinence was 59.3% (122/206), 54.4% (112/206), 39.3% (81/206), 37.4% (77/206), and 27.2% (56/206), respectively. Of pregnant adolescents with LUTS, 30.2% (49/162) of pregnant adolescents with LUTS reported seeking treatment for LUTS in this study. The total median scores from the BFLUTS-SF increased with gestational week, but no statistical significant difference was identified (P > .05). According to the results of the linear regression analysis, daily coffee consumption, smoking, chronic coughing, constipation, and urinary tract infection history were found to be associated with the total mean score on the BFLUTS-SF in pregnant adolescents. CONCLUSION: LUTS were found to be common among pregnant adolescents, with storage symptoms being the most frequently reported. Prenatal education could increase the number of adolescents who seek treatment, thereby improving the clinical course of LUTS.

First experience with a new technique: Portable gamma camera usage for sentinel lymph node identification in a patient with breast cancer.

The newest development in sentinel lymph node imaging is portable gamma probe imaging. In this case report, results of all SLN detection methods were analyzed. The patient was imaged using a large field-of-view gamma camera with additional blue dye administration and intraoperative localization of sentinel lymph node using both gamma probe and portable gamma camera was performed. In this case report, the value of additional portable gamma camera imaging was analyzed.

Acute Kidney Injury in a Case of Purpura Fulminans Developing Secondary to Antithrombin 3 Deficiency.

Purpura fulminans associated with antithrombin 3 (AT 3) deficiency is very rare in adults and neonates. It can be categorized into three principal forms - neonatal, idiopathic and acute infectious. Purpura fulminans has been reported to cause cardiac, pulmonary and renal damage in rare cases. We describe an adult case of purpura fulminans developing in association with AT 3 deficiency without infection following a surgical procedure, and acute kidney injury (AKI) developing secondary to rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). To the best of our knowledge there have been no previous cases of purpura fulminans and AKI developing in association with acquired AT 3 deficiency without infection after surgery.

Effective predictors for surgical decision in antenatal hydronephrosis: a prospective multiparameter analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The majority of antenatal hydronephrosis disappears spontaneously. In our study, we have investigated the effective predictors for surgical decision in antenatal hydronephrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four patients found to have renal pelvic anteroposterior (AP) diameter more than 10-mm on antenatal ultrasonograpy were followed after birth. The study groups were divided into two groups: follow-up and surgery group. On follow-up, longitudinal diameter of the kidney, parenchymal thickness of the kidney, AP diameter of renal pelvis, AP diameter of middle calyces on ultrasonograpy, and differential renal function, 20th minute clearance, half-life of radionuclide tracer (T1/2), Tmax, Tmax-T1/2, normalised residual activity (NORA) on diuretic renography were evaluated. Ultrasonograpy and diuretic renography measurements were compared in patients whose hydronephrosis resolve or proceeded to surgery. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were diagnosed as antenatal hydronephrosis, spontaneous resolution occurred in 23 (52%), and surgery was performed in 21 patients (48%). Mean age at operation was 8.5±6.5 months (3-24 months). Mean AP diameter of renal pelvis was 29.5±14.2 mm for surgery group, 13.6±4.2 mm for follow-up group (p<0.001). Univariate analyses showed significance for all ultrasonographic measurements and only the differential renal function by diuretic renography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significance for AP diameter of renal pelvis (odds ratio 1.37; 95% Cl 1.13-1.66), and differential renal function (odds ratio 1.14; 95% Cl 1.01-1.29). CONCLUSION: AP diameter of renal pelvis and differential renal function were the most effective parameters for surgical decision. These parameters can be used for appropriate management of antenatal hydronephrosis.

Overlooked extremity fractures in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to analyze the accuracy of interpretation of extremity traumas by emergency physicians (EP) to determine the most difficult areas for interpretation in comparison to official radiology reports of direct X-ray. METHODS: Radiologist reports and EP reports of direct X-rays from isolated extremity trauma patients were retrospectively compared from 01.05.2011 to 31.05.2011. A total of 181 fractures in 608 cases were confirmed. RESULTS: The locations of the misinterpreted fractures were ankle and foot (51.4%), wrist and hand (32.4%), elbow and forearm (5.4%), shoulder and upper arm (5.4%), hip and thigh (2.7%), and knee and leg (2.7%). The diagnostic accuracy of the EPs and radiologists were not significantly different (kappa=0.856, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Knowledge about the types of fractures that are most commonly missed facilitates a specifically directed educational effort.

Ultrasonography of jugular vein as a marker of hypovolemia in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Our aim in this study was to use ultrasonography of internal jugular vein (IJV) instead of visual estimation by eye and to get more precise estimation of central venous pressure at supine position for estimating blood loss in healthy volunteers. METHODS: The values of the sonographic IJV collapse index and corrected IJV longitudinal length (cIJV LL) (vertical height of the jugular vein from the sternal angle of Louis plus 5 cm) were compared before and after blood donation. The correlations between the mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, IJV collapse index, and cIJV LL were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) and G*Power version 3.1.2. (Franz Faul, Universitat Kiel, Germany) was used for power and sample size analysis. RESULTS: A total of 80 volunteers were enrolled in the study. The medians of cIJV LLs before and after blood donation were 6.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.72-7.07) and 5.98 (95% CI, 6.09-6.40), respectively. The medians of IJV collapse indices before and after blood donation were 32.74 (95% CI, 32.73-39.50) and 38.88 (95% CI, 35.54-42.95), respectively. Preliminary results of our study revealed that cIJV LL and IJV collapse index were not well correlated (Spearman ρ correlation coefficient, 0.257; r = 0.128). CONCLUSION: Although, the IJV collapse index was not found to be a useful parameter for evaluation of hypovolemia, cIJV LL is more valuable marker for the detection of blood loss at bedside.