A team approach for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of pressure ulcers in nursing home patients.

The article describes a unique decentralized wound care program instituted in a nursing home care unit of a Veterans Affairs hospital. This decentralized, interdisciplinary approach to wound care has been effective in reducing the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in a nursing home population over the last 2 years. Prevention was a major focus of the program. The Braden scale was used to identify patients at risk for pressure ulcer formation; proper measures were introduced to reduce identified risk. This collaborative team effort led to improved patient care and decreased incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in this population.

Outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nursing homes: can we predict who will benefit?

PURPOSE: To determine the benefits of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in nursing home patients and assess possible prearrest and arrest predictors of survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 4-year period (1986 to 1989), consecutive nursing home patients from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who sustained cardiac arrest and received CPR by paramedics were studied. The patients' prearrest clinical characteristics were determined including age, length of stay in nursing home, medical diagnoses, medications, circumstances surrounding the arrest, laboratory studies, and baseline functional status. Cardiac arrest data were obtained from a paramedic computer data base and included whether the arrest was witnessed, initial cardiac rhythm, and success of CPR. Survival was defined as the discharge of the patient alive from the hospital, and the patient's pre- and post-arrest functional status was compared. Possible predictors of survival were analyzed from the patient's prearrest characteristics and arrest characteristics. RESULTS: Of the total 196 patients who received CPR, 37 (19%) were successfully resuscitated and hospitalized, and 10 (5%) survived to be discharged. However, 27% of patients survived whose arrests were witnessed and who demonstrated ventricular fibrillation at the time of the arrest. In comparison, only 2.3% of all other nursing home patients who received CPR survived (p < 0.0002). Age, mental or functional status, hematocrit, renal dysfunction, pulmonary disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease were not significant predictors of survival. At the time of hospital discharge, the functional status of the majority (80%) of the survivors was comparable to their prearrest status and 40% of the survivors lived for greater than 12 months. CONCLUSION: We conclude that only a small percentage of nursing home patients who sustain cardiac arrest will benefit from CPR. However, greater than 25% of nursing home patients whose arrest is witnessed and who demonstrate ventricular fibrillation will survive. This is comparable to the survival rate of elderly community-dwelling persons who sustain cardiac arrest. Our data suggest that CPR should be initiated only in nursing home patients whose cardiac arrest is witnessed and should only be continued in patients whose initial documented cardiac rhythm is ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.

Utilization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nursing homes in one community: rates and nursing home characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation use among all nursing homes in a large urban area, to examine CPR use over time, to discover whether CPR use varies among nursing homes, and to describe characteristics of patients undergoing CPR. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. SETTING: Nursing homes in a large urban area. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-six nursing home residents of 68 nursing homes underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation over a 4-year period (1986-1989). Over this time there were 9,486 deaths in these homes, which comprised 10,252 beds. MEASUREMENTS: The CPR:death ratio was determined for each facility. The ratio was analyzed over time and by type of facility (eg, proprietary, non-profit, size of facility). The ratio was also examined among facilities with variable death rates. Patients undergoing CPR are described. RESULTS: The ratio of CPR:death over the 4-year period was 0.02. CPR:death ratio was higher (0.03) for the proprietary homes compared with the non-profit homes (0.01) P < 0.0001. A significant downward trend of CPR:death was noted over the study period for the non-profit homes; no such trend was noted in the proprietary homes. Size of nursing home did not influence the rate of CPR use. Homes with greater numbers of deaths per bed had a lower utilization of CPR. Patients undergoing CPR were old, frail, and had multiple medical problems. CPR attempts were frequent around the time of nursing home admission. CONCLUSION: The utilization of CPR in nursing homes is quite low. Non-profit homes utilize CPR less than proprietary homes. Nursing homes with the highest numbers of deaths per bed utilize CPR less than homes with lower numbers of deaths per bed. Nursing home residents receiving CPR are quite old, have multiple illnesses, and are impaired.