Validity of a Novel Specific Wrestling Fitness Test.

ABSTRACT: Markovic, M, Kukic, F, Dopsaj, M, Kasum, G, Toskic, L, and Zaric, I. Validity of a novel specific wrestling fitness test. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S51-S57, 2021-The specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT) is a novel test aiming to estimate the level of physical preparedness of wrestlers; therefore, it should posses an acceptable level of validity. The aim of this study was to investigate an internal, external, and construct validity of SWFT. The sample consisted of 15 national level male wrestlers (age = 22.6 ± 2.3 years, body mass [BM] = 83.3 ± 6.5 kg, and BM index [BMI] = 25.36 ± 1.2 kg·m-2). They performed the SWFT, specific judo fitness test (SJFT), and specific wrestling performance test (SWPT), each test on a separate day. For each test, performance was evaluated in absolute measure as total number of throws at the end of the test (TnThrows) and relative measure as TnThrows/BM and TnThrows/BMI. Heart rate at the end of the test (HR0min) and 1 minute into recovery (HR1min) was used as a measure of cardiovascular functionality, whereas specific judo fitness index (SJFIndex) was used as an indicator of cardiovascular functionality relative to given performance. A correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the internal, external, and construct validity of SWFT. The SWFT_TnThrows/BM had the highest internal validity relative to SJFT_TnThrows/BM (R2 = 0.722, p < 0.001) and the highest external validity relative to SWPT_TnThrows/BM (r = 0.846, p < 0.001). SWFT_TnThrows/BM predicted SWPT_TnThrows/BM with a large coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.818, p < 0.001). SWFT_TnThrows/BM is valid and easily attainable predictor of wrestlers' specific physical preparedness and as such is of high practical value.

Discrimination of different body structure indexes of elite athletes in combat sports measured by multi frequency bioimpedance method / Discriminación de diferentes índices de estructura corporal de atletas de elite en deportes de combate medidos por el método de bioimpedancia de múltiples frecuencias

In order to achieve high results in sports, it is necessary to provide an adequate status of an athlete in according to various factors, among which the body structure is one of greater importance. The aim of this research is to define the most discriminated indicators of body structure indexes, thanks to which a specific change of physical structure can be observed according to a branch of sport and type of combat sport. Variables in the research were: body height, body mass, body mass index, free fat mass index, fat mass index, protein mass index, skeletal muscle mass index, percent of body fat, percent of skeletal muscle mass and protein fat index. The measuring of the body composition is realized by using multichannel segmental bioimpedance with InBody 720 apparatus, applied on the total of 112 male high level senior-age athlete members of different national team's member of Republic of Serbia (62 judokas, 29 Greco-Roman style wrestlers and 21 karatekas). The discriminative analysis has shown that subsamples of the athletes statistically differ in morphology on Wilks' lambda level (0.435, p = 0.000), and that following variables have the highest discrimination compared to athlete respondents in sport function: percent of skeletal mass (0.34), percent of body fat (0.28) and protein fat index (0.26), as the first isolated factor (p = 0.000) by which is explained 86.3 %, that is body weight (0.74), skeletal muscle index (0.73), protein mass index (0.72), body mass index (0.72) and free fat mass index (0.70), as the second factor (p = 0.030) by which 13.7 % variability of measured body structure space is explained. By establishing body structure models of judokas, wrestlers and karatekas for variables examined and by using modern technological method of measuring (InBody 720, 2008) we got new information that characterize specificity of the sport, which all contribute to spreading and improving already existing knowledge in the sports sciences and sport body morphology area.

Para obtener logros deportivos de alto nivel, es necesario conseguir el estatus adecuado dependiendo de varios factores, entre los cuales destaca el factor morfológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue definir los indicadores más discriminantes de la composición corporal o índices morfológicos, por lo cual se puedan monitorear los cambios específicos en la estructura del cuerpo en relación con la rama del deporte y el tipo de deportes de combate. Las variables del estudio fueron: altura del cuerpo, masa corporal, índice de masa corporal, índice de masa grasa, índice de proteína masa, índice de masa del músculo esquelético, porcentaje de grasa corporal, porcentaje de masa del músculo esquelético y el índice grasa proteína. La medición de la composición corporal fue realizada utilizando la bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal con Inbod café 720 sobre una muestra de 112 deportistas de sexo masculino de categoría sénior, miembros nacionales seleccionados de la República de Serbia (62 practicantes de judo, 29 practicantes de lucha grecorromana y 21 practicantes de karate). El análisis discriminativo demostó que las submuestras de los atletas en general difieren significativamente en la morfología a nivel de lambda de Wilks ­ 0.435, (p = 0.000), y que las siguientes variables tienen la mayor discriminación en relación con la prueba de los atletas en la función del deporte: porcentaje de la masa esquelética (0.34), porcentaje de grasa corporal (0,28) y el índice de grasa proteína (0.26), como el primer factor aislado (p = 0.000), lo que explica 86,3 %, respectivamente la masa corporal (0.74), el índice de músculo esquelético (0,73), el índice de proteína de masa (0,72), índice de masa corporal (0,72), e índice de masa libre de grasa (0,70), como el segundo factor (p = 0,030), lo que explica 13,7 % de las mediciones espaciales de variabilidad. Al definir los módulos morfológicos de los practicantes de judo, karate y lucha grecorromana para las variables investigadas y usando el método tecnológico de medida más nuevo (InBody 720), hemos obtenido nuevas informaciones que caracterizan las especificidades de los deportes, lo que contribuye a la ampliación y el desarrollo de los conocimientos anteriores sobre dicho asunto.

Hematological, oxidative stress, and immune status profiling in elite combat sport athletes.

The aim of this study was to profile hematological, oxidative stress, and immunological parameters in male athletes who practiced combat sports and to determine whether the type of combat sport influenced the measured parameters. Eighteen karate professionals, 15 wrestlers, and 14 kickboxers participated in the study. Hematological, iron-related, oxidative stress, and immunological parameters were measured at the beginning of a precompetitive period. The general linear model showed significant differences between the karate professionals, wrestlers, and kickboxers with respect to their hematological and iron status parameters (Wilks' Lambda = 0.270, F = 2.186, p < 0.05) and oxidative stress status (Wilks' Lambda = 0.529, F = 1.940, p < 0.05). The immature reticulocyte fraction was significantly higher in wrestlers (0.30 ± 0.03) compared with kickboxers (0.24 ± 0.04; p < 0.05) and karate professionals (0.26 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Low hemoglobin density was significantly lower in wrestlers and kickboxers (p < 0.05) compared with karate professionals (karate: 3.51 ± 1.19, wrestlers: 1.95 ± 1.10, and kickboxers: 1.77 ± 0.76). Significant differences were observed between the karate professionals and wrestlers with respect to their pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (437 ± 103 vs. 323 ± 148, p < 0.05) and superoxide-dismutase activity (SOD) (73 ± 37 vs. 103 ± 30, p < 0.05). All the measured parameters (with the exception of SOD activity) fell within their physiological ranges, indicating that the study participants represented a young and healthy male population. Hematological parameters differed between kickboxers and karate professionals. The low pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and high SOD activity in wrestlers could be associated with the long-term impact of wrestling as a type of strenuous exercise.

Paraoxonase activity in athletes with depleted iron stores and iron-deficient erythropoiesis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate how conditions that precede anaemia (iron store depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis) affect human serum paraoxonase PON1 activity. DESIGN AND METHODS: Based on haemoglobin, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin values 119 athletes were divided into three groups: with iron depletion, with deficient erythropoiesis and controls. The following parameters were measured: paraoxonase activity towards paraoxon (POase) and diazoxon (DZOase), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), red blood cells (RBC) and lipid status. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between athletes with different stages of iron deficiency and controls with respect to PON 1 activity and oxidative stress status parameters (Wilks' Lambda=0.712, F=5.241, p<0.001, η(2)=0.156). There was no significant difference between the PON1 192 Q and R polymorphism distribution in the two groups of athletes with different stages of iron deficiency and controls (χ(2)=1.086; p=0.896). PON1 activity was positively correlated with RBCs, haemoglobin, transferrin saturation (p<0.001) and ferritin (p=0.037) and negatively correlated with LOOH (p=0.044) in all three study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Deficient erythropoiesis in athletes contributes to impaired PON1 activity. In contrast, iron depletion, regardless of increased oxidative stress, does not affect PON1 activity.