Preference for daily (1HP) vs. weekly (3HP) isoniazid-rifapentine among people living with HIV in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Both 1 month of daily (1HP) and 3 months of weekly (3HP) isoniazid-rifapentine are recommended as short-course regimens for TB prevention among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We aimed to assess acceptability and preferences for 1HP vs. 3HP among PLHIV. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey among PLHIV at an HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda, participants were randomly assigned to a hypothetical scenario of receiving 1HP or 3HP. Participants rated their level of perceived intention and confidence to complete treatment using a 0-10 Likert scale, and chose between 1HP and 3HP. RESULTS: Among 429 respondents (median age: 43 years, 71% female, median time on ART: 10 years), intention and confidence were rated high for both regimens. Intention to complete treatment was rated at least 7/10 by 92% (189/206 randomized to 1HP) and 93% (207/223 randomized to 3HP). Respectively 86% (178/206) and 93% (208/223) expressed high confidence to complete treatment. Overall, 81% (348/429) preferred 3HP over 1HP. CONCLUSIONS: Both 1HP and 3HP were highly acceptable regimens, with 3HP preferred by most PLHIV. Weekly, rather than daily, dosing appears preferable to shorter duration of treatment, which should inform scale-up and further development of short-course regimens for TB prevention.

CONTEXTE: L'association isoniazide-rifapentine est recommandée comme traitement de courte durée pour la prévention de la TB chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH), à raison d'un mois de traitement quotidien (1HP) et de 3 mois de traitement hebdomadaire (3HP). Nous avons cherché à évaluer l'acceptabilité et les préférences des PVVIH pour le traitement 1HP par rapport au traitement 3HP. MÉTHODES: Dans le cadre d'une enquête transversale menée auprès de PVVIH dans une clinique VIH de Kampala, en Ouganda, les participants ont été assignés de manière aléatoire à un scénario hypothétique de réception de 1HP ou de 3HP. Les participants ont évalué leur niveau d'intention perçue et de confiance pour terminer le traitement en utilisant une échelle de Likert de 0 à 10 et ont choisi entre 1HP et 3HP. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 429 répondants (âge médian : 43 ans, 71% de femmes, durée médiane de la thérapie antirétrovirale : 10 ans), l'intention et la confiance ont été jugées élevées pour les deux schémas. L'intention de terminer le traitement a été évaluée à au moins 7/10 par 92% (189/206 randomisés pour 1HP) et 93% (207/223 randomisés pour 3HP). Respectivement 86% (178/206) et 93% (208/223) ont exprimé une grande confiance dans le fait de terminer le traitement. Dans l'ensemble, 81% (348/429) ont préféré la 3HP à la 1HP. CONCLUSION: Les schémas 1HP et 3HP étaient tous deux très acceptables, le schéma 3HP étant préféré par la plupart des PVVIH. L'administration hebdomadaire, plutôt que quotidienne, semble préférable à une durée de traitement plus courte, ce qui devrait inspirer l'extension et le développement de schémas thérapeutiques de courte durée pour la prévention de la TB.

Geographic distribution and predictors of diagnostic delays among possible TB patients in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the geographic distribution and factors associated with delayed TB diagnosis may help target interventions to reduce delays and improve patient outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of adults undergoing TB evaluation within a public health demonstration project in Uganda. Using Global Moran's I (GMI) and Getis-Ord GI* statistics, we evaluated for residential clustering and hotspots associated with patient-related and health system-related delays. We performed multivariate logistic regression to identify individual predictors of both types of delays. RESULTS: Of 996 adults undergoing TB evaluation (median age: 37 years, IQR 28-49), 333 (33%) experienced patient delays, and 568 (57%) experienced health system delays. Participants were clustered (GMI 0.47-0.64, P ⩽ 0.001) at the sub-county level, but there were no statistically significant hotspots for patient or health system delays. Married individuals were less likely to experience patient delays (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.48-0.75; P < 0.001). Those aged 38-57 years (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.07-1.38; P = 0.002) were more likely than those aged ⩾58 years to experience patient delays. Knowledge about TB (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.63-0.98; P = 0.03) protected against health system delays. CONCLUSIONS: We did not identify geographic hotspots for TB diagnostic delays. Instead, delays were associated with individual factors such as age, marital status and TB knowledge.

CONTEXTE: Comprendre la distribution géographique et les facteurs associés aux retards de diagnostic de la TB peut aider à cibler les interventions visant à réduire les retards et à améliorer les résultats pour les patients. MÉTHODES: Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des adultes soumis à une évaluation de la TB dans le cadre d'un projet de démonstration de santé publique en Ouganda. À l'aide des statistiques Global Moran's I (GMI) et Getis-Ord GI*, nous avons évalué les regroupements résidentiels et les points critiques associés aux retards liés aux patients et au système de santé. Nous avons effectué une régression logistique multivariée pour identifier les prédicteurs individuels des deux types de retards. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 996 adultes soumis à une évaluation de la TB (âge médian : 37 ans, IQR 28­49), 333 (33%) ont subi des retards liés aux patients et 568 (57%) ont subi des retards liés au système de santé. Les participants étaient regroupés (GMI 0,47­0,64 ; P ⩽ 0,001) au niveau du sous-comté, mais il n'y avait pas de points critiques statistiquement significatifs pour les retards des patients ou du système de santé. Les personnes mariées étaient moins susceptibles de subir des retards de la part des patients (OR 0,6 ; 95% CI 0,48­0,75 ; P < 0,001). Les personnes âgées de 38 à 57 ans (OR 1,2 ; 95% CI 1,07­1,38 ; P = 0,002) étaient plus susceptibles que celles âgées de ⩾58 ans de subir des retards. Les connaissances sur la TB (OR 0,8 ; 95% CI 0,63­0,98 ; P = 0,03) protégeaient contre les retards du système de santé. CONCLUSIONS: Nous n'avons pas identifié de points critiques géographiques pour les retards de diagnostic de la TB. Les retards étaient plutôt associés à des facteurs individuels tels que l'âge, la situation matrimoniale et les connaissances sur la TB.

Understanding patient-level costs of weekly isoniazid-rifapentine (3HP) among people living with HIV in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Twelve weeks of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) prevents TB disease among people with HIV (PWH), but the costs to people of taking TB preventive treatment is not well described.METHODS: We surveyed PWH who initiated 3HP at a large urban HIV/AIDS clinic in Kampala, Uganda, as part of a larger trial. We estimated the cost of one 3HP visit from the patient perspective, including both out-of-pocket costs and estimated lost wages. Costs were reported in 2021 Ugandan shillings (UGX) and US dollars (USD; USD1 = UGX3,587)RESULTS: The survey included 1,655 PWH. The median participant cost of one clinic visit was UGX19,200 (USD5.36), or 38.5% of the median weekly income. Per visit, the cost of transportation was the largest component (median: UGX10,000/USD2.79), followed by lost income (median: UGX4,200/USD1.16) and food (median: UGX2,000/USD0.56). Men reported greater income loss than women (median: UGX6,400/USD1.79 vs. UGX3,300/USD0.93), and participants who lived further than a 30-minute drive to the clinic had higher transportation costs than others (median: UGX14,000/USD3.90 vs. UGX8,000/USD2.23).CONCLUSION: Patient-level costs to receive 3HP accounted for over one-third of weekly income. Patient-centered approaches to averting or defraying these costs are needed.

Cost to perform door-to-door universal sputum screening for TB in a high-burden community.

BACKGROUND: Population-based active case-finding (ACF) identifies people with TB in communities but can be costly. METHODS: We conducted an empiric costing study within a door-to-door household ACF campaign in an urban community in Uganda, where all adults, regardless of symptoms, were screened by sputum Xpert Ultra testing. We used a combination of direct observation and self-reported logs to estimate staffing requirements. Study budgets were reviewed to collect costs of overheads, equipment, and consumables. Our primary outcome was the cost per person diagnosed with TB. RESULTS: Over a 28-week period, three teams of two people collected sputum from 11,341 adults, of whom 48 (0.4%) tested positive for TB. Screening 1,000 adults required 258 person-hours of effort at a cost of US$35,000, 70% of which was for GeneXpert cartridges. The estimated cost per person screened was $36 (95% uncertainty range [95% UR] 34­38), and the cost per person diagnosed with Xpert-positive TB was $8,400 (95% UR 8,000­8,900). The prevalence of TB in the underlying community was the primary modifiable determinant of the cost per person diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Door-to-door screening can be feasibly performed at scale, but will require effective triage and identification of high-prevalence populations to be affordable and cost-effective.

The impact of time at home on potential yield of home-based TB contact investigation.

BACKGROUND: The yield of TB contact tracing is often limited by challenges in reaching individuals during the screening process. We investigated the times at which index patients and household contacts were typically at home and the potential effects of expanding the timing of home-based contact investigation.METHODS: Index patients and household contacts in Kampala, Uganda, were asked about their likely availability at different day/time combinations. We calculated the "participant identification gap" (defined as the proportion of participants who reported being home <50% of the time) during business hours only. We then estimated the incremental reduction in the participant identification gap if hours were expanded to include weekday evenings, Saturdays, and Sundays. Statistical significance was assessed using McNemar´s tests.RESULTS: Nearly half of eligible individuals (42% of index patients and 52% of contacts) were not likely to be home during contact investigation conducted only during business hours. Expanding to weekday evenings, Saturdays, and Sundays would reduce this participant identification gap to 15% among index patients and 18% among contacts - while also reducing differences by sex and employment.CONCLUSIONS: Expanding hours for conducting contact investigation or other home-based health interventions could substantially reduce the number of individuals missed and address disparities in access to care.

Social determinants of tuberculosis evaluation among household contacts: a secondary analysis.

Setting: Seven public sector tuberculosis (TB) units and surrounding communities in Kampala, Uganda. Objective: To evaluate the influence of household-level socio-economic characteristics on completion of TB evaluation during household contact investigation. Design: A cross-sectional study nested within the control arm of a randomized, controlled trial evaluating home-based sputum collection and short messaging service communications. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association between completion of TB evaluation and socio-economic determinants. Results: Of 116 household contacts referred to clinics for TB evaluation, 32 (28%) completed evaluation. Completing evaluation was strongly clustered by household. Controlling for individual symptoms, contacts from households earning below-median income (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.28, 95%CI 0.09-0.88, P = 0.029) and contacts from households in which the head of household had no more than primary-level education (aRR 0.40, 95%CI 0.18-0.89, P = 0.025) were significantly less likely to complete evaluation for TB. Conclusion: Socio-economic factors such as low income and education increase the risk that household contacts of TB patients will experience barriers to completing TB evaluation themselves. Further research is needed to identify specific mechanisms by which these underlying social determinants modify the capability and motivation of contacts to complete contact investigation.

Contexte : Sept unités de tuberculose (TB) du secteur public et les communautés qui les entourent à Kampala, Ouganda.Objectif : Evaluer l'influence des caractéristiques socioéconomiques des foyers sur l'achèvement de la recherche de TB lors de l'investigation des contacts domiciliaires.Schéma : Une étude transversale au sein du bras témoin d'un essai randomisé, contrôlé, évaluant le recueil de crachats à domicile et les communications par messagerie SMS. Nous avons utilisé des équations d'estimations généralisées afin d'estimer l'association entre l'achèvement de l'évaluation de la TB et les déterminants socioéconomiques.Résultats : Parmi les 116 contacts domiciliaires qui ont été référés à des centres de santé pour un bilan de TB, 32 (28%) ont achevé cette évaluation. L'achèvement de l'évaluation a été fortement regroupé par foyer. En contrôlant les symptômes individuels, les contacts des foyers ayant un revenu inférieur à la médiane (ratio de risque ajusté [RRa] 0,28 ; IC95% 0,09­0,88 ; P = 0,029) et les contacts des foyers dont le niveau d'instruction du chef ne dépassait pas l'école primaire (RRa 0,40 ; IC95% 0,18­0,89 ; P = 0,025) ont été significativement moins susceptibles de terminer le bilan de TB.Conclusion : Les facteurs socioéconomiques tels qu'un faible revenu et un faible niveau d'études augmentent le risque que les contacts domiciliaires de patients TB soient confrontés à des obstacles à l'achèvement de l'évaluation de la TB. Davantage de recherche est nécessaire pour identifier les mécanismes spécifiques par lesquels des déterminants sociaux sous-jacents modifient la capacité et la motivation des contacts à terminer leur bilan.

Marco de Referencia: Siete unidades de tuberculosis (TB) del sector público y las comunidades aledañas en Kampala, Uganda.Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de las características socioeconómicas de los hogares en la compleción de la evaluación de la TB durante la investigación de contactos domiciliarios.Método: Fue este un estudio transversal anidado en la rama de referencia de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, que evaluaba la recogida de esputo en los hogares y las comunicaciones por servicio de SMS. Se aplicaron ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas con el fin de apreciar la asociación entre la compleción de la investigación de la TB y los determinantes socioeconómicos.Resultados: Se remitieron a los consultorios 116 contactos domiciliarios para investigación de la TB y 32 completaron la evaluación (28%). La compleción de la investigación exhibió una importante distribución en conglomerados por hogares. Al ajustar con respecto a los síntomas individuales, se observó que era mucho menos probable que se completase la investigación de la TB en los contactos de hogares con un ingreso familiar por debajo de la mediana (razón de riesgos ajustada [aRR] 0,28; IC95% 0,09­0,88; P = 0,029) y en los contactos de hogares cuya cabeza de familia no tenía un grado de instrucción superior al nivel primario (aRR 0,40; IC95% 0,18­0,89; P = 0,025).Conclusión: Los factores socioeconómicos como un bajo ingreso y un grado inferior de instrucción aumentan el riesgo de que los contactos domiciliarios encuentren obstáculos propios para completar la investigación de TB. Se precisan nuevas investigaciones que definan los mecanismos mediante los cuales estos determinantes sociales subyacentes modifican la capacidad y la motivación de las personas a finalizar la investigación de contactos.

'Something so hard': a mixed-methods study of home sputum collection for tuberculosis contact investigation in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Home sputum collection could facilitate prompt evaluation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) among contacts of patients with active TB. We analyzed barriers to home-based collection as part of an enhanced intervention for household TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. DESIGN: We conducted a convergent mixed-methods study to describe the outcomes of home sputum collection in 91 contacts and examine their context through 19 nested contact interviews and two focus group discussions with lay health workers (LHWs). RESULTS: LHWs collected sputum from 35 (39%) contacts. Contacts reporting cough were more likely to provide sputum than those with other symptoms or risk factors (53% vs. 15%, RR 3.6, 95%CI 1.5-2.8, P < 0.001). Males were more likely than females to provide sputum (54% vs. 32%, RR 1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.8, P = 0.05). Contacts said support from the index patient and the convenience of the home visit facilitated collection. Missing containers and difficulty producing sputum spontaneously impeded collection. Women identified stigma as a barrier. LHWs emphasized difficulty in procuring sputum and discomfort pressing contacts to produce sputum. CONCLUSIONS: Home sputum collection by LHWs entails different challenges from sputum collection in clinical settings. More research is needed to develop interventions to mitigate stigma and increase success of home-based collection.

Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of routine childhood tuberculosis (TB) evaluation in Kampala, Uganda. SETTING AND DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of children aged <15 years attending six government-run clinics from November 2015 to December 2016. Clinicians completed a standardized patient record form for all child visits. We assessed the following performance indicators of TB evaluation developed based on the Desk Guide of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, an evidence-based decision aid on childhood TB diagnosis and management for clinicians: proportion screened for TB symptoms or contact history, proportion referred for laboratory evaluation if screen-positive, and proportion treated for TB if test-positive or meeting clinical criteria. RESULTS: Of 24 566 consecutive children enrolled, 11 614 (47%) were fully screened for TB symptoms. Of 1747 (15%) children who screened positive, 360 (21%) had sputum examined, including 159 (44%) using smear microscopy, 244 (67%) using Xpert® MTB/RIF, and 52 (14%) using both techniques. Treatment was initiated in 18/20 (80%) children who tested positive. An additional 65 screen-positive children met the clinical criteria for TB; none were initiated on treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Large gaps exist along the pathway to diagnosis and treatment of childhood TB. There is an urgent need for enhanced implementation of evidence-based approaches to TB diagnosis to improve outcomes in childhood TB.

Integrating home HIV counselling and testing into household TB contact investigation: a mixed-methods study.

Setting: Community health workers (CHWs) increasingly deliver community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counselling and testing (HCT) services. Less is known about how this strategy performs when integrated with household tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations. Objective: We conducted a prospective mixed-methods study to evaluate the feasibility and quality of CHW-facilitated, home-based HCT among household TB contacts. Design: CHWs visited households of consenting TB patients to screen household contacts for TB and HIV. They performed HIV testing using a serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay rapid-antibody testing algorithm. Laboratory technicians at health facilities re-tested the samples and coordinated quarterly HIV panel testing for CHWs. We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with CHWs on their experiences in carrying out home-based HCT. Results: Of 114 household contacts who consented to and underwent HIV testing by CHWs, 5 (4%) tested positive, 108 (95%) tested negative, and 1 (1%) had indeterminate results; 110 (96%) samples had adequate volume for re-testing. Overall agreement between CHWs and laboratory technicians was 99.1% (κ = 0.90, 95%CI 0.71-1.00, P < 0.0001). In FGDs, CHWs described context-specific social challenges to performing HCT in a household setting, but said that their confidence grew with experience. Conclusion: Home-based HCT by CHWs was feasible among household TB contacts and produced high-quality results. Strategies to address social challenges are required to optimize yield.

Contexte : Les travailleurs de santé communautaire (CHW) offrent de plus en plus de services de conseil et de test communautaires relatifs au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (HCT). On sait moins quel est le degré de performance de cette stratégie quand elle est intégrée à des visites à domicile à la recherche de contacts de tuberculose (TB).Objectif : Nous avons réalisé une étude prospective à méthodes variées afin d'évaluer la faisabilité et la qualité de CHW à domicile, facilité par des CHW dans les foyers des contacts de TB.Schéma : Les CHW ont visité les foyers des patients TB consentants afin de dépister les contacts domiciliaires de TB et du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). Ils ont réalisé des tests VIH grâce à un algorithme de test rapide de recherche d'anticorps en série par titrage avec immunoadsorbant lié à une enzyme. Les techniciens de laboratoire des structures de santé ont re-testé les échantillons et coordonné un test VIH en groupe trimestriel pour les CHW. Nous avons réalisé des discussions en groupe focal (FGD) avec les CHW à propos de leurs expériences de HCT à domicile.Résultats : Ont été consentants 114 contacts domiciliaires qui ont été testés à la recherche du VIH par les CHW : 5 (4%) ont eu un test positif, 108 (95%) ont eu un test négatif et 1 seul (1%) a eu des résultats indéterminés ; 110 (96%) échantillons avaient un volume suffisant pour un deuxième test. Au total, l'accord entre les CHW et les techniciens de laboratoire a été de 99,1% (κ = 0,90 ; IC95% 0,71­1,00 ; P < 0,0001). Lors des FGD, les CHW ont décrit les défis sociaux spécifiques du contexte de la réalisation du HCT dans le cadre d'un foyer, mais ont affirmé que leur confiance en eux avait augmenté avec leur expérience.Conclusion : Le HCT à domicile par les CHW s'est avéré faisable parmi les contacts domiciliaires de TB et a produit des résultats de très bonne qualité. Des stratégies visant à résoudre les défis sociaux sont requises afin d'optimiser le rendement.

Marco de referencia: Los agentes de salud comunitarios (CHW) prestan cada vez con mayor frecuencia servicios de asesoramiento y pruebas de detección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HCT) en las comunidades. Se conoce poco sobre la eficacia de esta estrategia cuando se integra en la investigación de contactos domiciliarios de los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB).Objetivo: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo con métodos mixtos, con el objeto de evaluar la factibilidad y la calidad de los servicios de HCT prestados por los CHW a los contactos de los casos de TB en los hogares.Método: Los CHW visitaron los hogares de los pacientes con TB que dieron su consentimiento, con el fin de realizar el HCT en los contactos domiciliarios. Los CHW practicaron la investigación de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) mediante un algoritmo de pruebas rápidas seriadas de anticuerpos de tipo inmunoabsorbente ligado a la enzima. Los auxiliares de laboratorio en los establecimientos de salud practicaban de nuevo las pruebas en las muestras y coordinaban la realización trimestral de series de pruebas por parte de los CHW. Se realizaron sesiones de grupos de opinión (FGD) con estos profesionales, a fin de compartir sus experiencias en HCT en los hogares.Resultados: Tras recibir su consentimiento, los CHW practicaron las pruebas del VIH a 114 contactos domiciliarios. Cinco contactos obtuvieron un resultado positivo (4%), en 108 el resultado fue negativo (95%) y en un caso el resultado fue indeterminado (1%). El volumen de 110 muestras (96%) fue suficiente para repetir las pruebas. La concordancia global entre los CHW y los auxiliares de laboratorio fue 99,1% (κ = 0,90; IC95% 0,71­1,00; P < 0,0001). En las FGD, los CHW describieron las dificultades sociales específicas del contexto que tuvieron que afrontar al prestar estos servicios en los hogares, pero afirmaron que con la práctica habían adquirido mayor confianza.Conclusión: La práctica domiciliaria del HCT a los contactos de los casos de TB por parte de los CHW fue factible y se obtuvieron resultados de gran calidad. Se precisan estrategias que respondan a las dificultades sociales encontradas con el propósito de optimizar el rendimiento.

Patterns of usage and preferences of users for tuberculosis-related text messages and voice calls in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Little information exists about mobile phone usage or preferences for tuberculosis (TB) related health communications in Uganda. METHODS: We surveyed household contacts of TB patients in urban Kampala, Uganda, and clinic patients in rural central Uganda. Questions addressed mobile phone access, usage, and preferences for TB-related communications. We collected qualitative data about messaging preferences. RESULTS: We enrolled 145 contacts and 203 clinic attendees. Most contacts (58%) and clinic attendees (75%) owned a mobile phone, while 42% of contacts and 10% of clinic attendees shared one; 94% of contacts and clinic attendees knew how to receive a short messaging service (SMS) message, but only 59% of contacts aged 45 years (vs. 96% of contacts aged <45 years, P = 0.0001) did so. All contacts and 99% of clinic attendees were willing and capable of receiving personal-health communications by SMS. Among contacts, 55% preferred detailed messages disclosing test results, while 45% preferred simple messages requesting a clinic visit to disclose results. CONCLUSIONS: Most urban household TB contacts and rural clinic attendees reported having access to a mobile phone and willingness to receive TB-related personal-health communications by voice call or SMS. However, frequent phone sharing and variable messaging abilities and preferences suggest a need to tailor the design and monitoring of mHealth interventions to target recipients.