Male predominance among Japanese adult patients with late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (LHC) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is mainly caused by viral infections. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 141 Japanese adult patients who underwent a first allogeneic HSCT from 1995 to 2002. In all, 19 patients developed LHC a median of 51 days after HSCT. Adenovirus (AdV) was detected in the urine of 10 LHC patients, of whom eight had AdV type 11. Five of the six available serum samples from these patients were also positive for AdV type 11, but the detection of AdV in serum was not associated with a worse outcome. Male sex and the development of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease were identified as independent significant risk factors for LHC. Male predominance was detected in LHC after HSCT, as has been previously shown in children with AdV-induced acute HC. The detection of AdV DNA in serum did not predict a poor outcome.

Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B virus after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients previously positive for hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), so-called reverse seroconversion, has been considered to be a rare complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We experienced two patients who developed reverse seroconversion among nine who were HBsAb positive and Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) positive before HSCT; one after autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and another after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). We reviewed the literature and considered that reverse seroconversion of HBV after HSCT is not uncommon among HBsAb positive recipients. The use of corticosteroids, the lack of HBsAb in donor, and a decrease in serum HBsAb and HBcAb levels may predict reverse seroconversion after HSCT.

Contribution of working memory to transient activation in human inferior prefrontal cortex during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the standard task paradigm to detect human frontal lobe dysfunction. In this test, subjects sort card stimuli with respect to one of three possible dimensions (color, form and number). These dimensions are changed intermittently, whereupon subjects are required to identify by trial and error a new correct dimension and flexibly shift cognitive set. We decomposed the cognitive requirements at the time of the dimensional changes of the WCST, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By explicitly informing subjects of a new correct dimension, the working memory load for the trial-and-error identification of the new dimension was removed. Event-related fMRI still revealed transient activation time-locked to the dimensional changes in areas in the posterior part of the inferior frontal sulci. However, the activation was significantly smaller than in the original WCST in which subjects had to use working memory to identify the new dimension by trial and error. Furthermore, these areas were found to spatially overlap the areas activated by a working memory task. These results suggest that working memory and set-shifting act cooperatively in the same areas of prefrontal cortex to adapt us to changing environments.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of asparagine derivatives of aminobenzylpenicillin.

In order to improve the antibacterial activity of aminobenzylpenicillin, penicillin derivatives having an asparagine moiety in the 6-acyl side chain (11a approximately g, 12a, b, f, g) were synthesized. The structure-activity relationship of new penicillins, N4-alkyl-asparaginylaminobenzylpenicillins, was investigated. N4-Methyl-D-asparaginylamoxicillin (11a), TA-058, was found to possess a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In acute toxicity, TA-058 showed good tolerance in mice (LD50 greater than 10 g/kg, i.v.).

Application of gradient-index fiber arrays to copying machines.

A gradient-index fiber array arranged in a plurality of rows, which forms an erect image with unit magnification, is employed as a novel optical system for use in a copying machine. In this paper, the optical characteristics of the fiber array are discussed. In particular, an equation indicating the quantity of light for slit-exposure scanning is introduced. The f/No. of the N-row array is defined in a form equivalent to the f/No. of a conventional lens.