[Prognosis of inhalation-related injuries in accidental release of ammonium and chlorine by the method of dynamic concentration]. / Prognoz ingaliatsionnogo porazheniia cheloveka pri avariinom vybrose ammiaka i khlora metodom dinamicheskoi kontsentratsii.

The article deals with new approaches to evaluate casualty effect of accidental chemical release exemplified by common and dangerous industrial chemicals ammonium and chlorine. Dynamic concentration method considers effects of high concentrations inducing instant reflex cardiac and respiratory arrest as well as lesions caused by variable toxic doses.

[New approaches to the evaluation of risk of acute poisoning during technogenic accidental emissions (for example, ammonia and chlorine)]. / Novye podkhody k otsenke riska ostrykh otravlenii pri tekhnogennykh avariinykh vybrosakh (na primere ammiaka i khlora).

The authors elaborated new methodic approaches to evaluation of acute ammonium and chlorine toxicity caused by possible accidental release. The approaches are based on comparison of clinical and toxicologic characteristics of various types of acute chlorine poisoning with calculated levels of chlorine in air.

[Experimental study of the effect of formaldehyde during embryogenesis on the activity of rat liver enzyme systems in ontogenesis]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie vozdeistviia formal'degida v period émbriogeneza na aktivnost' fermentnykh sistem pecheni krys v ontogeneze.

The pregnant rats were treated with formaldehyde (0.5 mg/kg daily per os) during whole period of pregnancy. The activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, H(+)-ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of protein in liver celts of offsprings (newborns, 2 weeks age and 2 months age) were studied. It was shown differences in development enzyme systems of control and experimental animals during ontogenesis.

Information technologies for clinical toxicology in Russia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe Poison Information in Russia. RESULTS: The Moscow Toxicology Information and Advisory Center was created in 1993 as an institution of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Medical Industry. The Toxicology Information and Advisory Center is the first in a network of over 20 toxicology information centers to be created in different regions of Russia by 1998. At present the Toxicology Information and Advisory Center serves over 20 million people in the Moscow region with episodic inquiries from other areas. A prototype national bank of clinical and toxicological data on acute chemical poisoning and an information retrieval system POISON have been created. Work is underway to create computerized systems for data analysis of telephone inquiries on diagnosis and treatment protocols of acute poisoning.

[Prospects of creation of a computerized advisory service for resuscitation physicians concerned with acute chemical poisoning in humans]. / Perspektivy sozdaniia komp'iuternogo konsul'tativnogo obsluzhivaniia reanimmatologov po voprosam ostrykh khimicheskikh otravlenii cheloveka.

The paper describes the basic functions of the first in Russia Toxicological Information and Advisory Center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation. Analysis of over six thousand calls to the Center in 1993-1994 showed that the principal users of the information are ambulance unit physicians (43.61%), emergency units (12.9%), and population (11.7%). The main toxic agents are drugs (58%), industrial and household chemicals, alcohol, and surrogates. The authors formulate a concept of advisory service technology for resuscitation physicians in cases with acute chemical poisonings.

[Structural and functional changes in the liver of pregnant rats and their fetuses exposed to cadmium, benzol and lead nitrate]. / Strukturno-funktsional'nye izmeneniia v pecheni beremennykh krys i ikh plodov pri vozdeistvii kadmiia, benzola i nitrata svintsa.

Lead nitrate administered to noninbred rats with drinking water on the level of IO MAC (0.3 mg/l) during the whole period of gestation lead to the strengthening of hepatotoxic effect of cadmium chloride (7.5 and 15 mg/kg daily by gavage from the 1st to 20th day of gestation), manifest in significant increase of the hepatocytes alteration index, increase of the number of the pyknotic cells of reticuloendothelial system, increase of the degree of dams' liver hepatocytes dystrophy, decrease in the specific volume of megakaryocytes in the liver of their fetuses.

[Anthropogenic low-intensity environmental factors and life expectancy: new aspects of the problem]. / Antropogennye faktory okruzhaiushchei sredy maloi intensivnosti i prodolzhitel'nost' zhizni: novye aspekty problemy.

Based on their own universal concept of the causal relationship between chemical environmental agents and the human body, confirmed by numerous experimental data, the authors suggest that the biological process of aging may be accelerated or inhibited under exposure to chemical low-intensity environmental factors due to changes in the nonspecific resistance of the body.

[Morphofunctional status of the system of mononuclear phagocytes in rats exposed to the embryotoxic effect of cadmium]. / Morfofunktsional'noe sostoianie sistemy mononuklearnykh fagotsitov krys pri èmbriotoksicheskom vozdeistvii kadmiia.

The experiments have been performed on white non-inbred rats, subjected to intragastric injection of cadmium chloride (7.5 mg/kg) during the whole period of pregnancy. Morphological analysis has been performed on the state of the main links in mononuclear phagocytes system (osseous-medullary precursors, monocytes of blood and alveolar macrophages of lungs), using cytological, cytochemical and electron microscopical (scanning electron microscopy) investigation methods. Changes in the cell enzymatic activity, inhibition of adhesiveness and lesion of the superficial architectonics of blood monocytes and pulmonary macrophages have been revealed against the background of their increased phagocyting activity. This demonstrates certain decrease in nonspecific resistivity of the organism, when the embryotoxic effect is developing.

[The dependence of the carcinogenic effect on the concentration of N-nitrosodiethylamine]. / Izuchenie zavisimosti kantserogennogo éffekta ot kontsentratsii N-nitrozodiétilamina.

In a 86-week-long experiment using 1087 mice (487 hybrids and 600 non-inbred animals), the concentration-effect relationship was studied for N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) given in drinking water. NDEA concentrations of 0.08; 0.4; 2.0 and 10.0 mg/l produced tumors in male and female hybrids with the frequencies of 35.9/30.9, 49.9/43.6, 61.9/72.3 and 81.8/82.9%, respectively (20.0.20.0% in controls) whereas in non-inbred animals the frequencies were 15.6/34.2, 24.2/33.3, 35.9/57.1 and 78.4/80.9%, respectively (15.0/30.0% in controls). The "minimal effective" carcinogenic level of NDEA proved 0.4 mg/l for hybrids and 2.0 mg/l for non-inbred mice (P less than 0.05). No sex differences were found for frequency or histologic pattern of tumor. The data obtained can be used in calculating sanitary-hygienic standards for NDEA.

[The dependence of the carcinogenic effect on the concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in (CBA x C57Bl/6)F1 mice and noninbred mice]. / Zavisimost' kantserogennogo éffekta ot kontsentratsii N-nitrozodimetilamina u myshei (CBA x C57Bl/6)F1 i nelineinykh myshei.

The relationship between the tumour frequency and nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) concentration in drinking water was studied in the experiments involving 495 (CBA x C57Bl/6)F1 hybrid and 600 noninbred mice of both sex. At the NDMA concentrations of 0.04, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/l the tumour frequency was as follows: 21.6/26.2, 35.5/27.3, 57.4/56.4, 90.5/72.9% (20.0/20.0% in control) in hybrid mice; and 15.4/39.6, 18.2/43.5, 62.2/61.0, 76.5/87.5% (15.0/30.0% in control) in noninbred mice, respectively. In the given experiments the minimal effective NDMA concentration was 1.0 mg/l, and the maximal effective one--0.2 mg/l both for the hybrids and noninbred animals. The results of the research may be used for calculation of the MPC for NDMA.

[Carcinogenicity of chloroform]. / Izuchenie kantserogennosti khloroforma.

Carcinogenicity of chloroform for various dosage and route of administration was assessed in CBA X C57B1/6 mice in a chronic experiment (250 or 15 mg/kg body weight in vegetable oil, intra-esophageally via a probe; or 300; 30; 3; 0.3 or 0.03 mg/l in drinking water). Chloroform did not reveal its carcinogenic properties unless a dose of 250 mg/kg was given.