Difference in killing activity of caspofungin and paradoxical growth between Candida albicans and C. krusei clinical isolates in different media.

Minimum fungicidal concentration (mFC) of caspofungin was determined against 16 Candida albicans and 16 C. krusei in Rpmi-1640 and antibiotic medium 3 (Am3). time-kill tests were performed on six C. albicans and four C. krusei strains at 0.06-16 mg/l caspofungin. mFC ranges after 48 h were 0.5-1 and 1-2 mg/l for C. albicans and C. krusei, respectively; one C. albicans and the C. krusei reference strain showed paradoxical growth (pG) in Rpmi-1640, respectively. in killing experiments, after 48 h caspofugin was fungicidal against two and four C. albicans in Rpmi-1640 (at 16 mg/l) and in Am3 (at >0.5 mg/l), respectively; pG was noted in three and two cases, respectively. Caspofungin at >2 and 0.5 mg/l was fungicidal against all tested C. krusei strains even after 24 h in Rpmi-1640 and Am3, respectively. Killing activity of caspofungin against C. albicans and C. krusei could be exactly measured only by killing curves.

In vitro study of Candida tropicalis isolates exhibiting paradoxical growth in the presence of high concentrations of caspofungin.

Paradoxical growth was noted in RPMI 1640 and antibiotic medium 3 in the case of 14 and 1 of 15 Candida tropicalis strains, respectively, at a caspofungin concentration of 12.5 microg/ml using minimum fungicidal concentration tests. Time-kill assays showed that against isolates killed at lower concentrations, caspofungin at a concentration of 12.5 microg/ml was only fungistatic.

Correlation of posaconazole minimum fungicidal concentration and time kill test against nine Candida species.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the in vitro activity of posaconazole against nine Candida species using minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) measurements and time-kill methods. METHODS: MFCs of posaconazole were determined for 209 clinical isolates (32 Candida albicans, 30 Candida glabrata, 21 Candida tropicalis, 29 Candida krusei, 28 Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, 50 Candida inconspicua, 13 Candida kefyr, 3 Candida lusitaniae and 3 Candida guilliermondii) and 7 ATCC Candida strains. The following strains were tested in time-kill studies: 3 strains each of C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. guilliermondii and C. lusitaniae; 2 C. tropicalis; 4 C. albicans; 4 C. inconspicua; 9 C. krusei; 12 C. parapsilosis; and 7 ATCC strains. RESULTS: Posaconazole was fungicidal in both MFC and time-kill experiments (at 2 mg/L within 48 h in time-kill assays) against each C. krusei, C. inconspicua and C. lusitaniae strain and was fungistatic against each C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondii strain. For the C. parapsilosis strains, posaconazole MFCs were

[Use of antibiotics at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Debrecen Medical University in the last 10 years (1989-1998)]. / Antibiotikum alkalmazás a DOTE stomatológiai Klinika Szájsebészeti Osztályán az elmúlt 10 év során (1989-1998).

Just like in other areas of the medical science antibiotics are widely used in oral surgery, too. The aim of the present study is to give a retrospective survey of the use of antibiotics between the years 1989-1998 in the Section of Oral surgery of the Stomatological Department of the Medical and Health Science Centre of Debrecen University. Examined in the study was the antibiotic therapy of patients admitted to the ward, since that was accessible for follow-up unequivocally. The data were obtained from the case records. The study involves the number of antibiotically treated patients in relation to the total number of patients, the age dependence, the length of the treatment and that of the febrile condition. Also examined were the antibiotics chosen, the frequency and results of cultures, in the case of hypersensitivity, the application of alternative drugs. In a final summary, all these were broken down to years and the most frequent diseases. The most frequent disorders involved in the study were: fractures, abscess, cysts, periostitis, antroalveolar fistula--chronic sinusitis. On examining the quantitative parameters of use, it was found that use decreased as a whole and in its proportions, but there was a continuous increase in the number of patients in the course of the years. In the case of the fractures the duration of treatment decreased in the course of the years (from 9 to ca. 6 days). The antibiotic first administered was penicillin, whereas in 1998 the most frequently used drug was a broad-spectrum penicillin derivative (Augmentin) combined with a lactamase inhibitor. In the treatment of abscesses the most effective drug was Amoxycillin (length of treatment ca. 3 days, 1-day febrile condition). The days of treatment decreased with cysts, too, (from 15 days to 5). In their therapy., after the prevalence of Amoxycillin, Augmentin won the first place. The drugs of choice were Augmentin and Ampicillin in periostitis, too (secondary choice were cephalosporins). With antroalveolar fistulas the choice was similar (Augmentin, Aktil). One must take into consideration that added to the total consumption in the last years, were the antibiotic drugs applied for systemic surgical prophylaxis. In view of the prescription of antibacterial drugs used in oral surgery we can see quantitative and qualitative changes can be observed in the period under study.

[Analysis of secretion into the saliva of cefoxitin (Mefoxin), imipenem (Tienam) and meropenem (Meronem)]. / Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), imipenem (Tienam) és meropenem (Meronem) nyálba történö kiválasztódásának vizsgálata.

The salivary excretion of cefoxitin (Mefoxin), a second-generation beta-lactam antibiotic of the cefalosporin group, which shows enhanced anti-anaerobic effect was investigated in oral surgery patients. In animal experiments the saliva levels of imipenem (Tienam) and meropenem (Meronem), which also belong to the betalactam carbapenem group were studied. The antibiotics were administered parenterally in single therapeutic doses, then blood samples were taken first after half an hour then hourly, and mixed saliva was collected for 6 hours. Cefoxitin was found to reach top level in the 1st hour, then this level decreased rapidly, and in the 4th hour it was no longer measurable. Out of the carbapenems imipenem showed highest level in the 2nd hour and in the 4th hour its concentration in the saliva was minimal. Meropenem reached a higher level in the saliva (1,5-2 times higher than the serum level) in the 2nd hour after administration, which persisted even in the 6th hour. The experimental results justify the administration of these antibiotics in dentistry and oral surgery.

Inhibition of rat parotid gland growth response induced by chronic isoproterenol following treatment with quinolone antibiotics.

While antibiotics are broadly used in dental and medical therapy, little attention has been directed towards the potential toxic side effects of antibiotics on tissue regeneration. Here we examined the effect of a quinolone antibiotic, pefloxacin (Rhone Poulenc) on rat parotid gland responses to chronic isoproterenol treatment. Groups of rats received injections of isoproterenol to induce glandular growth, saline (controls), pefloxacin, or isoproterenol and pefloxacin in combination. Parotid gland weight decreased significantly after pefloxacin treatment for 7 days as well as inhibiting glandular enlargement provoked by isoproterenol. The same trend was observed for the rates of DNA synthesis, with the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in isoproterenol/pefloxacin-treated rats reduced to 49% of isoproterenol treatment alone levels. Saline-treated animals were 42% of the rate of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA observed in isoproterenol treated rats. While isoproterenol treatment increased steady-state mRNA levels for fos, jun, myc, src, c-erbB-2, ras and topo II, inclusion of pefloxacin with the isoproterenol regimen blocked these increases. Pefloxacin treatment by itself did not alter proto-oncogene mRNA levels in the parotid gland. Glandular amylase activity was decreased in the pefloxacin treated group, while the combination of isoproterenol with pefloxacin did not decrease glandular amylase levels to the extent of that observed with beta-agonist treatment alone. In acute experiments, pefloxacin significantly decreased the volume of saliva secreted by the parotid gland. These results suggest that quinolone-based antibiotics disturb the secretory function of the parotid gland and can inhibit cell proliferation and regeneration.

[Excretion of fluoroquinolones into saliva]. / Fluorokinolonok nyálba történö kiválasztódásának vizsgálata.

The excretion of three fluoroquinolones derivatives into the saliva were studied in animal experiments. Ofloxacin per os administered to rabbits was excreted into the saliva well, and maintained the therapeutic level long--about 7 hours. Pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin iv. administered to mice were similarly excreted into the saliva at therapeutic levels and retained the antibacterial level for about 4 hours.

[Excretion of erythromycin, clindamycin and lincomycin into the saliva]. / Erythromycin, clindamycin és lincomycin nyálba történö kiválasztódásának vizsgálata.

In rabbit experiments (n = 10) the salivary and serum levels of several antibiotics were studied after per os (clindamycin, erythromycin and lincomycin) and iv. (erythromycin) administration. Erythromycin was excreted into the saliva in a considerable degree (in 60-75% of the serum level) and displayed therapeutical levels for 5-6 hrs, whereas clindamycin and lincomycin reached in the saliva only 25-30% of the serum level and therapeutic levels were maintained only for 3 hours.

[Excretion of cefonicid and ceftriaxone into the saliva]. / Cefonicid és ceftriaxon nyálba történö kiválasztódásának vizsgálata.

The serum and saliva levels of cefonicid (Monocid) and ceftriaxon (Rocephin) were studied after iv. administration on mice. It was found that both of the antibiotics were secreted well into saliva and their therapeutic values remained for 4-5 hours.