What factors influence the R value in data-driven respiratory gating technique? A phantom study.

OBJECTIVE: The R value is adopted as a metric for the effectiveness of the respiratory waveform in the Advanced Motion Free implemented in the PET scanner as the data-driven respiratory gating (DDG) algorithm. The effects of changes in various factors on R values were evaluated by phantom analysis. METHODS: We used a programmable respiratory motion phantom QUASAR with a sphere filled with an 18F solution. Respiratory motion simulation was performed by changing the sphere diameter, radioactivity concentration, amplitude, respiratory cycle, and respiratory waveform shape. Three evaluations were performed. (1) The power spectra calculated from the input waveforms were evaluated. (2) The effects of changes in the factors on the R value were evaluated. (3) DDG waveforms and inspiratory peak intervals were compared with the input waveform data set. RESULTS: The R values were increased and converged to a certain value as sphere diameter, radioactivity concentration, and amplitude gradually increased. The respiratory cycle showed the highest R value at 7.5 s, and the graph showed an upward convex pattern. The R value of the sinusoid waveform was higher than that of the typical waveform. There was a relationship between the power spectrum of the input waveform and R value. The visual score was also lower in the condition with a lower R value. In cases of no sphere, radioactivity, or motion, and a fast respiratory cycle, peak intervals were not accurately acquired. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting the R value were sphere diameter, radioactivity concentration, amplitude, respiratory cycle, and respiratory waveform shape.

[Determination of Bone SPECT Image Reconstruction Conditions in the Head and Neck Region].

PURPOSE: Quantitative analysis using a standardized uptake value (SUV) has become possible for single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) of bone. However, previous research was targeted to the trunk area, and there are few studies for the head and neck region. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal image reconstruction conditions for bone SPECT of the head and neck using a phantom study. METHOD: The radioactivity concentration of the 99mTc solution enclosed in the cylindrical phantom was set to the same count rate as in clinical cases, and six hot spheres (10, 13, 17, 22, 28, 37 mm) with four times the concentration were placed within it. The image reconstruction was 3D-OSEM, and the reconstruction conditions were varied by the number of iterative updates and the width of the Gaussian filter. Quantitative evaluations of the image quality were performed using the % contrast, background variability, and SUV for the hot spheres and background. A visual evaluation was performed by four observers to determine the optimal image reconstruction conditions for bone SPECT of the head and neck region. RESULT: The concentration of the 99mTc solution enclosed in the phantom was 6.95 (kBq/ml). Based on the results of the quantitative and visual evaluations, the optimal image reconstruction conditions were iterative updates=60 (subset: 10, iteration: 6) and a Gaussian filter of 7.8 mm. CONCLUSION: The optimal image reconstruction conditions were subset=10, iterations=6, and a Gaussian filter of 7.8 mm.

[Investigation of Computed Tomography Exposure Dose for Whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT Examination in Chugoku-Shikoku Regions].

PURPOSE: We investigated the way of thinking about the CT dose setting, the exposure dose (CTDIvol, DLP) and the image quality (standard deviation of liver: SDliver) of whole-body PET/CT examinations in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions for the optimized CT dose setting. METHOD: It was researched in the target 29 facilities which is equipped with 18F-FDG, PET/CT scanner in that regions. We examined how to determine the dose of complete physical PET/CT setting, the CT radiation dose (CTDIvol and DLP) and the image quality of CT fusion image that is the standard deviation of liver CT value in each facility. RESULT: The optimized CT dose was lower than the diagnostic CT in many facilities. The 75th percentile CTDIvol was 6.01 mGy. The 75th percentile DLP was 560.9 mGy ×cm. The SDliver was 14.6±5.3 HU. CONCLUSION: The CT condition was low setting in comparison with diagnostic CT in many facilities. The exposure dose was lower than the diagnostic CT dose. The image quality of the normal region of liver was very close to the diagnostic CT. Even though it was low dose, images were less noise components.

Optimization of reconstruction parameters using a multi-focus fan beam collimator in myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to optimize the reconstruction parameters for ordered subset conjugate gradient minimization (OSCGM) reconstruction using a multifocus fan beam collimator in myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHOD: We attempted to validate the following performance of OSCGM reconstruction parameters (iteration and subset). SPECT images were acquired using a dual-head gamma camera with IQ mode acquisition systems from a RH-2 cardiac phantom containing a 99m-Tc solution. The performance was evaluated using reconstruction parameters (product of subset and iteration: SI) with image contrast, LV volume [using quantitative perfusion SPECT (QPS)], root mean square uncertainty (RMSU), and normalized mean squared error (NMSE). RESULTS: The best results (contrast, uniformity, LV volume, and NMSE) were found for SI: 30. LV volume indicated the true volume for subset: 1 and iteration: 30, and LV volume was underestimated by 10% for iteration >20, and subset >1. CONCLUSION: The results of this myocardial perfusion SPECT study suggest the optimal OSCGM reconstruction parameter to be subset: 1 and iteration: 30 using a multifocus fan beam collimator.