Genomic evidence for homoploid hybrid speciation in a marine mammal apex predator.

Hybridization is widespread and constitutes an important source of genetic variability and evolution. In animals, its role in generating novel and independent lineages (hybrid speciation) has been strongly debated, with only a few cases supported by genomic data. The South American fur seal (SAfs) Arctocephalus australis is a marine apex predator of Pacific and Atlantic waters, with a disjunct set of populations in Peru and Northern Chile [Peruvian fur seal (Pfs)] with controversial taxonomic status. We demonstrate, using complete genome and reduced representation sequencing, that the Pfs is a genetically distinct species with an admixed genome that originated from hybridization between the SAfs and the Galapagos fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) ~400,000 years ago. Our results strongly support the origin of Pfs by homoploid hybrid speciation over alternative introgression scenarios. This study highlights the role of hybridization in promoting species-level biodiversity in large vertebrates.

As trajetórias assistenciais de usuários com obesidade na rede de atenção à saúde de Porto Alegre / The assistential trajectories of users with obesity in the health care network of Porto Alegre

Introdução:Partindo de toda a complexidade envolvida no enfrentamento da obesidade, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as trajetórias assistenciais de usuários com obesidade pela Rede de Atenção à Saúde do município de Porto Alegre-RS. Objetivo: analisar as trajetórias assistenciais de usuários com obesidade pela Rede de Atenção à Saúde do município de Porto Alegre-RS. Métodos:Estudo qualitativo e exploratório, com indivíduos que realizaram cirurgia bariátrica pela rede pública e profissionais de saúde, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Resultados: A partir da análise de conteúdo, foi possível traçar as trajetórias, destacando todos os pontos de atenção à saúde e profissionais acessados pelos usuários. Evidenciou-se que o cuidado àpessoa com obesidade se encontra fragilizado, ocorrendo em sua maioria em serviços especializados. A cirurgia bariátrica apareceu como uma opção central para o tratamento da obesidade, mesmo antes de se esgotarem outras tentativas de cuidado. Algumas das dificuldades apontadas foram a quase inexistência de equipe multiprofissional e a escassez de outras formas de cuidados. Como potencialidade,destacaram-se a facilidade de acessoe vínculos construídos na AB. Conclusão: Apesar dos avanços, o sistema de saúde brasileiro, em especial a Atenção Primária, ainda carece de melhorias, devendo ser vista não somente como primeiro local de acesso e encaminhamento, mas como ponto principal da rede, onde o usuário tenha suas necessidades reconhecidas.

Introduction: Starting from all the complexity involved in coping with obesity, the objective of this study was to analyze the care trajectories of users with obesity through the Health Care Network in the city of Porto Alegre.Objectives: to analyze the care trajectories of users with obesity through the Health Care Network in the city of Porto Alegre. Methods: Qualitative and exploratory study, with individuals who underwent bariatric surgery through the public network and with a health professional, through semi-structured interview. Results:From the content analysis it was possible to trace the trajectories, highlighting all the points of health care and professionals accessed by the users. It became evident that obesity care is weakened, mostly occurring in specialized services. Bariatric surgery appeared as a central option for the treatment of obesity, even before other attempts at care were exhausted. Some of the difficulties pointed out were the almost inexistence of a multidisciplinary team and the scarcity of other forms of care. As a potentiality, ease of access, service, and connection stood out. Conclusion:Despite the advances, the Brazilian health system, especially Primary Care, still needs improvement, and should be seen not only as the first place of access and referral, but as the main point of the network, where the user has their needs recognized.

Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere.

The phylogeny and systematics of fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) have long been studied with diverse data types, including an increasing amount of molecular data. However, only a few phylogenetic relationships have reached acceptance because of strong gene-tree species tree discordance. Divergence times estimates in the group also vary largely between studies. These uncertainties impeded the understanding of the biogeographical history of the group, such as when and how trans-equatorial dispersal and subsequent speciation events occurred. Here, we used high-coverage genome-wide sequencing for 14 of the 15 species of Otariidae to elucidate the phylogeny of the family and its bearing on the taxonomy and biogeographical history. Despite extreme topological discordance among gene trees, we found a fully supported species tree that agrees with the few well-accepted relationships and establishes monophyly of the genus Arctocephalus. Our data support a relatively recent trans-hemispheric dispersal at the base of a southern clade, which rapidly diversified into six major lineages between 3 and 2.5 Ma. Otaria diverged first, followed by Phocarctos and then four major lineages within Arctocephalus. However, we found Zalophus to be nonmonophyletic, with California (Zalophus californianus) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) grouping closer than the Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) with evidence for introgression between the two genera. Overall, the high degree of genealogical discordance was best explained by incomplete lineage sorting resulting from quasi-simultaneous speciation within the southern clade with introgresssion playing a subordinate role in explaining the incongruence among and within prior phylogenetic studies of the family. [Hybridization; ILS; phylogenomics; Pleistocene; Pliocene; monophyly.].

Relação entre imagem corporal, atitudes para transtornos alimentares e estado nutricional em universitárias da área da saúde / Relationship between body image, attitudes towards eating disorders and nutritional status in university students in the health area

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre a insatisfação da imagem corporal, atitudes para transtornos alimentares e o estado nutricional em universitárias da área da saúde. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo com 225 universitárias matriculadas em oito cursos da área da saúde. Para obtenção dos dados, utilizaram-se três instrumentos autoaplicáveis: o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e um questionário construído pelas pesquisadoras contendo os dados autorreferidos de altura, peso atual e peso desejado, curso e idade. O estado nutricional foi estabelecido segundo o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. Para análise dos dados, aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A média de idade foi de 22,65 anos e a de IMC, de 23,05 kg/m2, estando a maioria das universitárias em eutrofia (69,8%). Quanto ao peso desejado, 74,7% gostariam de pesar menos; dessas, 64,9% eram eutróficas. Conforme o BSQ, 51,1% das universitárias tiveram algum grau de insatisfação corporal, e a prevalência de atitudes indicativas de transtornos alimentares, de acordo com o EAT-26, foi de 21,8%. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre: IMC e BSQ (p < 0,001); IMC e EAT-26 (p < 0,005); BSQ e EAT-26 (p < 0,001). Ao relacionar a insatisfação da imagem corporal e atitudes de risco para transtornos alimentares, percebeu-se que 87,75% das universitárias com EAT positivo também apresentaram algum grau de insatisfação corporal. Conclusão Evidenciou-se a existência de relação entre a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, atitudes de risco para transtornos alimentares e estado nutricional de universitárias da área da saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the relationship between body image dissatisfaction, attitudes towards eating disorders and nutritional status in university students of health area. Methods Descriptive, transversal and quantitative study with 225 university students registered in eight health courses. To obtain the data, three self-administered instruments were used: the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and a questionnaire built by the researchers, containing the self-reported data of height, current and desired weight, course and age. The nutritional status was established according to the calculation of body mass index (BMI). For the data analysis, the Pearson chi-square test was applied, adopting the significance level of 5%. Results The mean age was 22.65 years and the BMI was 23.05 kg/m2, with the majority of university students in eutrophy (69.8%). Regarding the desired weight, 74.7% would like to weigh less, of which 64.9% were eutrophic. According to the BSQ, 51.1% of university students had some degree of body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of attitudes indicative of eating disorders, according to the EAT-26, it was 21.8%. There was a statistically significant association between: BMI and BSQ (p < 0.001); BMI and EAT-26 (p < 0.005); BSQ and EAT-26 (p < 0.001). When correlating the dissatisfaction of body image and attitudes of risk for eating disorders, it is noticed that 87.75% of university students with positive EAT also presented some degree of body dissatisfaction. Conclusion It was evidenced the existence of relation between the body image dissatisfaction, attitudes of risk for eating disorders and nutritional status of university students of health area.