A Very Simple Suture Technique for Correction of Primary Multiple Folds in Asian Eyelids.

BACKGROUND: Upper blepharoplasty is 1 of the most popular cosmetic procedures in Asia. As people become older, they develop soft tissue atrophy and multiple folds due to a sunken upper eyelid. Furthermore, people with thin upper eyelid skin are more likely to develop multiple folds, even at a young age. The authors investigated the effectiveness of a transverse mattress suture technique to prevent recurrence during upper blepharoplasty in patients with primary multiple folds. PATIENTS/METHODS: Data on 656 patients with primary multiple folds who underwent upper blepharoplasty from March 2017 to January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The authors compared the operative time, patients' satisfaction, panel assessment, and complications according to whether the suture technique was used. RESULTS: Among 656 patients, 228 were lost to follow-up or had incomplete data; therefore, the files of 428 patients were analyzed. In total, 199 patients did not undergo the suture technique, whereas 229 patients did. Statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups in patients' satisfaction, aesthetic results, and recurrence. However, between-group difference was not significant in terms of symmetry or complications such as hematoma and swelling. CONCLUSIONS: People with thin upper eyelid skin or slightly protruding eyes are more likely to develop multiple folds at a young age, even in their teens or 20s. The authors performed a skin suture during upper blepharoplasty, and then performed a transverse mattress suture on the spots where multiple folds are expected. Patients who underwent the suture technique showed better aesthetic results and a significantly lower recurrence rate.

Bipolar or monopolar electrosurgery in blepharoplasty: A comparison of surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: An electrosurgery unit (ESU) is the mainstay of bleeding control in blepharoplasty. There are two different types of ESUs: monopolar (m-ESU) and bipolar (b-ESU). AIMS: We used m- and b-ESUs in upper, lower, and combined blepharoplasty and compared their outcomes. PATIENTS/METHODS: In this retrospective file review of 292 blepharoplasty patients, we excluded 14 who were lost to follow-up or had missing data; among the 278 enrolled patients, we recorded operative time, a surgeon panel's score for edema and ecchymosis on the third postoperative day, patients' scores of their satisfaction and inconvenience, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-nine patients were included in the m-ESU and b-ESU group. Overall, 105 patients underwent upper blepharoplasty, 77 underwent lower blepharoplasty, and 96 underwent combined blepharoplasty. The total mean operative time in the m-ESU and b-ESU was 67.94 and 62.82 minutes, respectively. This difference was not significant (P > .05). The panel's edema and patient satisfaction and inconvenience scores were significantly better in the b-ESU group (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the panel's ecchymosis score and frequency as well as nature of complications between the m-ESU and b-ESU group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of blepharoplasty patients, minimally invasive b-ESUs were efficient in obtaining reliable surgical results with higher satisfaction and lower inconvenience rates of patients than m-ESUs. We would like to recommend the use of b-ESUs in blepharoplasty, especially for plastic surgeons inexperienced in periorbital esthetic surgery.

Location of the split line of the deep temporal fascia when reducing a zygomatic arch fracture.

BACKGROUND: The deep temporal fascia (DTF) is known to separate into two layers that descend to attach to the zygomatic arch. When surgeons reduce an isolated fracture of the zygomatic arch through a temporal approach, the temporal incision site needs to be superior to the split line of the DTF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven hemifacial cadavers were investigated after removing the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial temporal fascia. The superficial layer of the DTF was exposed. We cut the superficial layer along the line along, which it adhered to the deep layer inseparably. The heights of the split line of the DTF from the superior border of the zygomatic arch and from the top of the helix were measured at three points: at the jugale, zygion, and 3 cm from the tragus. RESULTS: In all cases there were thick identifiable deep layers of the DTF. The mean heights of the split line of the DTF from the superior border of the zygomatic arch were 49.8, 46.7, and 42.6 mm at the jugale, zygion, and 3 cm from the tragus, respectively; the corresponding mean heights of the split line from the top of the helix were 19.1, 15.6, and 11.4 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the mean height of the split line of the DTF will be helpful for surgeons to determine the temporal incision site for ensuring the safe reduction of a zygomatic arch fracture.

The Postoperative Changes of Nasal Septum and Maxilla After Alveolar Bone Grafts in Patients With Unilateral Alveolar Cleft.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar clefts give rise to many aesthetic and functional problems among affected patients. Therefore, surgical adjustments of the bony defective anomalies are important. The authors performed secondary bone grafts and analyzed the effects particularly on the nasal septum and maxillary area (midface). METHODS: The patients who had alveolar bone grafts were retrospectively reviewed with pre/postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography; the measurements included distances between the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the vertical midline, angles between the nasal septum and the transverse line, and angles between the floor of the pyriform aperture and the transverse line. RESULTS: A total number of 23 patients were finally included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 9.7 ±â€Š1.95 years (range, 7-14 years). The mean distance between the ANS and the vertical midline was 5.3 ±â€Š4.70 mm/4.9 ±â€Š4.15 mm pre/postoperatively, showing the mean paired difference of 0.4 ±â€Š0.89 mm (P < 0.05). The mean angles between the nasal septum and the transverse line and between the floor of the pyriform aperture and the transverse line were 64.5 ±â€Š14.69°/65.9 ±â€Š13.73° and 21.7 ±â€Š8.94°/11.5 ±â€Š7.03° pre/postoperatively, showing the mean paired differences of -1.4 ±â€Š2.78° and 10.1 ±â€Š8.20°, respectively (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that secondary alveolar bone grafting has expanded effects on the adjacent midfacial structures.

The effect of the dental root on single mandibular bone fractures.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine the effect of the distributional relationship between dental roots and the mandibular bone on single mandibular bone fractures, which are common craniofacial fractures. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study in Seoul, Korea. Patients with single mandibular fractures in the symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and angle area, with tooth structure involvement were included. The control group included patients with simple, bone-level lacerations without fractures. In total, 94 patients (72 males and 22 females) were included in the treatment group, and 125 (71 males and 54 females) were included in the control group. The height of the mandibular bone and the dental root were measured with panoramic radiography. The central incisor represented the symphysis area, the canine represented the parasymphysis area, the first molar represented the body area, and the second molar represented the angle area. RESULTS: In the treatment group, symphysis fractures occurred in 16 patients (17%), parasymphysis fractures in 36 patients (38%), body fractures in 17 patients (18%), and angle fractures in 25 patients (27%). The ratios of the dental roots to the total height of the mandibular bone in the treatment group were 30.35%, 39.75%, 39.53%, and 36.27% for symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and angle areas, respectively, whereas in the control group, they were 27.73%, 39.70%, 36.76%, and 35.48%. The ratios of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: The results show that the higher ratio of the dental root to the height of the mandibular bone increases the fracture risk.

Percutaneous Autologous Fat Injection Following 2-Layer Flap Lower Blepharoplasty for the Correction of Tear Trough Deformity.

Tear trough deformity has been an area that has received much attention in terms of esthetic improvements. Fat transposition has been commonly used for the treatment of tear trough deformity. As some patients have had minimal improvement by that method, we propose the use of fat grafting combined with open blepharoplasty to complement the sunken area, including some of anterior maxilla region, and evaluate and precisely remove the excessive tissue.Lower blepharoplasty was performed by separating the skin and muscle flap. The excessive or laxed tissue was evaluated during the procedure and resected in each flap. Fat grafting was performed after completing a lower blepharoplasty, to ensure accurate placement on the spot where the surgeon originally intended. Overcorrection is not recommended.No serious complications were reported during a period of 10 years. Only 4 patients required a secondary fat injection.Patients who require structural correction of the lower eyelid area (eg, aggressive herniated fat, excessive skin laxity, or bulky orbicularis oculi muscle) and who need complementary material to fill the lower lid area (eg, deep, wide sunken area or relative exophthalmos) are good candidates for blepharoplasty with a fat grafting procedure.

Autogenous fat grafting for mild-to-moderate postoperative temporal hollowing after decompressive craniectomy: One-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Temporal hollowing is inevitable after decompressive craniectomy. This complication affects self-perception and quality of life, and various techniques and materials have therefore been used to restore patients' confidence. Autologous fat grafting in postoperative scar tissue has been considered challenging because of the hostile tissue environment. However, in this study, we demonstrate that autologous fat grafting can be a simple and safe treatment of choice, even for postoperative depressed temporal scar tissue. METHODS: Autologous fat grafting was performed in 13 patients from 2011 to 2016. Fat was harvested according to Coleman's strategy, using a tumescent technique. Patient-reported outcomes were collected preoperatively and at 1-month and 1-year follow-ups. Photographs were taken at each visit. RESULTS: The thighs were the donor site in all cases for the first procedure. The median final volume of harvested fat was 29.4 mL (interquartile range [IQR], 24.0-32.8 mL). The median final volume of fat transferred into the temporal area was 4.9 mL on the right side (IQR, 2.5-7.1 mL) and 4.6 mL on the left side (IQR, 3.7-5.9 mL). There were no major complications. The patient-reported outcomes showed significantly improved self-perceptions at 1 month and at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Despite concerns about the survival of grafted fat in scar tissue, we advise autologous fat grafting for patients with temporal hollowing resulting from a previous craniectomy.

Assessment of Normal Eyeball Protrusion Using Computed Tomographic Imaging and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Korean Adults.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess normal eyeball protrusion from the orbital rim using two- and three-dimensional images and demonstrate the better suitability of CT images for assessment of exophthalmos. METHODS: The facial computed tomographic (CT) images of Korean adults were acquired in sagittal and transverse views. The CT images were used in reconstructing three-dimensional volume of faces using computer software. The protrusion distances from orbital rims and the diameters of eyeballs were measured in the two views of the CT image and three-dimensional volume of the face. Relative exophthalmometry was calculated by the difference in protrusion distance between the right and left sides. RESULTS: The eyeball protrusion was 4.9 and 12.5 mm in sagittal and transverse views, respectively. The protrusion distances were 2.9 mm in the three-dimensional volume of face. There were no significant differences between right and left sides in the degree of protrusion, and the difference was within 2 mm in more than 90% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study will provide reliable criteria for precise diagnosis and postoperative monitoring using CT imaging of diseases such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and orbital tumors.

Secondary Cleft Nasal Deformity Correction Using Bioabsorbable Mesh.

INTRODUCTION: Septorhinoplasty in cleft patients is relatively difficult to perform and the outcomes are often unsatisfactory owing to weakness of the cartilage. Therefore, providing support to the cartilage is necessary. The authors used bioabsorbable mesh as a spreader or batten graft to support the septum in cleft patients those with weak cartilages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bioabsorbable mesh when performing septorhinoplasty in cleft patients. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, 34 patients with cleft lip and nose underwent open septorhinoplasty by using bioabsorbable mesh at the Konkuk University Medical Center. The authors determined the nasolabial angle, Goode ratio, alar base-nasal tip-columellar base angle, and columellar axis angle and performed a panel evaluation. RESULTS: In all, 29 of the 34 patients were included; 5 patients were excluded as lost to follow-up. The nasolabial angle increased from 85.69° to 91.62° (P = 0.0032), and the mean Goode ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.55, which was approximately the ideal value (P = 0.0017). The alar base-nasal tip-columellar base angle decreased from 36.28 to 31.74 (P < 0.0001). The columellar axis angle increased from 82.36 to 86.90 (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: As bioabsorbable mesh can provide strong support, results in good esthetic outcomes, and causes minimal complications, it can be used in septorhinoplasty for cleft patients.

Topographic relationships between the transverse facial artery, branches of the facial nerve, and the parotid duct in the lateral midface in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND: The aims of the present study were to clarify the topographic relationships between various structures in the lateral midface and to provide important anatomical information pertinent to face lifting or treatment of damage to the midface structure. METHODS: Thirty-two fixed cadavers were dissected (23 males and 9 females; mean age, 66.8 years) and 55 sides of midface were used. The transverse facial artery (TFA), zygomatic branch (Zb) and buccal branch (Bb) of the facial nerve, and the parotid duct (PD) were identified. The structures of the lateral midface were measured relative to the zygion and tragion. The vertical average distances from the zygion to each structure increased in the following order: ZB of the facial nerve, TFA, first Bb of the facial nerve, and PD. The horizontal average distance from the tragion to the point of emergence from anterior border of the parotid gland was also measured. RESULTS: The TFA was the closest and the third Bb of the facial nerve was the farthest away. The angles between the horizontal line and ZB of the facial nerve, TFA, PD, and first Bb of the facial nerve were +10.4, -2.3, -18.5, and -27.1 degrees, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results may be used to establish the precise locations and the courses of the important midface structures, and represent valuable data that may help to prevent complications during surgery for face lifting and reconstruction of the facial nerve and PD.

Anatomical characteristics of the nasal cartilages for successful rhinoplasty in Koreans.

BACKGROUNDS: The aims of the present study were to determine the exact level of separation of the upper lateral cartilage from the septal cartilage, and to classify the patterns of connection between the upper lateral cartilage and the lower lateral cartilage. METHODS: We dissected and photographed 60 sides of noses; 18 specimens were sectioned and stained with Masson's trichrome. RESULTS: The mean length of the connection between the upper lateral cartilage and septal cartilage was 16.1 mm. The mean level for separation of the upper lateral cartilage was 7.5 mm from the nasal bone. The pattern of connection between the upper lateral cartilage and lower lateral cartilage could be classified into five types: disconnection, end-to-end, overlap, scroll, and reverse scroll. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study will be helpful for surgical procedures such as nasal hump reduction and nasal cartilage work and also provide information for the anthropometric study of the nose.

Centralization or decentralization of facial structures in Korean young adults.

It is well known that facial beauty is dictated by facial type, and harmony between the eyes, nose, and mouth. Furthermore, facial impression is judged according to the overall facial contour and the relationship between the facial structures. The aims of the present study were to determine the optimal criteria for the assessment of gathering or separation of the facial structures and to define standardized ratios for centralization or decentralization of the facial structures.Four different lengths were measured, and 2 indexes were calculated from standardized photographs of 551 volunteers. Centralization and decentralization were assessed using the width index (interpupillary distance / facial width) and height index (eyes-mouth distance / facial height). The mean ranges of the width index and height index were 42.0 to 45.0 and 36.0 to 39.0, respectively. The width index did not differ with sex, but males had more decentralized faces, and females had more centralized faces, vertically. The incidence rate of decentralized faces among the men was 30.3%, and that of centralized faces among the women was 25.2%.The mean ranges in width and height indexes have been determined in a Korean population. Faces with width and height index scores under and over the median ranges are determined to be "centralized" and "decentralized," respectively.

Lateral facial contouring via a single preauricular incision.

Many Asians have faces with prominent zygomas, and therefore reduction malarplasty is one of the most frequently undergone surgeries in Asia, including South Korea. It is performed using various surgical approaches (external, intraoral, bicoronal or their combination). The reduction technique that is the most effective, safest and with the lowest morbidity needs to be determined. From December 2005 to January 2010, 1652 patients who wanted to undergo zygoma reduction for purely aesthetic reasons were operated on using a novel technique that we have developed (the 3S technique), which is a simple and safe surgical technique that results in only a short scar. First, under local anaesthesia, a 13- to 15-mm-long skin incision is made at each sideburn. The subperiosteal dissection is continued anteriorly all the way to the body of the zygoma. Zygoma reduction is then performed in three steps: (1) malar shaving (lateral area of the zygoma body), (2) lateral corticotomy (zygomatic arch) and (3) full-thickness osteotomy (pretubercular area of the temporomandibular joint). Next, the zygomatic arch is displaced medially with digital pressure (infracture). Finally, a Silastic drain is inserted through the incision site, skin repair is completed and a gentle compressive dressing is applied. Most of the patients were satisfied with the results of the operation. This technique provides the following advantages: (1) it is simple and safe because it is performed under only local anaesthesia; (2) only one scar is created at the sideburn; (3) no foreign bodies, such as wires or miniplates, are used; and (4) it is minimally invasive, and as such there are fewer potential complications (e.g., no cheek drooping due to a wide muscle incision or dissection, less oedema and bleeding and a short hospitalisation time). The presented technique is simpler and more effective than previously described surgical techniques for reduction malarplasty.

Anatomical verification and designation of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle.

The temporalis muscle, which is one of the masticatory muscles, enables elevation and retraction of the mandible. Direct injury to the temporalis muscle, facial nerve, or temporal fat pad during cranial-base surgery can cause temporal hollowing. The temporalis muscle is currently described in almost all atlases and textbooks as comprising a single layer. In this study, a superficial layer of the temporalis muscle is described, clarifying the anatomy of this muscle. Twenty heads of adult cadavers were dissected. The gross anatomy of the temporalis muscle was examined after removing the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial temporal fascia, and deep temporal fascia. The superficial layer of the temporalis muscle was clearly distinguishable from the deep layer. The superficial layer originated from the same region as the deep layer, and the muscle fibers of the two layers were intermingled in the superior part of the muscle. The deep layer of the temporalis muscle, which is referred to in textbooks and atlases simply as the temporalis muscle, was exposed after removing the superficial layer. The existence of this superficial layer was confirmed herein both histologically and by magnetic resonance imaging. Henceforth, the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle must be included in descriptions of the temporalis muscle in anatomy textbooks and atlases. The findings of this study are important not only from the perspective of simply acquiring correct anatomical knowledge, but also from the surgical perspective in preventing temporal hollowing during related surgical procedures.

Female-to-male proportions of the head and face in Koreans.

It is well known that the head and face are smaller in female subjects than in male subjects. However, almost all previous studies have quantified the size difference between female and male subjects as simple numerical values, which might not clarify the difference. The present study evaluated the female-to-male proportions of the head and face so as to clarify the sex-related differences. A total of 1939 female subjects and 1398 male subjects were divided into 3 age groups: young (20-39 y), middle-aged (40-59 y), and elderly (60-79 y). The dimensions were classified into 3 categories: 5 cephalic, 3 frontal facial, and 6 lateral facial. The female-to-male proportions of individual dimensions were compared in the 3 age groups using the following formula: female measurement value x 100/(mean of male measurement value). The female-to-male proportions of the cephalic dimension increased with age, with the female cephalic dimensions overall being about 96% of the male cephalic dimensions. The female-to-male proportions of the frontal facial dimension were constant across the age groups, with the female frontal facial dimensions overall being 95% of the male frontal facial dimensions. The female lateral facial dimension increased markedly from the young to middle-aged group and was constant or decreased slightly from the middle-aged to the elderly group. Overall, the female lateral facial dimensions were approximately 97% of the male lateral facial dimensions. The present study will suggest a new approach to elucidate those sex-related dimensional differences that are characteristic of female and male subjects.