Ultrafast Jahn-Teller Photoswitching in Cobalt Single-Ion Magnets.

Single-ion magnets (SIMs) constitute the ultimate size limit in the quest for miniaturizing magnetic materials. Several bottlenecks currently hindering breakthroughs in quantum information and communication technologies could be alleviated by new generations of SIMs displaying multifunctionality. Here, ultrafast optical absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy are employed to track the photoinduced spin-state switching of the prototypical complex [Co(terpy)2 ]2+ (terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) in solution phase. The combined measurements and their analysis supported by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) and multireference quantum chemistry calculations reveal that the complex undergoes a spin-state transition from a tetragonally elongated doublet state to a tetragonally compressed quartet state on the femtosecond timescale, i.e., it sustains ultrafast Jahn-Teller (JT) photoswitching between two different spin multiplicities. Adding new Co-based complexes as possible contenders in the search for JT photoswitching SIMs will greatly widen the possibilities for implementing magnetic multifunctionality and eventually controlling ultrafast magnetization with optical photons.

Perceived environmental barriers and facilitators of refugee children's physical activity in/around refugee accommodation: a qualitative case study in Berlin.

BACKGROUND: Previous research have identified built environmental attributes associated with refugee children's physical activity (PA); however, there is a lack of research focusing on refugee children's environmental perceptions at the individual level. We examined the perceived environmental barriers and facilitators of refugee children's PA. METHODS: Perceptions of PA environments by refugee children (n = 15, 6 to 13 years old) and their parents (n = 10) were captured by questionnaires and drawing workshops from one refugee accommodation in Berlin. Besides, photovoice was conducted with three children to obtain an in-depth understanding of their experiences of existing environments for PA. Research was applied between June and July 2019. All research material was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Refugee children and their parents identified micro-environments as the centre of children's daily PA, they usually played indoors but most parents perceived there was no spaces. In meso environments, children and parents thought there were insufficient spaces and were worried about neighbourhood safety. Furthermore, parents concerned more about 'space accessibility' for their children's playing purposes instead of 'space quality (e.g., equipment)' . Children also indicated the importance of informal spaces for their PA. CONCLUSIONS: Refugee children perceive a lack of space and safety when attempting to play in the existing micro and meso environments. Related practitioners should focus on providing more play spaces in micro environments and safe access to existing neighbourhood playfields. These efforts can augment much-needed research on strategies to better integrate refuge facilities to their urban context and essential in minimising current health and spatial inequality issues these vulnerable groups face across Germany and worldwide.

Understanding Spatial Characteristics of Refugee Accommodations Associated with Refugee Children's Physical Activity in Microenvironments: Six Case Studies in Berlin.

Refugee children often spend a considerable amount of time in refugee accommodations with limited space and limited access to communal facilities. Such environmental settings make it difficult for refugee children to engage in physical activity (PA), which is essential for their health and social inclusion. While there is a strong evidence base for environmental attributes associated with non-refugee children's PA, only a few studies have focused on refugee children. This article presents an exploratory study on the spatial characteristics of six refugee accommodations in Berlin and their relation to school-aged refugee children's opportunities to engage in PA. Micro-environmental attributes included building typology and availability, size, and access to communal PA spaces using Space Syntax. PA opportunities were assessed using staff surveys, interviews, and field trips. Results indicated that none of the case studies provided a comprehensive range of PA opportunities. They also revealed unequal access within the facilities. Whereas the role of size was inconsistent, vital predictors included fewer floors and corridors with easy access to internal and external PA spaces. Our recommendations include prioritizing compact buildings with moderate heights when retrofitting existing facilities and raising awareness for the importance of active play for this vulnerable group.

Built-environment attributes associated with refugee children's physical activity: a narrative review and research agenda.

Research has identified built environmental attributes associated with children's physical activity (PA); however, less is known for environmental correlates of refugee children's PA. This narrative review summarised the current evidence of associations between built environment attributes and refugee children's PA. Six databases were searched with three sets of terms related to exposure (built environment); outcome (PA); and target population (refugee children aged 6-12 years). Eight studies (one quantitative; seven qualitative) met the inclusion criteria. Key PA barriers were limited play space and lack of neighbourhood safety. Design of refugee facilities and surrounding environments should provide better access to formal, informal and safe spaces for children's play.

Chemical shift-based prospective k-space anonymization.

PURPOSE: Publicly available data provision is an essential part of open science. However, open data can conflict with data privacy and data protection regulations. Head scans are particularly vulnerable because the subject's face can be reconstructed from the acquired images. Although defacing can impede subject identification in reconstructed images, this approach is not applicable to k-space raw data. To address this challenge and allow defacing of raw data for publication, we present chemical shift-based prospective k-space anonymization (CHARISMA). METHODS: In spin-warp imaging, fat shift occurs along the frequency-encoding direction. By placing an oil-filled mask onto the subject's face, the shifted fat signal can overlap with the face to deface k-space during the acquisition. The CHARISMA approach was tested for gradient-echo sequences in a single subject wearing the oil-filled mask at 7 T. Different fat shifts were compared by varying the readout bandwidth. Furthermore, intensity-based segmentation was used to test whether the images could be unmasked retrospectively. RESULTS: To impede subject identification after retrospective unmasking, the signal of face and shifted oil should overlap. In this single-subject study, a shift of 3.3 mm to 4.9 mm resulted in the most efficient masking. Independent of CHARISMA, long TEs induce signal decay and dephasing, which impeded unmasking. CONCLUSION: To our best knowledge, CHARISMA is the first prospective k-space defacing approach. With proper fat-shift direction and amplitude, this easy-to-build, low-cost solution impaired subject identification in gradient-echo data considerably. Further sequences will be tested with CHARISMA in the future.

A Novel Intervention Platform for Service Members With Subjective Cognitive Complaints: Implementation, Patient Participation, and Satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION: Program overview of a novel cognitive training platform at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) for service members with subjective cognitive complaints: analysis of patient participation, satisfaction with the program, and perceived areas of improvement. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Retrospective review of 1,030 participants from November 2008 through May 2017. Data were obtained within an approved protocol (WRNMMC-EDO-2017-0004/# 876230). RESULTS: The program has shown growth in numbers of referrals, types of patient populations served, and patient visits. Patients report satisfaction with the program and endorse improvements in cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS: This program model may benefit other military facilities looking to provide and assess novel therapeutic approaches.

Scientific instrument Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE): instrumentation and baseline experimental capabilities.

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) delivers extremely intense (>1012 photons pulse-1 and up to 27000 pulses s-1), ultrashort (<100 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a repetition rate of up to 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable novel and groundbreaking experiments in ultrafast photochemistry and material sciences at the Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) scientific instrument. This paper provides an overview of the currently implemented experimental baseline instrumentation and its performance during the commissioning phase, and a preview of planned improvements. FXE's versatile instrumentation combines the simultaneous application of forward X-ray scattering and X-ray spectroscopy techniques with femtosecond time resolution. These methods will eventually permit exploitation of wide-angle X-ray scattering studies and X-ray emission spectroscopy, along with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, including resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray Raman scattering. A suite of ultrafast optical lasers throughout the UV-visible and near-IR ranges (extending up to mid-IR in the near future) with pulse length down to 15 fs, synchronized to the X-ray source, serve to initiate dynamic changes in the sample. Time-delayed hard X-ray pulses in the 5-20 keV range are used to probe the ensuing dynamic processes using the suite of X-ray probe tools. FXE is equipped with a primary monochromator, a primary and secondary single-shot spectrometer, and a timing tool to correct the residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses.

16p11.2 Microduplication and associated symptoms: A case study.

The minimal amount known regarding chromosomal microduplications and microdeletions presents a fascinating new direction of research into better understanding misunderstood symptoms and overall genomic influence. Specifically, the 16p11.2 microduplication has been associated with a myriad of possible cognitive, physical, and emotional symptoms. The purpose of this study is to inform the reader of the biological basis of the 16p11.2 microduplication, review sources that suggest a link between the microduplication and clinically relevant diagnoses/sources of impairment, and to better understand the implications and development of symptoms through the illustration of a case example. The case study involves an adolescent African-American female that possesses the 16p11.2 microduplication and focuses on the patient's intellectual and developmental delays, seen through self-report and analysis of her neurocognitive assessment results. Additionally, the patient's associated health complications, such as the development of seizures and a possibly compromised immune system, along with the development of anxiety and depression, are discussed. Implications toward the need for more robust protocol in testing and tracking the effects of this microduplication, such as implementing immunosorbent assay testing at the first sign of associated symptoms, are explored. Limitations are discussed.

The impact of workload on hygiene compliance in nursing.

The objective of this research was to clarify whether external factors (e.g. ward capacity, level of nursing intensity) had an influence on nursing staff compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. The study was conducted at a German hospital (450 beds). Quantitative data were collected prospectively in six trial phases (E1-E6) starting in June 2007 and ending in May 2008. Included in the study were ten hospital departments: four surgical wards, four internal medicine departments, and two interdisciplinary intensive care units. In six participant observation trials, nursing staff were monitored for the disinfection of hands. Narrative interviews were conducted immediately after the observation with those who did not disinfect their hands in accordance with national guidelines. Observations and interviews were unannounced, taking place at different times. The collected data was analysed on subsequent categorization after summarizing the core statements (content analysis). The statistical relevance of staff compliance to the rate of used ward capacity could be proved using a multifactorial regression model (P=0.011). Workload factors (e.g. maximum ward capacity, severity of patient cases) have an impact on staff compliance with hand hygiene guidelines, even where non-compliance contradicts the personal level of professional training.

[Nurses' perspective on interprofessional communication on an intensive care unit]. / <<...dann wird er halt operiert und es ist keine Blutgruppe da!>> Interprofessionelle Kommunikation von Pflegenden einer internistischen Intensivstation.

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore experience in nurses' interdisciplinary/interprofessional communication on an intensive care unit. The structure of communication and influencing factors were shown and interpreted from the perspective of the nurses. Nurses working on an internal medical intensive care unit at a teaching facility in central Germany were questioned by means of semi-structured interviews. One main result was that for nurses the culture of communication in the investigation unit was characterized primarily by hierarchical structures imposed by the physicians. This dominance was identified in all nursing activities resulting in a considerable adverse effect on the flow of information concerning the patient between nurses and physicians. Especially within the context of daily rounds nurses were confronted with barriers to participate actively with their knowledge and professional competence in the process of decision-making. The problems described are well known in everyday nursing practice and have been dealt with in the English research literature. However, this study's aim is to present and summarize the gained insights and to transfer them in a practice-oriented way into a selected field of work. Possible solutions for the problems of inter-professional communication are suggested in subsequent work steps in order to optimize patient care.

Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a hematological oncology ward and hygienic preventive measures. A long-term study.

BACKGROUND: We report on two endemic outbreaks of VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci, vanA type Enterococcus faecium) on a hematological oncology ward in a university hospital and a new strategic concept to fight against spread of VRE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During management of the outbreak, a total of 1,124 patients and 1,700 specimens were investigated from June 1999 to December 2001. Protective measures were instituted. Intensive prophylactic infection control was practiced until December 2003. RESULTS: Of the 1,124 patients, 44 were VRE-positive. From 1,700 environment specimens, 110 VRE isolates were obtained from the inanimate environment, 5 from the living environment. Molecular biological typing identified 5 different clones which had spread on the ward in different locations. CONCLUSION: The study shows the need for prophylactic microbiological screening investigations in the risk group of hematological oncology patients and consistent implementation of protective hygiene measures to prevent the spread of multiresistant infectious pathogens on risk wards. It is also shown that intervention can to control such an endemic outbreak.