RESUMEN
Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) protects against infection, and therefore, eliciting bNAbs by vaccination is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine efforts. bNAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on HIV-1 Env are among the most broadly active, but to date, responses elicited against this epitope in vaccinated animals have lacked potency and breadth. We hypothesized that CD4bs bNAbs resembling the antibody IOMA might be easier to elicit than other CD4bs antibodies that exhibit higher somatic mutation rates, a difficult-to-achieve mechanism to accommodate Env's N276gp120 N-glycan, and rare five-residue light chain complementarity-determining region 3. As an initial test of this idea, we developed IOMA germline-targeting Env immunogens and evaluated a sequential immunization regimen in transgenic mice expressing germline-reverted IOMA. These mice developed CD4bs epitope-specific responses with heterologous neutralization, and cloned antibodies overcame neutralization roadblocks, including accommodating the N276gp120 glycan, with some neutralizing selected HIV-1 strains more potently than IOMA. The immunization regimen also elicited CD4bs-specific responses in mice containing polyclonal antibody repertoires as well as rabbits and rhesus macaques. Thus, germline targeting of IOMA-class antibody precursors represents a potential vaccine strategy to induce CD4bs bNAbs.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , VIH-1 , Animales , Conejos , Ratones , Animales Salvajes/metabolismo , Anticuerpos ampliamente neutralizantes , Macaca mulatta , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Sitios de Unión , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Epítopos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular , PolisacáridosRESUMEN
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 develop after prolonged virus and antibody coevolution. Previous studies showed that sequential immunization with a V3-glycan patch germline-targeting HIV-1 envelope trimer (Env) followed by variant Envs can reproduce this process in mice carrying V3-glycan bNAb precursor B cells. However, eliciting bNAbs in animals with polyclonal antibody repertoires is more difficult. We used a V3-glycan immunogen multimerized on virus-like particles (VLPs), followed by boosting with increasingly native-like Env-VLPs, to elicit heterologous neutralizing antibodies in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Structures of antibody/Env complexes after prime and boost vaccinations demonstrated target epitope recognition with apparent maturation to accommodate glycans. However, we also observed increasing off-target antibodies with boosting. Eight vaccinated NHPs were subsequently challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and seven of eight animals became infected. The single NHP that remained uninfected after viral challenge exhibited one of the lowest neutralization titers against the challenge virus. These results demonstrate that more potent heterologous neutralization resulting from sequential immunization is necessary for protection in this animal model. Thus, improved prime-boost regimens to increase bNAb potency and stimulate other immune protection mechanisms are essential for developing antiHIV-1 vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra el SIDA , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , Infecciones por VIH , Productos del Gen env del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/inmunología , Vacunas contra el SIDA/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Heterófilos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , VIH-1 , Inmunización/métodos , Macaca , PolisacáridosRESUMEN
Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses mainly target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike. Here, we characterized polyclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, and contributions of avidity to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Using electron microscopy, we examined specificities of polyclonal plasma Fabs, revealing recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Moreover, a 3.4 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-spike complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor binding. Modeling based on these structures suggested different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking by IgGs on viruses, and characterized IgGs would not be affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. Overall, our studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/química , Betacoronavirus/química , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/química , Inmunoglobulina G/química , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/sangre , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Reacciones Cruzadas , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Mapeo Epitopo , Epítopos , Humanos , Inmunización Pasiva , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/aislamiento & purificación , Fragmentos Fab de Inmunoglobulinas/ultraestructura , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoglobulina G/ultraestructura , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/química , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/inmunología , Modelos Moleculares , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/sangre , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/química , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Sueroterapia para COVID-19RESUMEN
During the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the infection of millions of people and has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. The entry of the virus into cells depends on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Although there is currently no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-21-5. Here we report on 149 COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Plasma samples collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal pseudovirus neutralizing titres; titres were less than 50 in 33% of samples, below 1,000 in 79% of samples and only 1% of samples had titres above 5,000. Antibody sequencing revealed the expansion of clones of RBD-specific memory B cells that expressed closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titres, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on the RBD neutralized the virus with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) as low as 2 ng ml-1. In conclusion, most convalescent plasma samples obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/análisis , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/análisis , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Neutralización , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infected millions of people and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Virus entry into cells depends on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S). Although there is no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-21-5. Here we report on 149 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Plasmas collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal neutralizing titers ranging from undetectable in 33% to below 1:1000 in 79%, while only 1% showed titers >1:5000. Antibody cloning revealed expanded clones of RBD-specific memory B cells expressing closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titers, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on RBD neutralized at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as low as single digit ng/mL. Thus, most convalescent plasmas obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.
RESUMEN
Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses focus on the trimeric spike, with most against the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Here we characterized polyclonal IgGs and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their degree of focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and mild coronaviruses, and how avidity effects contributed to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Electron microscopy reconstructions of polyclonal plasma Fab-spike complexes showed recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes. A 3.4Å cryo-EM structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-S complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor-binding on "up" RBDs. Modeling suggested that IgGs targeting these sites have different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking on viruses and would not be greatly affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. These studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.