RESUMEN
The nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from the patients in Japan was conducted by Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and the Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology in 2014. The isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period between January 2014 and April 2015 by three societies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted at the central reference laboratory according to the method recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Susceptibility testing was evaluated in 1534 strains (335 Staphylococcus aureus, 264 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 29 Streptococcus pyogenes, 281 Haemophilus influenzae, 164 Moraxella catarrhalis, 207 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 254 Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ratio of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 43.6%, and those of penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae was 100%. Among H. influenzae, 8.2% of them were found to be ß-lactamase-producing ampicillin-resistant strains, and 49.1% to be ß-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin-resistant strains. Extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae and multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa with metallo ß-lactamase were 9.2% and 0.4%, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Programas de Optimización del Uso de los Antimicrobianos , Haemophilus influenzae/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Moraxella catarrhalis/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus pyogenes/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in Japan, was conducted by Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases and Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology in 2010. The isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period from January and April 2010 by three societies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted at the central reference laboratory according to the method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institutes using maximum 45 antibacterial agents. Susceptibility testing was evaluable with 954 strains (206 Staphylococcus aureus, 189 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 Streptococcus pyogenes, 182 Haemophilus influenzae, 74 Moraxella catarrhalis, 139 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 160 Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Ratio of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was as high as 50.5%, and those of penicillin-intermediate and -resistant S. pneumoniae were 1.1% and 0.0%, respectively. Among H. influenzae, 17.6% of them were found to be ß-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin (ABPC)-intermediately resistant, 33.5% to be ß-lactamase-non-producing ABPC-resistant and 11.0% to be ß-lactamase-producing ABPC-resistant strains. Extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae and multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa with metallo ß-lactamase were 2.9% and 0.6%, respectively. Continuous national surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory pathogens is crucial in order to monitor changing patterns of susceptibility and to be able to update treatment recommendations on a regular basis.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/microbiología , Humanos , Japón , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
The tandem and stepwise Staudinger/aza-Wittig reactions of several azides were examined in detail. The tandem reaction method (Method I) exhibited superior results in the yield of the corresponding isothiocyanates bearing an electron-withdrawing group than the conventional stepwise method (Method II) which involves the sequential treatment of the azides with triphenylphosphine and then carbondisulfide. The mechanistic consideration for both reaction methods was proposed on the basis of the 1H-NMR analyses.
Asunto(s)
Azidas/síntesis química , Isotiocianatos/química , Isotiocianatos/síntesis química , Azidas/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Estructura Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
An orally active carbapenem L-084, which exhibits high bioavailability in humans, has a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio moiety at the C-2 position of the 1beta-methylcarbapenem skeleton. We established a practical and cost-effective synthesis of 3-mercapto-1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidine (1) for further scale-up production of L-084. This synthesis method entails an industry-oriented reaction of azetidine ring-closure to yield N-benzyl-3-hydroxyazetidine (16), which is eventually converted to 1 via key intermediates, Bunte salts 19 and 20.
Asunto(s)
Azetidinas/síntesis química , Carbapenémicos/síntesis química , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Administración Oral , Azetidinas/química , Carbapenémicos/administración & dosificación , Carbapenémicos/química , Industria Farmacéutica , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Tiazoles/químicaRESUMEN
The design and synthesis of a series of 6-methylidene penems containing [6,5]-fused bicycles (thiophene, imidazole, or pyrazle-fused system) as novel class A, B, and C beta-lactamase inhibitors is described. These penems proved to be potent inhibitors of the TEM-1 (class A) and AmpC (class C) beta-lactamases and less so against the class B metallo-beta-lactamase CcrA. Their in vitro and in vivo activities in combination with piperacillin are discussed. On the basis of the crystallographic structures of a serine-bound reaction intermediate of 2 with SHV-1 (class A) and GC1 (class C) enzymes, compounds 14a-l were designed and synthesized. Penems are proposed to form a seven-membered 1,4 thiazepine ring in both class A and C beta-lactamases. The interaction energy calculation for the enzyme-bound intermediates favor the formation of the C7 R enantiomer over the S enantiomer of the 1,4-thiazepine in both beta-lactamases, which is consistent with those obtained from the crystal structure of 2 with SHV-1 and GC1.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 2 Anillos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Tiazepinas/química , Inhibidores de beta-Lactamasas , Aldehídos/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enterobacter aerogenes , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/mortalidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/mortalidad , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 2 Anillos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 2 Anillos/farmacología , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/química , Imidazoles/farmacología , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirazoles/química , Pirazoles/farmacología , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiofenos/síntesis química , Tiofenos/química , Tiofenos/farmacología , Resistencia betalactámica , beta-Lactamasas/químicaRESUMEN
We discovered an orally active carbapenem, L-084, through pharmacokinetic studies on various prodrug esters of (1R,5S,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-l-methyl-2-[1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-yl]thio-1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid (LJC11,036). L-084 showed a strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and exhibited the highest intestinal absorption among synthesized prodrugs of LJC11,036.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Carbapenémicos/farmacocinética , Profármacos/síntesis química , Profármacos/farmacocinética , Administración Oral , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Disponibilidad Biológica , Carbapenémicos/administración & dosificación , Carbapenémicos/síntesis química , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Ésteres , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Profármacos/administración & dosificación , Profármacos/farmacología , RatasRESUMEN
Beta-lactamases are serine and metallo-dependent enzymes produced by the bacteria in defense against beta-lactam antibiotics. Production of class-A, class-B, and class-C enzymes by the bacteria make the use of beta-lactam antibiotics ineffective in certain cases. To overcome resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, several beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are widely used in the clinic in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics. However, single point mutations within these enzymes have allowed bacteria to overcome the inhibitory effect of the commercially approved beta-lactamase inhibitors. Although the commercially available beta-lactamase inhibitor/beta-lactam antibiotic combinations are effective against class-A producing bacteria and many extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL's) producing bacteria they are less effective against class-C enzymes expressing bacteria. To circumvent this problem, based on modeling studies several novel imidazole substituted 6-methylidene-penem derivatives were synthesized and tested against various beta-lactamase producing isolates. The present paper deals with the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds.
Asunto(s)
Imidazoles/química , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , Inhibidores de beta-Lactamasas , Imidazoles/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/estadística & datos numéricos , Conformación Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
A novel and mild method was established to synthesize 6-methylidene penem compounds. This method entails a MgBr(2)/Et(3)N-promoted aldol-type condensation on 6-bromopenem 12 with an appropriately substituted aldehyde to yield the intermediate acetylated bromohydrin, which was smoothly converted to the final product with simultaneous deprotection of C3 carboxylic acid ester using activated zinc dust and phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. This process provides a useful variation of C-C bond formation method for penem derivatives and also serves as a practical synthetic method to prepare 6-exomethylenepenem derivatives without racemization at the C5 position.