Digital home care interventions and quality of primary care for older adults: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Population aging is forcing the transformation of health care. Long-term care in the home is complex and involves complex communication with primary care services. In this scenario, the expansion of digital health has the potential to improve access to home-based primary care; however, the use of technologies can increase inequalities in access to health for an important part of the population. The aim of this study was to identify and map the uses and types of digital health interventions and their impacts on the quality of home-based primary care for older adults. METHODS: This is a broad and systematized scoping review with rigorous synthesis of knowledge directed by the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data were analyzed through basic qualitative content analysis, considering the organizational, relational, interpersonal and technical dimensions of care. The preliminary results were subjected to consultation with stakeholders to identify strengths and limitations, as well as potential forms of socialization. RESULTS: The mapping showed the distribution of publications in 18 countries and in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Older adults have benefited from the use of different digital health strategies; however, this review also addresses limitations and challenges, such as the need for digital literacy and technological infrastructure. In addition to the impacts of technologies on the quality of health care. CONCLUSIONS: The review gathered priority themes for the equitable implementation of digital health, such as access to home caregivers and digital tools, importance of digital literacy and involvement of patients and their caregivers in health decisions and design of technologies, which must be prioritized to overcome limitations and challenges, focusing on improving quality of life, shorter hospitalization time and autonomy of older adults.

Monitoring of surface cleaning and disinfection in a Brazilian pediatric unit.

Background: Understanding the correlation between the methods of monitoring surface cleaning and disinfection (SCD) is fundamental for better infection control. Purpose: This study aims to correlate the SCD monitoring methods in a Brazilian pediatric unit. This is an exploratory, longitudinal, and correlational study. Methods: The study was conducted in a pediatric hospitalization unit of a medium-sized hospital from December 2020 to March 2021. Four high-contact surfaces were analyzed before and after the cleaning and disinfection process by means of visual inspection, quantification of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and colony-forming unit (CFU) count. The study consisted of three stages: stage I involving situational diagnosis of the SCD process; stage II referring to the implementation of the Surface Cleaning and Disinfection Standardization Program (SCDSP); and stage III involving long-term assessment after implementing the program. A total of 192 assessments were performed in each stage, totaling 576 in the three study stages. Conclusions: A significant correlation was found between the ATP quantification methods and microbial count in the bed railing (p = 0.009) and companion's armchair (p = 0.018) surfaces. In both cases, Spearman's correlation coefficients were positive, indicating a positive correlation between ATP and microbial count scores, that is, the higher the ATP values (in RLUs), the greater the microbial counts (in CFUs/cm2). The analysis of the ROC curves suggests that the surfaces presenting ATP below 108 RLUs can be considered approved. The ATP method yielded 78.6% sensitivity; in turn, microbial count presented a sensitivity of 85.7%. It is important to use different methods to monitor the cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, as each one has different sensitivity and specificity.

Digital Health Opportunities to Improve Primary Health Care in the Context of COVID-19: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic brought social, economic, and health impacts, requiring fast adaptation of health systems. Although information and communication technologies were essential for achieving this objective, the extent to which health systems incorporated this technology is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to map the use of digital health strategies in primary health care worldwide and their impact on quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We performed a scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) Extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic and comprehensive three-step search was performed in June and July 2021 in multidisciplinary health science databases and the gray literature. Data extraction and eligibility were performed by two authors independently and interpreted using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies were included and six thematic groups were identified: characterization and geographic distribution of studies; nomenclatures of digital strategies adopted; types of information and communication technologies; characteristics of digital strategies in primary health care; impacts on quality of care; and benefits, limitations, and challenges of digital strategies in primary health care. The impacts on organization of quality of care were investigated by the majority of studies, demonstrating the strengthening of (1) continuity of care; (2) economic, social, geographical, time, and cultural accessibility; (3) coordination of care; (4) access; (5) integrality of care; (6) optimization of appointment time; (7) and efficiency. Negative impacts were also observed in the same dimensions, such as reduced access to services and increased inequity and unequal use of services offered, digital exclusion of part of the population, lack of planning for defining the role of professionals, disarticulation of actions with real needs of the population, fragile articulation between remote and face-to-face modalities, and unpreparedness of professionals to meet demands using digital technologies. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the positive and negative impacts of remote strategies on quality of care in primary care and the inability to take advantage of the potential of technologies. This may demonstrate differences in the organization of fast and urgent implementation of digital strategies in primary health care worldwide. Primary health care must strengthen its response capacity, expand the use of information and communication technologies, and manage challenges using scientific evidence since digital health is important and must be integrated into public service.

Digital health interventions and quality of home-based primary care for older adults: A scoping review protocol.

Introduction: The use of digital health interventions has expanded, particularly in home-based primary care (HBPC), following the increase in the older adult population and the need to respond to the higher demand of chronic conditions, weakness and loss of autonomy of this population. There was an even greater demand with COVID-19 and subsequent isolation/social distancing measures for this risk group. The objective of this study is to map and identify the uses and types of digital health interventions and their reported impacts on the quality of HBPC for older adults worldwide. Methods and analysis: This is a scoping review protocol which will enable a rigorous, transparent and reliable synthesis of knowledge. The review will be developed from the theoretical perspective of Arksey and O'malley, with updates by Levac and Peters and respective collaborators based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual, and guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Data from white literature will be extracted from multidisciplinary health databases such as: the Virtual Health Library, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahl and Embase; while Google Scholar will be used for gray literature. No date limit or language restrictions will be determined. The quantitative data will be analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative data through thematic analysis. The results will be submitted to stakeholder consultation for preliminary sharing of the study and will later be disseminated through publication in open access scientific journals, scientific events and academic and community journals. The full scoping review report will present the main impacts, challenges, opportunities and gaps found in publications related to the use of digital technologies in primary home care. Discussion: The organization of this protocol will increase the methodological rigor, quality, transparency and accuracy of scoping reviews, reducing the risk of bias.

Perspectives of organizational identity in a health higher education institution: a mixed-method analysis.

BACKGROUND: Among the processes to be experienced by any organization during its establishment is the formation of an organizational identity. This process can be understood as the activity and event through which an organization becomes unique in the mind of its members. An organizational identity leads to an identification and both are directly associated with the success of an institution. This study is about a public higher education institution in health in its early years, with distinctive characteristics in the country where it is situated. In spite of having been successful in the graduation of its students it has fragile institutional bases, lack of autonomy and internal problems common to other institutions of this type. Thus, this study was conducted to understand how this institution defined itself among its own members, the elements of its identity and what justified its relative success despite its weaknesses. METHODS: A mixed-method approach was used to evaluate how a representative portion of this organization identifies with it. For the qualitative study two focus groups were conducted with transcripts submitted to content analysis proposed by Bardin, culminating in results from which a Likert scale-based questionnaire was elaborated and applied to 297 subjects. RESULTS: There were six central elements of the organizational identity made evident by the focus groups: political / ideological conflict; active teaching and learning methodologies; location / separation of campuses; time of existence; teaching career; political-administrative transformations. The quantitative analysis revealed in more detail the general impressions raised in the focus groups. Most results were able to demonstrate distinct identifications of the same identity with its exposed weaknesses. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of autonomy, administrative and structural shortcomings and ideological or political conflicts presented themselves as problems capable of destabilizing the identity of a public higher education institution. On the other hand, one way to combat such problems is through the development of the institution itself, particularly by becoming more active and useful to the community and seeking in a common interest to the higher administration agencies.

Impact of Educational Intervention on Cleaning and Disinfection of an Emergency Unit.

We aimed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on the surface cleaning and disinfection of an emergency room. This is an interventional, prospective, longitudinal, analytical and comparative study. Data collection consisted of three stages (Stage 1-baseline, Stage 2-intervention and immediate assessment, Stage 3-long term assessment). For the statistical analysis, we used a significance level of α = 0.05. The Wilcoxon and the Mann-Whitney test tests were applied. We performed 192 assessments in each stage totaling 576 evaluations. Considering the ATP method, the percentage of approval increased after the educational intervention, as the approval rate for ATP was 25% (Stage 1), immediately after the intervention it went to 100% of the approval (Stage 2), and in the long run, 75% of the areas have been fully approved. Stage 1 showed the existence of significant differences between the relative light units (RLU) scores on only two surfaces assessed: dressing cart (p = 0.021) and women's toilet flush handle (p = 0.014); Stage 2 presented three results with significant differences for ATP: dressing cart (p = 0.014), women's restroom door handle (p = 0.014) and women's toilet flush handle (p = 0.014); in step III, there was no significant difference for the ATP method. Therefore, conclusively, the educational intervention had a positive result in the short term for ATP; however, the same rates are not observed with the colony-forming units (CFU), due to their high sensitivity and the visual inspection method since four surfaces had defects in their structure.

Formação em gestão para apoio à reforma da atenção primária à saúde em Portugal e países africanos lusófonos / Formation in management for supporting health reforms in Portugal and portuguese-speaking countries / Formación en gestión para apoyo de las reformas sanitarias en Portugal y en los países de lengua oficial portuguesa

Resumo Apresentamos lições que resultaram de atividades de capacitação dos gestores conduzidas em Portugal no contexto da reforma da atenção primária em saúde e nos países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa, em termos do planejamento e da gestão dos serviços hospitalares e de saúde pública. Descrevemos três programas de formação-ação realizados pela Unidade de Saúde Pública Internacional do Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical de Lisboa, com o apoio de parceiros portugueses e internacionais como a Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Instituto de Medicina Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os programas foram desenvolvidos na base da identificação das necessidades de competências dos participantes e focaram a resolução de problemas concretos com o objetivo de ajudar os gestores a enfrentar as dificuldades inerentes aos processos de reforma. Apesar do seu valor intrínseco, por si só não se mostram suficientes, uma vez que são sempre necessários outros mecanismos, como o acompanhamento continuado dos gestores, sistemas de incentivos coerentes com os objetivos das reformas, ferramentas e recursos (financiamento, sistemas de informação, pessoal qualificado suficiente) adequados para implementar as mudanças. Além disso, a sustentabilidade das intervenções de fortalecimento das capacidades carece de apoio continuado dos decisores políticos.

Abstract We present lessons that have resulted from formation activities of managers conducted in Portugal in the context of primary health care reform and in the Portuguese-speaking African countries, regarding planning and management of hospital services. and public health. We describe three action-formation programs conducted by the International Public Health Unit of the Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-Lisbon, with the support of Portuguese and international partners such as the World Health Organization, and the Institute of Social Medicine of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. The programs were developed on the basis of identifying participants' skills needs and focused on solving concrete problems in order to help managers address the difficulties inherent in reform processes. Despite their intrinsic value, they are not sufficient by themselves, as other mechanisms such as the continued monitoring of managers, incentive systems consistent with the objectives of reforms, tools and resources (funding, information systems, qualified staff) are always needed and sufficient to implement the changes. In addition, the sustainability of capacity-building interventions needs continued support from policy makers.

Resumen En ese artículo presentamos lecciones que resultaran de actividades de capacitación de los gestores conducidas en Portugal en el contexto de la reforma de la atención primaria en Salud y en los países africanos de lengua oficial portuguesa a nivel de planeamiento y de la gestión de los servicios hospitalarios y de salud pública. El artículo describe tres programas de formación-acción realizados por la Unidad de Salud Pública Internacional del Instituto de Higiene y Medicina Tropical, con el apoyo de socios portugueses e internacionales como la Organización Mundial de Salud, y el Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidad del Estado del Rio de Janeiro. Los programas se desarrollaron sobre la base de la identificación de las necesidades de competencias de los participantes y enfocaran en la resolución de problemas concretos con el objetivo de ayudar los gestores a enfrentar las dificultades inherentes a los procesos de reformas. A pesar de su valor intrínseco, no son suficientes por sí solas, ya que siempre son necesarios otros mecanismos, como el monitoreo continuo de los gestores, sistemas de incentivos coherentes con los objetivos de las reformas, herramientas y recursos (financiación, sistemas de información, personal cualificado suficiente) adecuados para implementar los cambios. Además, la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones de fortalecimiento de las capacidades carece de apoyo continuado de los responsables políticos.

[Primary health care reform in Portugal, 2005-2018: the future and challenges of coming of age]. / A reforma da atenção primária à saúde em Portugal, 2005-2018: o futuro e os desafios da maturidade.

In order to reform Portugal's primary health care (PHC), the Ministry of Health planned a change that was launched in 2005 and 2006, and which is still under way today. This article aims to analyze PHC reform in Portugal according to different phases in its development, using Kingdon's multiple streams model to reflect on the evolution in the reform process and its future, from the perspective of a process that seeks to achieve universal access to health. The working methodology was a document and case study with a qualitative approach and evaluative dimensions. The study was based on material on PHC in Portugal, published both in Portugal and elsewhere. Kingdon's multiple streams model was used to explain the actual and contextual development of policies implemented during the PHC reform. Three phases were identified in the reform, each lasting about five years. The first phase, starting in 2005, featured family health units with a voluntary basis. The second phase began in 2010, with the model's consolidation. In the third phase, since 2015 and still under way, the model came of age, benefiting from the end of the financial crisis but still suffering from its effects. The three reform cycles represent three distinct periods with consistency in the coalition that the policymaker was able to establish, in which the windows of opportunity for internally built change were heavily influenced by external factors. The article identifies the contribution by PHC reform to improvement of the Portuguese population's health status.

Com o intuito de reformar a atenção primária à saúde (APS), o Ministério da Saúde planejou uma mudança que teve o seu avanço no período entre 2005 e 2006, e que se desenvolve até aos nossos dias. O objetivo deste artigo é enquadrar a reforma da APS em Portugal por diferentes fases de desenvolvimento, utilizando o modelo de fluxos múltiplos de Kingdon para refletir sobre a evolução do processo reformador e o seu futuro, na perspetiva do processo que busca alcançar o acesso universal à saúde. Como metodologia de trabalho, utiliza-se o estudo documental e de caso, de orientação qualitativa e com dimensões avaliativas. O estudo baseou-se em material publicado, nacional e internacionalmente, sobre a APS em Portugal. O modelo de fluxos múltiplos de Kingdon é utilizado para explicar o desenvolvimento concreto e contextual das políticas iniciadas durante a reforma da APS. Foram identificadas três fases da reforma, cada uma com duração de cerca de 5 anos: na primeira, a partir de 2005, surgiram as unidades de saúde familiar de constituição voluntária. Na segunda fase, iniciada em 2010, houve a consolidação do modelo. Em uma terceira fase, desde 2015 e que ainda acontece, há o amadurecimento do modelo, aproveitando o final da crise financeira, mas ainda suportando as suas sequelas. Os três ciclos de reforma representam três períodos distintos de coerência da coalizão que o empreendedor político foi capaz de estabelecer, cujas janelas de oportunidade para a mudança, internamente construídas, foram sobejamente influenciadas por fatores externos. Assinala-se a contribuição que a reforma da APS deu para a melhoria do estado de saúde da população portuguesa.

Con el fin de reformar la atención primaria de salud (APS), el Ministerio de Salud planificó una transformación que tuvo su arranque durante el período entre 2005 y 2006, y que se desarrolla hasta nuestros días. El objetivo de este artículo es enmarcar la reforma de la APS en Portugal dentro de diferentes fases de desarrollo, utilizando el modelo de flujos múltiples de Kingdon, con el fin de reflexionar sobre la evolución del proceso reformador y su futuro, desde la perspectiva del proceso que pretende alcanzar el acceso universal a la salud. Como metodología de trabajo, se utiliza el estudio documental y de caso, de orientación cualitativa y con dimensiones evaluativas. El estudio se basó en el material publicado, nacional e internacionalmente, sobre la APS en Portugal. El modelo de flujos múltiples de Kingdon se utiliza para explicar el desarrollo concreto y contextual de las políticas puestas en marcha durante la reforma de la APS. Se identificaron tres fases de la reforma, cada una con una duración de cerca de 5 años: en la primera fase, a partir de 2005, surgieron las unidades de salud familiar de constitución voluntaria. En la segunda fase, iniciada en 2010, se produce la consolidación del modelo. En una tercera fase, desde 2015 y que todavía transcurre, se produce la madurez del modelo, aprovechando el final de la crisis financiera, pero todavía soportando sus secuelas. Los tres ciclos de reforma representan tres períodos distintos de coherencia de la asociación que el emprendedor político fue capaz de establecer, cuyas ventanas de oportunidad para el cambio, internamente construido, fueron influenciadas sobradamente por factores externos. Asimismo, se señala la contribución que la reforma de la APS significó para la mejora del estado de salud de la población portuguesa.

A reforma da atenção primária à saúde em Portugal, 2005-2018: o futuro e os desafios da maturidade / Primary health care reform in Portugal, 2005-2018: the future and challenges of coming of age / La reforma de la atención primaria de salud en Portugal, 2005-2018: su futuro y sus desafíos ante la madurez

Resumo: Com o intuito de reformar a atenção primária à saúde (APS), o Ministério da Saúde planejou uma mudança que teve o seu avanço no período entre 2005 e 2006, e que se desenvolve até aos nossos dias. O objetivo deste artigo é enquadrar a reforma da APS em Portugal por diferentes fases de desenvolvimento, utilizando o modelo de fluxos múltiplos de Kingdon para refletir sobre a evolução do processo reformador e o seu futuro, na perspetiva do processo que busca alcançar o acesso universal à saúde. Como metodologia de trabalho, utiliza-se o estudo documental e de caso, de orientação qualitativa e com dimensões avaliativas. O estudo baseou-se em material publicado, nacional e internacionalmente, sobre a APS em Portugal. O modelo de fluxos múltiplos de Kingdon é utilizado para explicar o desenvolvimento concreto e contextual das políticas iniciadas durante a reforma da APS. Foram identificadas três fases da reforma, cada uma com duração de cerca de 5 anos: na primeira, a partir de 2005, surgiram as unidades de saúde familiar de constituição voluntária. Na segunda fase, iniciada em 2010, houve a consolidação do modelo. Em uma terceira fase, desde 2015 e que ainda acontece, há o amadurecimento do modelo, aproveitando o final da crise financeira, mas ainda suportando as suas sequelas. Os três ciclos de reforma representam três períodos distintos de coerência da coalizão que o empreendedor político foi capaz de estabelecer, cujas janelas de oportunidade para a mudança, internamente construídas, foram sobejamente influenciadas por fatores externos. Assinala-se a contribuição que a reforma da APS deu para a melhoria do estado de saúde da população portuguesa.

Abstract: In order to reform Portugal's primary health care (PHC), the Ministry of Health planned a change that was launched in 2005 and 2006, and which is still under way today. This article aims to analyze PHC reform in Portugal according to different phases in its development, using Kingdon's multiple streams model to reflect on the evolution in the reform process and its future, from the perspective of a process that seeks to achieve universal access to health. The working methodology was a document and case study with a qualitative approach and evaluative dimensions. The study was based on material on PHC in Portugal, published both in Portugal and elsewhere. Kingdon's multiple streams model was used to explain the actual and contextual development of policies implemented during the PHC reform. Three phases were identified in the reform, each lasting about five years. The first phase, starting in 2005, featured family health units with a voluntary basis. The second phase began in 2010, with the model's consolidation. In the third phase, since 2015 and still under way, the model came of age, benefiting from the end of the financial crisis but still suffering from its effects. The three reform cycles represent three distinct periods with consistency in the coalition that the policymaker was able to establish, in which the windows of opportunity for internally built change were heavily influenced by external factors. The article identifies the contribution by PHC reform to improvement of the Portuguese population's health status.

Resumen: Con el fin de reformar la atención primaria de salud (APS), el Ministerio de Salud planificó una transformación que tuvo su arranque durante el período entre 2005 y 2006, y que se desarrolla hasta nuestros días. El objetivo de este artículo es enmarcar la reforma de la APS en Portugal dentro de diferentes fases de desarrollo, utilizando el modelo de flujos múltiples de Kingdon, con el fin de reflexionar sobre la evolución del proceso reformador y su futuro, desde la perspectiva del proceso que pretende alcanzar el acceso universal a la salud. Como metodología de trabajo, se utiliza el estudio documental y de caso, de orientación cualitativa y con dimensiones evaluativas. El estudio se basó en el material publicado, nacional e internacionalmente, sobre la APS en Portugal. El modelo de flujos múltiples de Kingdon se utiliza para explicar el desarrollo concreto y contextual de las políticas puestas en marcha durante la reforma de la APS. Se identificaron tres fases de la reforma, cada una con una duración de cerca de 5 años: en la primera fase, a partir de 2005, surgieron las unidades de salud familiar de constitución voluntaria. En la segunda fase, iniciada en 2010, se produce la consolidación del modelo. En una tercera fase, desde 2015 y que todavía transcurre, se produce la madurez del modelo, aprovechando el final de la crisis financiera, pero todavía soportando sus secuelas. Los tres ciclos de reforma representan tres períodos distintos de coherencia de la asociación que el emprendedor político fue capaz de establecer, cuyas ventanas de oportunidad para el cambio, internamente construido, fueron influenciadas sobradamente por factores externos. Asimismo, se señala la contribución que la reforma de la APS significó para la mejora del estado de salud de la población portuguesa.

Estratégia Saúde da Família, saúde suplementar e desigualdade no acesso à mamografia no Brasil

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a associação entre o acesso à mamografia no Brasil e a cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e pela saúde suplementar. Métodos. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). A tendência da série temporal foi analisada pelo método de Prais-Winsten utilizando-se como unidades de análise as unidades federativas brasileiras. Para investigar a relação entre a variável dependente – mulheres de 50 a 69 anos que nunca realizaram exame de mamografia – e as independentes, de cobertura de ESF ou saúde suplementar e socioeconômicas, realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados. O Acre foi o único estado que não apresentou tendência crescente da cobertura da saúde suplementar. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba apresentaram tendência estacionária para a cobertura pela ESF, enquanto as demais unidades federativas apresentaram cobertura crescente. Observou-se associação significativa entre nunca ter realizado mamografia na idade de 50 a 69 anos e as variáveis renda média per capita e cobertura pela ESF e saúde suplementar (R2=0,77; P < 0,001). Conclusão. A desigualdade no acesso a mamografia é uma realidade no Brasil. Tanto a saúde suplementar quanto a Estratégia Saúde da Família têm contribuído para melhoria do acesso dessas mulheres.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To evaluate the association between access to mammography and coverage by private health insurance or by the public healthcare system through the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Method. An ecological study was performed with data obtained from the Unified Health System Data Processing Department (DATASUS). Time trends were analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method, having the Brazilian federal units as units of analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the dependent variable – women aged 50 to 69 years who never had a mammogram – and the independent variables (coverage by the FHS or private health care and socioeconomic aspects). Results. Acre was the only Brazilian state for which an increasing growth trend in private health care was not observed. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba showed a stable trend for FHS coverage, whereas all other federal units had increasing coverage. A significant association was observed between never having had a mammogram at 50 to 69 years of age and the variables mean per capita income and FHS and private health care coverage (R2=0.77; P < 0.001). Conclusion. Unequal access to mammography is a reality in Brazil. Both private health care and the FHS have contributed to improve health care accessibility for Brazilian women.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el acceso a la mamografía en Brasil y la cobertura prestada por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) y por la salud suplementaria. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos obtenidos del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS). La tendencia de la serie temporal fue analizada mediante el método de Prais-Winsten utilizando como unidades de análisis las entidades federativas brasileñas. Para investigar la relación entre la variable dependiente —mujeres de 50 a 69 años que nunca se habían realizado una mamografía— y las independientes, de cobertura por la ESF o salud suplementaria y las variables socioeconómicas, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados. Acre fue el único estado que no presentó una tendencia creciente para la cobertura por la salud suplementaria. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte y Paraíba presentaron una tendencia estacionaria para la cobertura por la ESF, mientras que las otras entidades federativas mostraron una cobertura en ascenso. Se observó una asociación significativa entre el hecho de nunca haberse realizado una mamografía entre los 50 y los 69 años y las variables renta media per cápita, cobertura por la ESF y la salud suplementaria (R2 = 0,77; P <0,001). Conclusión. En Brasil, la desigualdad en el acceso a la mamografía es una realidad. Tanto la salud suplementaria como la Estrategia de Salud Familiar han contribuido a mejorar el acceso de estas mujeres a la mamografía.

[Family Health Strategy, private health care, and inequalities in access to mammography in BrazilEstrategia de Salud Familiar, salud suplementaria y desigualdad en el acceso a la mamografía en Brasil]. / Estratégia Saúde da Família, saúde suplementar e desigualdade no acesso à mamografia no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between access to mammography and coverage by private health insurance or by the public healthcare system through the Family Health Strategy (FHS). METHOD: An ecological study was performed with data obtained from the Unified Health System Data Processing Department (DATASUS). Time trends were analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method, having the Brazilian federal units as units of analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the dependent variable - women aged 50 to 69 years who never had a mammogram - and the independent variables (coverage by the FHS or private health care and socioeconomic aspects). RESULTS: Acre was the only Brazilian state for which an increasing growth trend in private health care was not observed. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba showed a stable trend for FHS coverage, whereas all other federal units had increasing coverage. A significant association was observed between never having had a mammogram at 50 to 69 years of age and the variables mean per capita income and FHS and private health care coverage (R2 = 0.77; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Unequal access to mammography is a reality in Brazil. Both private health care and the FHS have contributed to improve health care accessibility for Brazilian women.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre el acceso a la mamografía en Brasil y la cobertura prestada por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) y por la salud suplementaria. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos obtenidos del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS). La tendencia de la serie temporal fue analizada mediante el método de Prais-Winsten utilizando como unidades de análisis las entidades federativas brasileñas. Para investigar la relación entre la variable dependiente ­mujeres de 50 a 69 años que nunca se habían realizado una mamografía­ y las independientes, de cobertura por la ESF o salud suplementaria y las variables socioeconómicas, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: Acre fue el único estado que no presentó una tendencia creciente para la cobertura por la salud suplementaria. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte y Paraíba presentaron una tendencia estacionaria para la cobertura por la ESF, mientras que las otras entidades federativas mostraron una cobertura en ascenso. Se observó una asociación significativa entre el hecho de nunca haberse realizado una mamografía entre los 50 y los 69 años y las variables renta media per cápita, cobertura por la ESF y la salud suplementaria (R2 = 0,77; P <0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: En Brasil, la desigualdad en el acceso a la mamografía es una realidad. Tanto la salud suplementaria como la Estrategia de Salud Familiar han contribuido a mejorar el acceso de estas mujeres a la mamografía.

Estratégia Saúde da Família, saúde suplementar e desigualdade no acesso à mamografia no Brasil / Family Health Strategy, private health care, and inequalities in access to mammography in Brazil / Estrategia de Salud Familiar, salud suplementaria y desigualdad en el acceso a la mamografía en Brasil

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre o acesso à mamografia no Brasil e a cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e pela saúde suplementar. Métodos Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). A tendência da série temporal foi analisada pelo método de Prais-Winsten utilizando-se como unidades de análise as unidades federativas brasileiras. Para investigar a relação entre a variável dependente - mulheres de 50 a 69 anos que nunca realizaram exame de mamografia - e as independentes, de cobertura de ESF ou saúde suplementar e socioeconômicas, realizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados O Acre foi o único estado que não apresentou tendência crescente da cobertura da saúde suplementar. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba apresentaram tendência estacionária para a cobertura pela ESF, enquanto as demais unidades federativas apresentaram cobertura crescente. Observou-se associação significativa entre nunca ter realizado mamografia na idade de 50 a 69 anos e as variáveis renda média per capita e cobertura pela ESF e saúde suplementar (R2 = 0,77; P < 0,001). Conclusão A desigualdade no acesso a mamografia é uma realidade no Brasil. Tanto a saúde suplementar quanto a Estratégia Saúde da Família têm contribuído para melhoria do acesso dessas mulheres.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the association between access to mammography and coverage by private health insurance or by the public healthcare system through the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Method An ecological study was performed with data obtained from the Unified Health System Data Processing Department (DATASUS). Time trends were analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method, having the Brazilian federal units as units of analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the dependent variable - women aged 50 to 69 years who never had a mammogram - and the independent variables (coverage by the FHS or private health care and socioeconomic aspects). Results Acre was the only Brazilian state for which an increasing growth trend in private health care was not observed. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba showed a stable trend for FHS coverage, whereas all other federal units had increasing coverage. A significant association was observed between never having had a mammogram at 50 to 69 years of age and the variables mean per capita income and FHS and private health care coverage (R2 = 0.77; P < 0.001). Conclusion Unequal access to mammography is a reality in Brazil. Both private health care and the FHS have contributed to improve health care accessibility for Brazilian women.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la asociación entre el acceso a la mamografía en Brasil y la cobertura prestada por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF) y por la salud suplementaria. Métodos Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos obtenidos del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS). La tendencia de la serie temporal fue analizada mediante el método de Prais-Winsten utilizando como unidades de análisis las entidades federativas brasileñas. Para investigar la relación entre la variable dependiente —mujeres de 50 a 69 años que nunca se habían realizado una mamografía— y las independientes, de cobertura por la ESF o salud suplementaria y las variables socioeconómicas, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados Acre fue el único estado que no presentó una tendencia creciente para la cobertura por la salud suplementaria. Roraima, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte y Paraíba presentaron una tendencia estacionaria para la cobertura por la ESF, mientras que las otras entidades federativas mostraron una cobertura en ascenso. Se observó una asociación significativa entre el hecho de nunca haberse realizado una mamografía entre los 50 y los 69 años y las variables renta media per cápita, cobertura por la ESF y la salud suplementaria (R2 = 0,77; P <0,001). Conclusión En Brasil, la desigualdad en el acceso a la mamografía es una realidad. Tanto la salud suplementaria como la Estrategia de Salud Familiar han contribuido a mejorar el acceso de estas mujeres a la mamografía.

The role of Primary Healthcare in the coordination of Health Care Networks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Lisbon region, Portugal. / Atenção Primária à Saúde na coordenação das Redes de Atenção à Saúde no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, e na região de Lisboa, Portugal.

Considering the trajectory of Rio de Janeiro e Lisboa region regarding strengths of the their health local systems to achieve health for all and equity, the study aimed to compare the organization of the Primary Healthcare from both regions, searching to identify the advancement which in terms of the Delivery Health Networks' coordination. It is a case study with qualitative approach and assessment dimensions. It was used material available online such as scientific manuscripts and gray literature. The results showed the different grades regarding Delivery Health Networks. Lisboa region present more advancement, because of its historic issues, it has implemented Primary Healthcare expanded and nowadays it achieved enough maturity related to coordination of its health local system and Rio de Janeiro suffers still influence from historic past regarding Primary Healthcare selective. The both regions has done strong bids in terms of electronic health records and telemedicine. After of the study, it is clearer the historic, cultural and politics and legal issue that determined the differences of the Primary Healthcare coordinator of the Delivery Health Network in Rio de Janeiro and Lisboa region.